Showing papers on "Legislation published in 1971"

Red Power; The American Indians' Fight for Freedom

Abstract: Contents: 1. Red Power Protest Declaration of Indian Purpose, 1961 "We Are Not Free," 1967 American Indian Warriors: Fishing Rights and the Vietnam War, 1968 and 1973 This Country Was a Lot Better Off When the Indians Were Running It, 1970 The Occupation of Alcatraz Island, 1969 The Twenty-Point Proposal of Native Americans on the Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972 Demands of the Independent Oglala Nation, 1973 Women of All Red Nations, 1974 The Longest Walk, 1978 The Activist Legacy of Red Power References and Further Reading 2. Self-Determination and Tribal Sovereignty Indian Self-Government, 1949 Indian Statement on Policy and Legislation, 1967 The American Indian and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1969 "We Speak as Indians," 1969 Message to Congress on Indian Affairs, 1970 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 1975 Indian Child Welfare Act, 1978 Statement on Indian Policy, 1983 Statement of Ada E. Deer before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, 1993 References and Further Reading 3. Economic Development and Land Claims American Indian Capital Conference on Poverty, 1964 Return of the Blue Lake to the Taos Pueblos, 1970 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 1971 Launching the Tribes into a New Millennium, 1975 United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 1980 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 1983 California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 1987 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 1988 References and Further Reading 4. Education Rough Rock Demonstration and Community Schools, 1965- , Navajo Community College / Dine College, 1968- , Indian Education: A National Tragedy and Challenge, 1969 Big Rock School, 1969 Deganawide-Quetzalcoatl University (D-QU), 1971- , Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act, 1978 Native American Languages Act, 1990 American Indian Tribal Colleges and Universities, 1996 References and Further Reading 5. Spiritual and Cultural Renewal American Indian Religious Freedom Act, 1978 Archaeological Resources Protection Act, 1979 The Black Hills and Camp Yellow Thunder, 1981-1987 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 1988 The National Museum of the American Indian Act, 1989 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act, 1990 American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments, 1994 References and Further Reading 6. Rebuilding Native American Lives and Communities American Indian Population Trends, 1960-1990 Report on Urban and Rural Non-Reservation Indians, 1976 Definition of Indian: Tribal Membership, 1977 Petitioners for Federal Acknowledgement, 1978-1997 An Open Letter to the Governor of Georgia, 1993 Statement of Ethnic Fraud, 1993 Federal Indian Identification Policy American Indian Population Projections, 1980-2080 References and Further Reading

The Influence of Parliamentary Behavior on Regime Stability: Some Conceptual Clarifications

Abstract: It is hardly novel to call attention to the influence of parliaments on political stability. Parliaments originated as assemblages convened to gain consent for a king's government. "The deepest roots of (the British) Parliament are not to be found in legislation, nor even in the supply of finance," a recent work notes, but in the king's need for "some process, however rough and ready, by which he could obtain the consent, or at least the acquiescence, of the influential sections of the people to his acts of government."1 Parliament's assertion of lawmaking power in seventeenth century England, and the American colonists' use of representative assemblies in the eighteenth century to assert their interests against royal governors, caused the constitution makers of the United States to emphasize the policy-making functions of the institution which they significantly called the legislature. But in Great Britain lawmaking never came to be regarded as the distinctive activity of Parliament, even in the great nineteenth century analyses of that body. Both John Stuart Mill and Walter Bagehot saw Parliament more as a consensus-building than as a policy-making institution. Mill wrote that Parliament was "radically unfit" for "the function of governing." He explained that the importance of Parliament was as "the nation's Committee of Grievances, and its Congress of Opinions," where all political views are:

Financial Expertise, Examinations, and the Formulation of Economic Policy in Northern Sung China

Abstract: This paper is primarily concerned with the institutional framework of economic policy formulation in China during the Northern Sung dynasty (960–1126). During this period there evolved a professional financial service whose members had a direct influence on economic legislation either as incumbents in fiscal offices or as members of Imperial advisory organs. The financial specialist was seen as possessing a specific body of expertise—administrative ability, talent in mathematics, a knowledge of classical Chinese monetary theory and familiarity with the history of economic policy. These attributes were tested in the civil service recruitment examinations and used as criteria for the recommendation and assignment of men to fiscal posts. The resulting consistency and predictability in legislation was a significant aspect of material progress in eleventh century China. The article is based on an extensive analysis of biographical information contained in chronicles, dynastic histories, records of conduct, and funerary inscriptions, as well as extant copies of examination questions and answers and edicts of appointment contained in the collected papers of Nordiern Sung writers.

The Closed Rule and the Paradox of Voting

Abstract: T he closed rule can be used in the U. S. House of Representatives on any bill brought before the House, but it is not often employed except on a particular type of proposed legislation. The Ways and Means Committee consistently requests and is granted such a rule on major revenue bills. The rule usually provides that a bill introduced under its restrictions cannot be amended from the floor of the House, and only amendments from the Ways and Means Committee will be considered. Typically one amendment, to recommit or substitute, is offered. No other substantive class of bills receives the treatment that major tax bills receive. A cogent explanation of this phenomenon is offered by John Manley: "Tax and tariff bills are so 'sensitive' and 'complex' that the House insulates itself from the demands of pressure groups by channeling the pressure into the committee stage of the process."1 Underlying this explanation is the assumption that members of the House are interested in both reelection and effective legislation. Revenue bills are "sensitive" in that they may come directly to the attention of the voters back home. Froman agrees, arguing that the closed rule is granted in part because of tradition and in part "for the purpose of avoiding logrolling on the floor of the House."2 Logrolling usually occurs when individual congressmen try to avoid putting themselves in disadvantageous positions vis-a-vis their constituencies. And perhaps it is the complexity of tax bills that has given the House the experience to convince members that the smallest change in a revenue bill can effectively destroy the whole bill. In debating the advisability of a closed rule on a revenue bill, Rep. Howard Smith, long-time chairman of the Rules Committee, used the following argument:

Church, state and schools in Britain, 1800-1970

Abstract: Originally published 1971, this volume unravels the complicated history of the religious question in British education. The background of the key Acts of Parliament which established the "dual" system - of Church and Local Authority school - is examined. The changing policies of different religious groupings are analyzed, and their outcome in legislation brought out.

Compulsory Schooling Legislation: An Economic Analysis of Law and Social Change in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract: The role of law in relation to social change is not well understood One reason for our ignorance is the lack of evidence on the causal role of legislation Too often the efforts at social reform and the intended consequences of legislation are accepted as proof that behavior has been significantly altered A case in point is legislation that compels children to attend school Although it is commonly believed that such laws have been effective in increasing the participation of children in schooling systems in the United States over the last 100 years, there is little evidence to support or reject this belief Some persons have questioned whether these laws have been the cause or the result of observed increases in school attainment Still others have doubted the degree to which compulsory schooling laws have been enforced Reports of widespread truancy in urban schools today call into question not only present enforcement difficulties but also whether these laws were effectively enforced from their inception in the nineteenth century Yet, in spite of the contemporary and historical interest in compulsory school attendance laws, the basic question remains unanswered: what has been the effect, if any, of these laws on school enrollment and attendance?

Erskine May's treatise on the law, privileges, proceedings and usage of Parliament

Abstract: Part I. Constitution, powers and privileges of Parliament. The constituent parts of Parliament. Elections. Disqualification for membership of either House. Power and jurisdiction of Parliament. The privilege of Parliament. Privilege of freedom of speech. Privilege of freedom from arrest. Penal jurisdiction of both Houses. Contempts. Complaints of breach of privilege or contempt. The courts and parliamentary privilege. Part II: Proceedings in Parliament. - public business. Precincts and organisation of Parliament. A new Parliament and opening and close of session. A sitting: general arrangements in the House of Commons. The control and distribution of time in the House of Commons. Outline of items of business in programme of sitting of the House of Commons. The process of debate in the House of Commons by Motion, Question and Decision. Maintenance of order during debate in the House of Commons. Methods of curtailing debate. Rules governing the conduct of Members. Organisation and conduct of business in the House of Lords. Proceedings of Parliament in passing public bills. Delegated legislation. Formal communications between Crown and Parliament and between Lords and Commons. The system of committees. Witnesses and Parliament. Financial procedure - general. Expenditure - supply. Expenditure - financial resolutions. Ways and Means and Finance Bills. The House of Lords and charges. Public petitions. Parliament, the European Communities and international assemblies. Part III: Proceedings in Parliament - private business. Preliminary view of private bills. Preliminary proceedings in both Houses on private bills. Petitions in favour of, against, or relating to private bills in the House of Commons and the Court of Referees. Proceedings in the House of Commons on private bills. Proceedings in the House of Lords on private and personal bills, Royal Assent and classification of Private Acts. Provisional orders and special procedure orders. Private legislation procedure (Scotland). Appendix: House of Commons standing orders relative to public business.

The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century

Abstract: The business of the House - "the grand inquest of the nation" the business of the House - legislation the business of the House - finance the arrangement of business the attendance of members the seating of the House strangers in the House the day in the House motions the House in debate speakers in debate the method of decision - divisions committees of the House Mr. Speaker - political aspects Mr. Speaker - chairman of the House.

International firms and labour in Kenya: 1945-70

Abstract: Part 1 The historical setting - 1945-56: the colonial office a protective labour code minimum wages trade unions the new look of employers. Part 2 The intermediate years - 1956-63: blueprint for modernity. Part 3 The years of independence: the employer movement trade unions, politics and African government legislation and the status quo collective bargaining.

The role of the federal government.

Abstract: PIP: A review of the role of the federal government in abortion administration in view of prospective legalization of abortion. It is argued that abortion is a woman's right and should be considered purely a medical decision, but it is acknowledged that for political expediency, the majority of Congress is theoretically opposed to abortion. It is expected that this will change in the next 5 years. In the meantime the federal courts have taken the lead in repealing present abortion laws. In light of this, legislation has been introduced in Congress to guarantee safety standards in abortion procedures and equalize abortion laws across the country. The Family Planning Act is providing money to family planning clinics and Section 314 of the Public Health Services Act provides money to state health services where the state sees the need. These are 2 measures that can indirectly provide financial support for abortion. An addendum includes a review of New York State's experience with abortion in its first year of its liberalized abortion law, showing handling of a mass abortion program with increasing safety and efficiency.

The Multinational Business Enterprise: What Kind of International Organization?

Abstract: The recent growth in the size and number of private business enterprises that operate in many countries has generated a great deal of speculation as to whether a form of international organization has been created which is able to frustrate the policies of the traditional nation-state. The enterprise with subsidiaries scattered around the globe clearly has the potential to evade the influence of many governmental policies. The firm can circumvent a tight monetary policy in one country by having an affiliate borrow in another country and transfer the funds across national borders. If direct transfers of capital from abroad are restricted, transfer prices, royalty payments, or open accounts between affiliates can be adjusted to bring in the needed financial resources. If taxes are high in one jurisdiction, profits that would be subject to tax can be shifted to another tax jurisdiction through manipulation of affiliate transactions. National labor unions and comparatively harsh labor legislation can be frustrated by moving production to facilities in another country when strikes or higher costs threaten a particular market. A governmental program aimed at increasing technical and managerial training to provide a larger domestic supply of skilled personnel may only generate technicians or managers for the multinational enterprise to shift out of the country, back to its head office or to other countries. Technology developed in one country—often through governmental support and often related to defense needs of governments—can be leaked quickly to other countries through the communication network of the multinational enterprise.

Education in English ecclesiastical legislation of the later Middle Ages

Abstract: Provincial and diocesan legislation provided a coherent system of religious education at a time when opportunities for study were few. It is true that in content little was new, but there was much in the way of reiteration, development and expansion, with particular attention to the practical details of implementation. Mediaeval education is often discussed in terms of clerical education on the one hand, and of lay education on the other. In this context they are one. The priest had first to learn before he could teach, and what was taught can roughly be summed up as faith, morals, and knowledge of the Church’s law. It remains true that some things were more appropriate for the clerical than the lay ear.

Accountability and Autonomy.

Abstract: Turmoil and disruption on the campuses; political action by students and faculty members; severe shrinkages in governmental, corporate, and individual incomes, coupled with rising taxes; and mounting distrust of higher education by the public are behind the increasing demand for colleges and universities to justify what they are doing and to disclose the effectiveness and efficiency of their operations. Perhaps as never before, institutions, administrators, faculty members, and even students find themselves accountable to a wide range of both internal and external agencies. Institutions and faculties, much to their concern and distress, have discovered that their autonomy is by no means absolute, and that in fact it is often highly vulnerable. An individual loses autonomy to the extent to which he is answerable to an external agent. Likewise, a university faculty cannot be completely autonomous if it is accountable to administrators or trustees. The corporate university is not completely independent if it is answerable to donors, the legislature, or the electorate. We may then ask, to whom are the institution and its constituents responsible, and for what are they accountable?,

Councils and Assemblies: The Council of London of 1342

Abstract: Now that the statutes formerly ascribed to Winchelsey and Reynolds have been shown to derive from other sources, those of John Stratford, issued after the Second Council of London (1342), are seen to stand out as the most significant body of provincial legislation in the later Middle Ages. Their relative importance is enhanced by the paucity of such legislation in this period in comparison with the considerable volume produced in the course of the thirteenth century. On investigation, Stratford’s constitutions appear significant in the corpus of medieval ‘administrative’ canon law. Not only do they show signs of the friction existing between the lay and ecclesiastical jurisdictions and experienced both by Pecham and Winchelsey, but also of the recurring clerical concerns, frailties of conduct, and malpractices of church courts and officials alike. Provincial legislation springs partly from local imperfections, and partly from more general circumstances. Political considerations may have been critical in the decision to issue constitutions. There is justification, therefore, for first examining the political context in which these constitutions arose.

Physicians' prescribing habits. Effects of Medicare.

Abstract: On July 30, 1965, the Social Security amendments of 1965 were signed into law. However, the benefits of this legislation were not to be initiated until July 1, 1966. This bill is popularly known as Medicare and its companion as Medicaid. The advent of Medicare removed any economic barriers that existed in regard to the Physicians' prescribing habits for hospitalized patients 65 years old or older. This is true in the institutional setting, since in this case, the cost of all drugs is paid for by the government. Since the advent of Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party payments, physicians have been increasingly criticized as being materialistic individuals more concerned with income than services to the patient.1They have been accused of overprescribing or irrational prescribing or both, and accusations sometimes cite them in regard to prescribing substandard medications for public assistance patients because they are welfare patients. If physicians

The Kansas statute on death--an appraisal.

Abstract: The State of Kansas has taken the first step in the common-law world to enact into law a definition of death. There are conflicting opinions on whether it is desirable to legislate in what is a fast moving area, particularly because legislation has a tendency to retard development in the law. A strong argument exists for leaving the matter to be developed by the courts with the co-operation of the medical profession. Given the Kansas Statute, several criticisms can be raised against it. It is too biased toward facilitating transplant surgery, ignoring the fact that most problems relate to other dying patients. Legislating for what appear to be alternative definitions of death could harm public respect for medicine. World opinion is ignored by not building into the law such safeguards as requiring two physicians to announce death, and the separation of these from the transplant team. For these reasons statutes such as the Kansas one may prove to be counter-productive.

The Permanent Representatives Committee and the ‘Deepening’ of the Communities

Abstract: The nineteen years during which the Treaty of Paris has been in force and the thirteen years of the Treaties of Rome have led to a development in the Communities which, in its extent, variety and depth, exceeds anything the signatories could have hoped for The volume of derived Community legislation has increased considerably and it now governs important sectors of economic activity The enlargement of the Communities provides the best confirmation of this success

Politics and the Bench: The judges and the origins of the English Civil War

Abstract: Although there have been many studies of the English revolution and its more dramatic trials, until this book was published in 1971, little attention had been paid to the Long Parliament’s attempts to impeach a number of judges. This book describes how the judges became unpopular, selecting a number of themes – from the development of unanimous decision and opinions, to the role of the judges as agents and supervisors of government policies. The Long Parliament viewed them as the great instrument behind evil policies and believed they had attempted to usurp the power of legislation. Charles I is seen as placing too much reliance on his judges and his failure to realize that legality could not be a perpetual answer to political dissent in the end cost him his throne. The book is intended as an introduction for undergraduates.

A statutory definition of death in Kansas.

Abstract: To the Editor.— Kansas has led the United States in the adoption of organ donation laws. Kansas adopted the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act in 1968, about six months before the Joint Commission on Uniform State Laws approved its own final draft of the proposed legislation. Later, the 1969 Kansas Legislature amended the Anatomical Gift Act to conform to the Act as promulgated by the Joint Commission. In a case in 1967 ( United Trust vs Pyke , 199 Kan 1,4,427 P 2d 67,71), a Kansas court accepted a 16th century definition of death: "Death is the cessation of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation." With the passing of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, Kansas became the only state with comprehensive, enabling legislation for procuring organs for transplantation, at nearly the same time case law was interpreted as specifically precluding organ transplantation, at least where the donated organ was to be removed

Legal abortion in Sweden: thirty years' experience.

Abstract: Since 1939 Sweden has had legislation regulating the legal termination of pregnancy, and up to now more than 100,000 such operations have been performed in accordance with this legislation. Official statistics and investigations by individual researchers have provided a large amount of material, which implies a pragmatic approach to the difficult and many-sided problem of abortion, and which makes empirical evaluations of different aspects possible.

An essay on the trial by jury

Abstract: This volume, it is presumed by the author, gives what will generally be considered satisfactory evidence, though not all the evidence, of what the Common Law trial by jury really is. In a future volume, if it should be called for, it is designed to corroborate the grounds taken in this; give a concise view of the English constitution; show the unconstitutional character of the existing government in England, and the unconstitutional means by which the trial by jury has been broken down in practice; prove that, neither in England nor the United States, have legislatures ever been invested by the people with any authority to impair the powers, change the oaths, or (with few exceptions) abridge the jurisdiction, of juries, or select jurors on any other than Common Law principles; and, consequently, that, in both countries, legislation is still constitutionally subordinate to the discretion and consciences of Common Law juries, in all cases, both civil and criminal, in which juries sit. The same volume will probably also discuss several political and legal questions, which will naturally assume importance if the trial by jury should be reestablished.

The Relationship Between Party Control and Civil Rights Legislation in the American States

Abstract: OR SOME TIME now, analysts of state policy have been attempting to detect significant policy consequences of "political" variables. Although earlier attempts had suggested that political variables have little policy impact,' some recent studies are beginning to produce occasional evidence to the contrary.2 The present note reports one instance in which a "political" variable appears to have a direct effect on an important policy variable. The finding is that for non-southern states there is an appreciable relationship between (1) the party that controls the state legislature and governorship and (2) the enactment of civil rights legislation. The units of analysis are biennial legislatures of non-southern states over the period from 1945 to 1964. The independent variable is the party control of the state's legislature and governorship: either Democratic, Republican, or split. The dependent variable is a dichotomy; whether or not in the particular biennium the state enacted civil rights legislation with administrative enforcement powers in the areas of public accommodations, open housing, or fair employment.3 The relationship between these two variables is presented in Table 1. The table shows that, although the Republican party was more often in control than the Democratic party, there were more civil rights enactments when the Democrats were in power. In fact, passage of new civil rights legislation is shown to be three

The Politics of Urban Renewal

Abstract: The Housing Act of 1949 established in Title I the goal of ‘a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family’. To achieve this goal the Federal Government was to support, by grants and by its legal powers to acquire land, a massive programme of public housing: ‘…it was the first and, until the Act of 1968, the only public housing measure that authorized action that bore some reasonable relation to need’. Nevertheless, the targets set by the 1949 Act for 1954 have still not been reached. Subsequent legislation shifted the emphasis of the programme from public housing to broader schemes of urban renewal, including non-residential development and middle- and high-income housing. The most serious aspect of this neglect of the needs of the poor has been the inadequate management of relocation for those displaced by renewal. For many slum-dwellers in the 1950s ‘urban renewal’ came to mean ‘Negro removal’.

Chilean antitrust law

Abstract: Chile, which has just elected a marxist-socialist for its president, carries on its books a very conventional antitrust law,' in the best traditions of such capitalist economic systems as the United States and the European Common Market. Chile's law, enacted in 1959, is not likely to be repealed by the new regime; it fell rapidly into disuse after its promulgation and was recently an almost-defunct piece of legislation moldering in the back offices of the Chilean bureacracy. An analysis of antitrust's rise and fall in Chile may explain much about the legal environment in which the economy functions in that country and peripherally shed some light on why so many of the Latin American countries have antitrust laws2 and do not apply them. Until the 1930's, Chile and other Latin American governments maintained a strict hands-off policy in matters economic, consistent with the Liberal thought which had characterized the era after 1850. Tensions began building early in the 20th Century, but little change occurred until after the catalyst of the Great Depression. Chile's economy, so dependent on foreign trade, was perhaps harder hit by the world's commercial slowdown than any other. Then, the country's economic legislation began to change rapidly. By 1940, Chile had a dirigiste state, emphasizing government controls and participation in almost all sectors of the economy.3 The years from 1930 to 1950 were atypical, however, and while many Chileans felt they were forging a new permanent public economic order, others significantly felt that they were only enduring a jerry-rigged regime to help the nation through the special problems of depression and wartime. Thus, for example, did extensive price controls enter into the Chilean economic scheme, advocated by some, suffered by others.

Alcohol and Soviet Society

Abstract: If, in a nation where comprehensive statistics on social problems are rarely if ever published, legislative action and press attention to such problems may be taken as an indication of the seriousness with which they are regarded, then the Soviet Union's alcohol problem is serious indeed. On April 8, 1967, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR approved a decree, On Compulsory Treatment and Labor Re-education of Habitual Drunkards (Alcoholics). This decree, which went into effect on September 1 of the same year, provides for one to two-year terms in special “treatment-labor” medical institutions for excessive drinkers who violate “labor discipline, public order, and the rules of the socialist community.” The new institutions were subordinated not to the Ministry of Health but to the RSFSR Ministry for the Preservation of Public Order (MOOP, now renamed MVD). While it contained a number of significant departures from earlier legislation, the decree's most important point was its “preventive” emphasis. Previously an offending drunkard had to be on trial for a crime in a people's court before proceedings for compulsory treatment could be instituted.

Crisis in U.S. Trade Policy

Abstract: SINCE 1962, U.S. trade policy has been moving steadily away from the liberal trade approach which had charac terized it since 1934 and which has been the objective of every administration since that time. In 1962, the Trade Expansion Act passed the Congress with the largest majority in the history of the trade agreements pro gram and led to the Kennedy Round of trade negotiations. Since 1962, however, the number of U.S. industrial imports subject to quantitative restrictions, including "voluntary restraint" by for eign suppliers, has risen from seven to 67?a number which will shortly exceed the total of any other industrialized country, and whose restrictive impact is undoubtedly greater than the lib eralizing effect of our tariff cuts in the Kennedy Round. And Chairman Wilbur Mills of the Ways and Means Committee? who helped pilot the 1962 law to its overwhelming passage? commented last year that the Trade Expansion Act would have been unlikely to attract 50 votes on the House floor in 1970. The shift has come along an accelerating trend line. In 1964, Congress passed the Meat Import Act?the first legislated import restrictions for a major industry in the postwar period. There were attempts in 1964 and 1965 to negotiate voluntary restraint agreements covering U.S. imports of woolen textiles. The modest trade bill submitted by the Johnson Administration in 1968, whose only significant liberalizing feature was its request for repeal of the American Selling Price system of cus toms valuation (ASP), was never even reported out of the Ways and Means Committee ; and the Administration decided that it had to negotiate voluntary restraint agreements on steel and meat to avoid turning the bill into widespread protectionist legislation. And the Nixon Administration sought to negotiate voluntary restraints on synthetic and woolen textiles throughout 1969 and 1970. The most dramatic evidence of the shift in Congressional and public opinion developed in 1970. The so-called Mills bill, which would have levied quotas on all textile and shoe imports and tariff quotas on two minor products, passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 215 to 165. It would also have

Some aspects of the early evolution of the Appointed Factory Doctor service.

Abstract: Smiley, J. A. (1971).Brit. J. industr. Med.,28, 315-322. Some aspects of the early evolution of the Appointed Factory Doctor Service. The appointment of certifying surgeons marks the beginning of the recognition by the State of its responsibility for the supervision of the health and welfare of young people in industry. The importance of the role played by Leonard Horner, one of the first four inspectors of factories, is discussed. Some of the problems and vicissitudes of the service in the 19th century are outlined and it is suggested that the system is inappropriate to the needs of the present. Legislation which would integrate all the agencies which are concerned with the well-being of young people, including the Appointed Factory Doctor Service, should be actively considered.