scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Topic

Legislation

About: Legislation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 62664 publications have been published within this topic receiving 585188 citations. The topic is also known as: law & act.


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Benston et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated whether the disparity in the flow of mortgage credit can be explained by differences in risk and demand, and found that the existence of redlining in the absence of structural defects in the market would indicate a need for additional regulation to ensure social equality.
Abstract: Charges that geographical redlining is widely practiced by mortgage lenders and is associated with racial discrimination have received much attention. However, empirical research in this area has yet to document a convincing answer to the question of whether redlining even exists. Much of the previous research in this area has suffered from failure to account for variations in risk, and/or failure to adequately control for geographical differences in demand. This study addresses these problems in an effort to determine whether the disparity in the flow of mortgage credit can be explained by differences in risk and demand. THE U.S. MORTGAGE MARKET is operationally efficient with long-term mortgage loans made to highly leveraged borrowers at very thin spreads above the lender's cost of funds. There has long been controversy, however, with respect to considerations of equity. Legislation on this issue began with the Fair Housing Act of 1968, followed by the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (HMDA). It is now over 15 years since passage of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA). This legislation was designed to assure that banks meet the credit needs of neighborhoods in their service areas. In recent years much attention in the administration of the CRA has been devoted to the issue of racial discrimination in mortgage lending. Questions still remain as to whether the decisions of mortgage lenders are influenced by the race of the loan applicant or on the racial composition of his neighborhood. Redlining is the refusal of lenders to make mortgage loans in certain areas regardless of the creditworthiness of the individual loan applicant. Many studies claim to verify the existence of racially based mortgage redlining. The earliest studies were generally carried out by community groups and were rather crudely done. For a summary of such studies, see Benston (1981). Several studies appear in professional literature (for example, see Bradbury, Case, and Dunham (1989) and Hutchinson, Ostas, and Reed (1977)). From a public policy standpoint, these findings, if valid, would indicate a need for additional regulation to ensure social equality. Additionally, the existence of redlining in the absence of structural defects in the market would conflict

107 citations

OtherDOI
01 Feb 2005
TL;DR: The European Council, meeting at Corfu on 24 and 25 June 1994, stressed the need to create a general and flexible legal framework at Community level in order to foster the development of the information society in Europe.
Abstract: THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Articles 47(2), 55 and 95 thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty, Whereas: (1)The Treaty provides for the establishment of an internal market and the institution of a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted. Harmonisation of the laws of the Member States on copyright and related rights contributes to the achievement of these objectives. (2)The European Council, meeting at Corfu on 24 and 25 June 1994, stressed the need to create a general and flexible legal framework at Community level in order to foster the development of the information society in Europe. This requires, inter alia, the existence of an internal market for new products and services. Important Community legislation to ensure such a regulatory framework is already in place or its adoption is well under way. Copyright and related rights play an important role in this context as they protect and stimulate the development and marketing of new products and services and the creation and exploitation of their creative content. (3)The proposed harmonisation will help to implement the four freedoms of the internal market and relates to compliance with the fundamental principles of law and especially of property, including intellectual property, and freedom of expression and the public interest. […]

107 citations

Book
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at these changes and the practical implications of the policies and explore management skills such as communication, understanding systems, planning, and accountability in a very practical manner.
Abstract: Education leadership and management have changed dramatically since 1994 with the changes in legislation governing schools. The new policies involve the learners, educators and parents to a larger extent in terms of managing schools. This text looks at these changes and the practical implications of the policies. It explores management skills such as communication, understanding systems, planning, and accountability. It gives detailed explanations of the new management systems by looking at different aspects of each piece of legislation as well as the way in which it relates to the numerous role-players involved in managing a school. This book has the advantage of taking into account all aspects of managing the whole school environment in a very practical manner.

107 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, a general description of the moratorium legislation and hypotheses about the causes of moratorium legislation are proposed and tested, and the economic consequences of such legislation are addressed and formally specified and tested.
Abstract: and the calls for legislation to prevent farm foreclosures are not without precedent. Farm foreclosures were high throughout the 1920's and 1930's, in large part because farmers had to make mortgage payments fixed in nominal dollars while their earnings were falling.' In response, many state legislatures sought to aid farmers by passing legislation that postponed foreclosure by creditors. Scholars have given little attention to these various state emergency measures and their impact on creditors and debtors.2 This article is a step toward filling this void. The first section contains a general description of the moratorium legislation, and hypotheses about the causes of moratorium legislation are proposed and tested. In Section II, the economic consequences of moratorium legislation are addressed and the hypotheses are formally specified and tested.

107 citations

Book
01 Sep 2001
TL;DR: In this clearly written, fast-paced case study, Derthick concludes that the tobacco lawsuits not only produced flawed public policy that flouted the American system of checks and balances, but has done little to improve or better safeguard public health.
Abstract: In a landmark report by the U.S. Surgeon General in 1964, the government warned its citizens of the adverse effects of smoking on their health and took a series of steps to discourage smoking. These steps stemmed from ordinary politic that is, actions taken or authorized by legislatures. 1994 heralded a new era in tobacco politics: of adversarial legalism, wherein state attorneys general sued leading cigarette manufacturers for the harm they had done to public health. These law-suits culminated in the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) that directed an estimated $250 billion to state governments over the next 25 years and imposed new marketing and advertising restrictions. In her second edition, Martha Derthick introduces new evidence from 5 years of experience under the MSA to show that the states were more interested in raising revenue than in improving tobacco control, that the enrichment of wealthy tort lawyers violated the legal profession's ethics, and that the agreement, ironically, spawned the rise of small, upstart cigarette manufacturers able to undersell the major companies. In this clearly written, fast-paced case study, Derthick concludes that the tobacco lawsuits not only produced flawed public policy that flouted the American system of checks and balances, but has done little to improve or better safeguard public health.

107 citations


Network Information
Related Topics (5)
Government
141K papers, 1.9M citations
90% related
European union
171.6K papers, 2.8M citations
85% related
Politics
263.7K papers, 5.3M citations
81% related
Corporate governance
118.5K papers, 2.7M citations
80% related
Social change
61.1K papers, 1.7M citations
79% related
Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202410
20235,313
202212,046
20211,728
20202,190
20192,226