Legislation

About: Legislation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 62664 publications have been published within this topic receiving 585188 citations. The topic is also known as: law & act.

Caught in the Net: The Global Tuna Industry, Environmentalism, and the State

Abstract: The 1973 Marine Mammal Protection Act at first appeared to be a major victory for environmentalists. It banned the use of oversized fishing nets in an attempt to save thousands of dolphins killed each year in tuna harvests. But hampered by exemptions, extensions, delays, and quotas, MMPA has instead created international turmoil in the tuna industry while still allowing some 20,000 dolphin deaths each year. In this revealing book, Alessandro Bonanno and Douglas Constance use the tuna-dolphin controversy to explore the rapidly increasing effects of globalization on agricultural and food production. Illustrating how private industries, political institutions, national economies, and social movements have been swept into a global arena, they reach some intriguing and important conclusions about the complex and sometimes bewildering future of industry and the environment. Analyzing the controversy's outcome, they show how relatively small groups can, with effective organization, pass legislation that fundamentally changes the way corporations do business. The globalization that often results, they contend, can have wide-reaching consequences many of them unintended and unpredictable. Following passage of MMPA, U.S. tuna processors turned to foreign suppliers of "dolphin-safe" tuna while U.S. tuna fishing corporations deserted the U.S. market circumventing MMPA altogether. Bilateral international agreements, GATT, NAFTA, and the U.S. federal courts have intervened in the chaos and have been challenged from all sides-from the Bush Administration to Bumble Bee Tuna, from Greenpeace to the European Economic Community. Through it all, independent owners of fishing boats have been forced out of business, U.S. processing jobs have moved overseas, and environmentalists have continued their dolphin campaign. Even those who appear to be benefiting may not be, the authors demonstrate. Despite increased opportunities for some foreign labor forces, the weakest segments especially in developing countries continue to be exploited. Stressing the limits that individual nations face in the current socio-economic climate and the conflicting agendas of a variety of labor and environmental movements, Bonanno and Constance argue that the regulatory ability of any national government even one with strong society support must be rethought and redefined."

The use of flexibilities in trips by developing countries: can they promote access to medicines?

Abstract: This study has the objective to: 1) examine the extend to which the flexibilities contained in the WTO agreement on TRIPS have been incorporated into the legislation of developing countries and the extent of the actual use for public health purposes; 2) review the stated trade policies of major industrialized countries, particularly the US and the EU and3) examine the practical effect and implications of recently concluded bilateral and regional FTAs for public health protection in developing countries.

Who sows? Who reaps? Women and land rights in India

Abstract: Noting the significance of direct access to land, and not just access mediated via male members, for the economic and social well‐being of women and their families, this article traces women's past and existing rights to land in law and in customary practice, across communities and regions; examines changes in these rights among communities traditionally practising matrilineal inheritance; and seeks to identify the factors impinging on women's ability to claim, control and self‐manage land today, and variations therein cross‐community and cross‐regionally. Barring matriliny‐related practices in the north‐east and south‐west, tribal customs, and specific circumstances elsewhere, women have had virtually no customary rights in land, and those that existed have been substantially eroded over time, with State policies playing a catalytic role. Modern legislation, while a step forward, has yet to establish full gender equality in law or to permeate practice. Customary practices governing marriage, residence an...

Legislative action to combat the world tobacco epidemic

Abstract: Legislative action to combat the world tobacco epidemic , Legislative action to combat the world tobacco epidemic , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Warranty and Complaint Policies: An Opportunity for Marketing Management

Abstract: A DECADE of consumerism has substantially redefined the relationship of buyer and seller in the marketplace. Consumer activism, legislation, and heightened consumer expectations have placed more responsibility on the manufacturer for the performance of his goods, with a corresponding increase in the "rights" of the consumer. Direct complaints to manufacturers from the better-educated, increasingly affluent and aware consumer have burgeoned in this new climate. Although business appears to be doing a much better job in dealing with irate consumers, expectations have apparently outstripped this improvement. Federal Trade Commissioner Engman recently summed up the situation by saying: "The simple fact is that for vast and increasing numbers of consumers with valid complaints, there is nothing to be done . .. other than kick the dog, yell at his children, and curse at his wife."' In this article the authors focus on an area that has received relatively little attention in the ongoing furor of consumerism: warranty and complaint policies and practices of consumer packaged goods manufacturers (CPGMs). Although attacked by consumer activists on several fronts-unit pricing, informational labeling, package standardization, and the like-CPGMs have generally maintained a low profile in an area of business practice that has been a major issue for other types of manufacturers. Studies by the authors and others show that CPGM response to overt consumer dissatisfaction is generally good, but that many CPGMs choose to ignore-or do not fully appreciate-the magnitude of customer dissatisfaction with their products, and have not formulated adequate policies and procedures to deal with it.2 Furthermore, some opportunities inherent in offering guarantees and responding to complaints have not been fully explored. In the following pages, the authors: