Legislation

About: Legislation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 62664 publications have been published within this topic receiving 585188 citations. The topic is also known as: law & act.

Language, Power, and Participation: Using Critical Discourse Analysis to Make Sense of Public Policy

Abstract: Never has there been a time in our history when reading has captured the attention of state and federal policymakers more than now. Nationwide we have seen a tremendous increase in state legislation around reading and phonics (Paterson, 1998, 2000). This change is not only represented at the state level, but also at the federal level. We experienced the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and Reading First legislation, which increased U.S. federal reading funding from $300 million in FY 2001 to more than $900 million in FY 2002. NCLB links this increased funding to “scientifically proven methods of reading instruction” (NCLB, 2003, p. 2). These changes mark a significant shift taking place not only around reading, but also around the role of elected officials in defining how to teach. Traditionally, issues of pedagogy or how to teach specific content has been left to the educational experts (i.e., teachers, administrators, higher education). These more recent trends in policymaking, however, take a different approach-one that pushes against constitutional rights for local control.

Red Power; The American Indians' Fight for Freedom

Abstract: Contents: 1. Red Power Protest Declaration of Indian Purpose, 1961 "We Are Not Free," 1967 American Indian Warriors: Fishing Rights and the Vietnam War, 1968 and 1973 This Country Was a Lot Better Off When the Indians Were Running It, 1970 The Occupation of Alcatraz Island, 1969 The Twenty-Point Proposal of Native Americans on the Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972 Demands of the Independent Oglala Nation, 1973 Women of All Red Nations, 1974 The Longest Walk, 1978 The Activist Legacy of Red Power References and Further Reading 2. Self-Determination and Tribal Sovereignty Indian Self-Government, 1949 Indian Statement on Policy and Legislation, 1967 The American Indian and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1969 "We Speak as Indians," 1969 Message to Congress on Indian Affairs, 1970 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 1975 Indian Child Welfare Act, 1978 Statement on Indian Policy, 1983 Statement of Ada E. Deer before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, 1993 References and Further Reading 3. Economic Development and Land Claims American Indian Capital Conference on Poverty, 1964 Return of the Blue Lake to the Taos Pueblos, 1970 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 1971 Launching the Tribes into a New Millennium, 1975 United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 1980 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 1983 California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 1987 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 1988 References and Further Reading 4. Education Rough Rock Demonstration and Community Schools, 1965- , Navajo Community College / Dine College, 1968- , Indian Education: A National Tragedy and Challenge, 1969 Big Rock School, 1969 Deganawide-Quetzalcoatl University (D-QU), 1971- , Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act, 1978 Native American Languages Act, 1990 American Indian Tribal Colleges and Universities, 1996 References and Further Reading 5. Spiritual and Cultural Renewal American Indian Religious Freedom Act, 1978 Archaeological Resources Protection Act, 1979 The Black Hills and Camp Yellow Thunder, 1981-1987 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 1988 The National Museum of the American Indian Act, 1989 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act, 1990 American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments, 1994 References and Further Reading 6. Rebuilding Native American Lives and Communities American Indian Population Trends, 1960-1990 Report on Urban and Rural Non-Reservation Indians, 1976 Definition of Indian: Tribal Membership, 1977 Petitioners for Federal Acknowledgement, 1978-1997 An Open Letter to the Governor of Georgia, 1993 Statement of Ethnic Fraud, 1993 Federal Indian Identification Policy American Indian Population Projections, 1980-2080 References and Further Reading

Legislative Politics in Latin America: PARTY DISCIPLINE IN THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES

Abstract: Although political parties are key actors in all legislatures, their roles vary enormously. In Great Britain and Argentina, parties are the main players, and the legislative game can be understood with few references to individual deputies. No one would argue that Brazil's legislative parties have the strength of Argentina's Peronists or Britain's Labor Party. Nonetheless, leaders of Brazil's congressional parties organize the legislative calendar, participate in legislative negotiations, and mediate between individual deputies and ministers. This chapter adapts theories of legislative parties to the Brazilian case. The first section demonstrates that Brazilian presidents, while powerful, are far from dominant. From the administration of Jose Sarney through the first government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, most executive proposals come out of the legislature highly modified or fail to come out at all. Why do presidential proposals so seldom emerge unscathed from the Congress? Do party leaders, especially leaders of parties that are nominally part of presidential coalitions, really oppose these proposals? If, instead, party leaders are simply unable to marshal their troops to support these bills, why are backbench deputies so reluctant? The answers lie in the nature of Brazil's legislative parties. The second section reviews the theoretical literature on legislative parties, a literature based mainly on the U.S. experience. This dscussion demonstrates that Brazil ought to be a case of “conditional party government.” Given Brazil's electoral rules and its federal structure, influence should flow from the bottom up, from party members to leaders, not from the top down.

Annual update of how each state stands on legislative issues affecting advanced nursing practice.

Abstract: The change from a free-for-service system to a system run by managed-care organizations has caused dramatic shifts in where and how health care is delivered. Within the managed-care systems, administrators need to show a good bottom line. Rapid restructuring of the system and the need for profit create many potential consequences (e.g., APNs squeezed out of participation on some provider panels; previously unattractive poor patients are now attractive because they can provide an ongoing revenue base; the use of more unlicensed personnel to provide patient services). Private businesses and the federal government like managed-care health care systems as an answer to the out-of-control escalating costs of health care. Managed care is likely to stay with us for a long while. Because political force comes from money and there is plenty of that in health care insurance corporations, managed care is likely to be with us for a long time. Regulations and control of these managed-care systems will probably be difficult. However, though big business has the money, APNs have the feet, hands and patience to seek further regulation of these huge corporations (e.g., antidiscrimination language to prevent exclusion from provider panels). With the reality of managed care, MDs are no longer in control of the health care system. The AMA's recent attempt to control other providers is tantamount to one ship officer attempting to control another on the Titanic's (i.e., fee-for-service system's) last evening. In a few states, fee-for-service is still predominant, but the majority of states are rapidly moving into megaconglomerate, finance-driven managed care run by business administrators. Things are getting so complex in today's world of corporate takeovers, managed-care megaconglomerates, and power-brokering politics that it is easy to understand why millions of Americans drown themselves in relatively simplistic good-versus-evil entertainment dramas. Huge changes in how the system operates have happened this year while the nation was busy following the Simpson trial. But NPs and other APNs must be very vigilant. We must ensure a place in this new system. Our patients and the nation need us!

The Medical Liability Climate and Prospects for Reform

Abstract: For many physicians, the prospect of being sued for medical malpractice is a singularly disturbing aspect of modern clinical practice. State legislatures have enacted tort reforms, such as caps on damages, in an effort to reduce the volume and costs of malpractice litigation. Attempts to introduce similar traditional reform measures at the federal level have so far failed. Much less prominent, but potentially more important, are proposed alternative approaches for resolving medical injuries; a number of these efforts are currently being tested in federally sponsored demonstration projects. These nontraditional reforms have considerable promise for addressing some of the system’s most challenging issues, including high costs and barriers to accessing compensation. In this Special Communication, we review recent national trends in medical liability claims and costs, which indicate a sharp reduction in the rate of paid claims and flat or declining levels in compensation payments and liability insurance costs over the last 7 to 10 years. We discuss a number of nontraditional reform approaches—communication-and-resolution programs, presuit notification and apology laws, safe harbor legislation, judge-directed negotiation, and administrative compensation systems—and we conclude by describing several forces likely to shape change in the medical liability environment over the next decade.