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Legislation

About: Legislation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 62664 publications have been published within this topic receiving 585188 citations. The topic is also known as: law & act.


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Book
20 Dec 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors elaborate on the issues posed by e-waste, the scale of its use, destinations for the trans-boundary trade flow, risks to workers, labour and employment issues, chemicals of concern, OSH aspects, and the legal framework.
Abstract: E-waste is currently the largest growing waste stream. It is hazardous, complex and expensive to treat in an environmentally sound manner, and there is a general lack of legislation or enforcement surrounding it. Today, most e-waste is being discarded in the general waste stream. Of the e-waste in developed countries that is sent for recycling, 80 per cent ends up being shipped (often illegally) to developing countries to be recycled by hundreds of thousands of informal workers. Such globalization of e-waste has adverse environmental and health implications. This paper will elaborate on the issues posed by e-waste, the scale of its use, destinations for the trans-boundary trade flow in e-waste, risks to workers, labour and employment issues, chemicals of concern, OSH aspects, and the legal framework. It will take a systems analysis approach to the problem, explore solutions and suggest possible pathways for ILO intervention.

205 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has been criticized for overemphasizing the importance of standardized achievement tests, setting unrealistic time lines for clearly unreachable goals, and underfunding its requirements.
Abstract: Now in its third full school year of implementation, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has been drawing praise and blame. It has been praised for its goals of increasing all students’ learning, requiring disaggregated data to monitor the progress of major subgroups of students, and having high-quality teachers in all schools. It has been criticized for overemphasizing the importance of standardized achievement tests, setting unrealistic time lines for clearly unreachable goals, and underfunding its requirements. Although most attention has been paid to the NCLB’s requirements for annual achievement tests and high-quality teachers, the law also includes important requirements for schools, districts, and states to organize programs of parental involvement and to communicate with parents and the public about students’ achievement and the quality of schools. In contrast to some other sections of the law, Section 1118--Parental Involvement--has improved over time by drawing from research in the sociology of education, other disciplines, and exemplary practice to specify structures and processes that are needed to develop programs to involve all families in their children’s education (Booth and Dunn 1996; Epstein 2001). This section is also in contrast to early legislation, which mandated a few parent representatives on school or district advisory councils but left most parents on their own to figure out how to become involved in their children’s education across the grades (Borman et al. 1996). In this essay, I offer my perspectives on the NCLB’s requirements for family involvement; provide a few examples from the field; suggest modifications that are needed in the law; and encourage sociologists of education to take new directions in research on school, family, and community partnerships.

205 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the first step in constructing a benefit cost ratio involves the allocation of water for irrigation or charging to nonreimbursable functions or functions, and the second step is the allocation.
Abstract: tion to authorize projects if total costs could either be repaid by users of water for irrigation or charged to some nonreimbursable function or functions.' Following the directions of the legislation, the Department of Agriculture, Corps of Engineers, and the Bureau of Reclamation were required to use benefit-cost analysis in most project considerations.' The first step in constructing a benefit cost ratio involves the allocation

205 citations

Book
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Richardson as discussed by the authors argues that to bridge differences intelligently, we cannot rely on instrumentalist approaches to policy reasoning, such as cost-benefit analysis, and instead, citizens must arrive at reasonable compromises through fair, truth-oriented processes of deliberation.
Abstract: What would our decision-making procedures look like if they were actually guided by the much-discussed concept of "deliberative democracy"? What does rule by the people for the people entail? And how can a modern government's reliance on administrative agencies be reconciled with this populist ideal? What form must democratic reasoning take in the modern administrative state? Democratic Autonomy squarely faces these challenges to the deliberative democratic ideal. It identifies processes of reasoning that avert bureaucratic domination and bring diverse people into political agreement. To bridge our differences intelligently, Richardson argues, we cannot rely on instrumentalist approaches to policy reasoning, such as cost-benefit analysis. Instead, citizens must arrive at reasonable compromises through fair, truth-oriented processes of deliberation. Using examples from programs as diverse as disability benefits and environmental regulation, he shows how the administrative policy-making necessary to carrying out most legislation can be part of our deciding what to do. Opposing both those liberal theorists who have attacked the populist ideal and those neo-republican theorists who have given up on it, Richardson builds an account of popular rule that is sensitive to the challenges to public deliberation that arise from relying on liberal constitutional guarantees, representative institutions, majority rule, and administrative rulemaking. Written in a non- technical style and engaged with practical issues of everyday politics, this highly original and rigorous restatement of what democracy entails is essential reading for political theorists, philosophers, public choice theorists, constitutional and administrative lawyers, and policy analysts.

205 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Jul 1991-JAMA
TL;DR: The Patient Self-Determination Act takes effect on December 1,1991, and requires hospitals, nursing homes, and hospices to advise patients on admission of their right to accept or refuse medical care and to execute an advance directive.
Abstract: DESPITE widespread acknowledgment of the need for individuals to draft living wills, durable powers of attorney, or other advance directives, few Americans have done so. To encourage patients to complete advance directives, Congress enacted the Patient Self-Determination Act (hereafter "the Act") last October. The Act takes effect on December 1,1991, and requires hospitals, nursing homes, and hospices to advise patients on admission of their right to accept or refuse medical care and to execute an advance directive. Managed care organizations and home health care agencies must provide the same information to each of their members on members' enrollment. Provider organizations will also be required to (1) document whether patients have advance directives, (2) implement advance directive policies, and (3) educate their staffs and communities about advance directives. Compliance with the Act is a condition for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement and is tied to institutional

204 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202410
20235,313
202212,046
20211,728
20202,190
20192,226