Showing papers on "Lens (optics) published in 2013"

Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses

Abstract: Scientists in the USA have developed powerful ultrathin planar lenses made from 30-nm-thick perforated gold films. These plasmonic metalenses, created by Xingjie Ni and co-workers at Purdue University, focus a beam of visible light into a spot measuring only slight larger than the wavelength of operation. The devices rely on a concentric pattern of Babinet-inverted nano-antennas (nano-avoids) in a metal film that manipulate the phase of the incident light. For example, a 4-μm-diameter lens provides a focal length of 2.5 μm at a wavelength of 676 nm. The lenses are designed to work at two orthogonal linear polarizations and in future could be suitable for use as miniature couplers or light concentrators in on-chip optical devices.

Reconfigurable Reflectarrays and Array Lenses for Dynamic Antenna Beam Control: A Review

Abstract: Advances in reflectarrays and array lenses with electronic beam-forming capabilities are enabling a host of new possibilities for these high-performance, low-cost antenna architectures. This paper reviews enabling technologies and topologies of reconfigurable reflectarray and array lens designs, and surveys a range of experimental implementations and achievements that have been made in this area in recent years. The paper describes the fundamental design approaches employed in realizing reconfigurable designs, and explores advanced capabilities of these nascent architectures, such as multi-band operation, polarization manipulation, frequency agility, and amplification. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing future challenges and possibilities for these antennas.

Two accurate time-delay distances from strong lensing: implications for cosmology

Abstract: Strong gravitational lenses with measured time delays between the multiple images and models of the lens mass distribution allow a one-step determination of the time-delay distance, and thus a measure of cosmological parameters. We present a blind analysis of the gravitational lens RXJ1131-1231 incorporating (1) the newly measured time delays from COSMOGRAIL, the COSmological MOnitoring of GRAvItational Lenses, (2) archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the lens system, (3) a new velocity-dispersion measurement of the lens galaxy of 323 +/- 20 km s(-1) based on Keck spectroscopy, and (4) a characterization of the line-of-sight structures via observations of the lens' environment and ray tracing through the Millennium Simulation. Our blind analysis is designed to prevent experimenter bias. The joint analysis of the data sets allows a time-delay distance measurement to 6% precision that takes into account all known systematic uncertainties. In combination with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe seven-year (WMAP7) data set in flat wCDM cosmology, our unblinded cosmological constraints for RXJ1131-1231 are H-0 = 80.0(-5.7)(+5.8) km s(-1) Mpc(-1), Omega(de) = 0.79 +/- 0.03, and w = -1.25(-0.21)(+0.17). We find the results to be statistically consistent with those from the analysis of the gravitational lens B1608+ 656, permitting us to combine the inferences from these two lenses. The joint constraints from the two lenses and WMAP7 are H-0 = 75.2(-4.2)(+4.4) km s(-1) Mpc(-1), Omega(de) = 0.76(-0.03)(+0.02), and w = -1.14(-0.20)(+0.17) in flat wCDM, and H-0 = 73.1(-3.6)(+2.4) km s(-1) Mpc(-1), Omega(Lambda) = 0.75(-0.02)(+0.01), and Omega(k) = 0.003(-0.006)(+0.005) in open Lambda CDM. Time-delay lenses constrain especially tightly the Hubble constant H0 (5.7% and 4.0% respectively in wCDM and open Lambda CDM) and curvature of the universe. The overall information content is similar to that of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation experiments. Thus, they complement well other cosmological probes, and provide an independent check of unknown systematics. Our measurement of the Hubble constant is completely independent of those based on the local distance ladder method, providing an important consistency check of the standard cosmological model and of general relativity.

Rapid 3D light-sheet microscopy with a tunable lens.

Abstract: The in-vivo investigation of highly dynamic biological samples, for example the beating zebrafish heart, requires high-speed volume imaging techniques. Light-sheet microscopy is ideal for such samples as it records high-contrast images of entire planes within large samples at once. However, in order to obtain images of different planes, it has been necessary to move the sample relative to the fixed focal plane of the detection objective lens. This mechanical movement limits speed, precision and may be harmful to the sample. We have built a light-sheet microscope that uses remote focusing with an electrically tunable lens (ETL). Without moving specimen or objective we have thereby achieved flexible volume imaging at much higher speeds than previously reported. Our high-speed microscope delivers 3D snapshots of sensitive biological samples. As an example, we imaged 17 planes within a beating zebrafish heart at 510 frames per second, equivalent to 30 volume scans per second. Movements, shape changes and signals across the entire volume can be followed which has been impossible with existing reconstruction techniques.

Imaging terminal having image sensor and lens assembly

Abstract: There is set forth herein an imaging terminal having and image sensor including an image sensor array having a plurality of pixels. In one embodiment the imaging terminal can include a lens assembly for focusing light on the image sensor array. In one embodiment the lens assembly is a variable setting lens assembly having a first lens setting at which the terminal has a first plane of optimum focus and a second lens setting at which the terminal has a second plane of optimum focus. The imaging terminal can execute one or more processes for determining an operating parameter of the imaging terminal.

Imaging apparatus having lens element

Abstract: There is provided in one embodiment an imaging apparatus having a lens assembly. The lens assembly can comprises a lens element having a first light transmissive substrate and a second light transmissive substrate, the first light transmissive substrate including a first electrode, the second light transmissive substrate including a second electrode. The lens element can further comprise liquid crystal material intermediate the first light transmissive substrate and the second light transmissive substrate.

Cascaded metasurfaces for complete phase and polarization control

Abstract: A metasurface lens that focuses light and controls its polarization at a wavelength of 2 μm is presented. This lens demonstrates high transmission and complete phase control within a subwavelength thickness at near-infrared frequencies. By cascading four patterned sheets, the efficiency is dramatically improved over more common single sheet designs. In addition, by utilizing anisotropic sheets, arbitrary birefringence can be achieved. A planar lens that both focuses light and converts its polarization from linear to circular is analyzed.

Tunable Lenses Using Transparent Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

Abstract: Focus tunable, adaptive lenses provide several advantages over traditional lens assemblies in terms of compactness, cost, efficiency, and flexibility. To further improve the simplicity and compact nature of adaptive lenses, we present an elastomer-liquid lens system which makes use of an inline, transparent electroactive polymer actuator. The lens requires only a minimal number of components: a frame, a passive membrane, a dielectric elastomer actuator membrane, and a clear liquid. The focal length variation was recorded to be greater than 100% with this system, responding in less than one second. Through the analysis of membrane deformation within geometrical constraints, it is shown that by selecting appropriate lens dimensions, even larger focusing dynamic ranges can be achieved.

Gravitational Lens Models Based on Submillimeter Array Imaging of Herschel-selected Strongly Lensed Sub-millimeter Galaxies at z > 1.5

Abstract: Strong gravitational lenses are now being routinely discovered in wide-field surveys at (sub-)millimeter wavelengths. We present Submillimeter Array (SMA) high-spatial resolution imaging and Gemini-South and Multiple Mirror Telescope optical spectroscopy of strong lens candidates discovered in the two widest extragalactic surveys conducted by the Herschel Space Observatory: the Herschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) and the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES). From a sample of 30 Herschel sources with S 500 > 100 mJy, 21 are strongly lensed (i.e., multiply imaged), 4 are moderately lensed (i.e., singly imaged), and the remainder require additional data to determine their lensing status. We apply a visibility-plane lens modeling technique to the SMA data to recover information about the masses of the lenses as well as the intrinsic (i.e., unlensed) sizes (r half) and far-infrared luminosities (L FIR) of the lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). The sample of lenses comprises primarily isolated massive galaxies, but includes some groups and clusters as well. Several of the lenses are located at z lens > 0.7, a redshift regime that is inaccessible to lens searches based on Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopy. The lensed SMGs are amplified by factors that are significantly below statistical model predictions given the 500 μm flux densities of our sample. We speculate that this may reflect a deficiency in our understanding of the intrinsic sizes and luminosities of the brightest SMGs. The lensed SMGs span nearly one decade in L FIR (median L FIR = 7.9 × 1012 L ☉) and two decades in FIR luminosity surface density (median ΣFIR = 6.0 × 1011 L ☉ kpc–2). The strong lenses in this sample and others identified via (sub-)mm surveys will provide a wealth of information regarding the astrophysics of galaxy formation and evolution over a wide range in redshift.

Smart rf lensing: efficient, dynamic and mobile wireless power transfer

Abstract: An RF lens includes a multitude of radiators adapted to transmit radio frequency electromagnetic EM waves whose phases are modulated so as to concentrate the radiated power in a small volume of space in order to power an electronic device positioned in that space. Accordingly, the waves emitted by the radiators are caused to interfere constructively at that space. The multitude of radiators are optionally formed in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array. The electromagnetic waves radiated by the radiators have the same frequency but variable amplitudes.

Broadband True-Time-Delay Microwave Lenses Based on Miniaturized Element Frequency Selective Surfaces

Abstract: We present a new technique for designing low-profile, ultrawideband, true-time-delay (TTD) equivalent microwave lenses. Such a lens is composed of numerous spatial time-delay units (TDUs) distributed over a planar surface. Each spatial TDU is the unit cell of an appropriately designed miniaturized-element frequency selective surface and provides a frequency-independent time delay within the frequency band of interest. Two TTD lens prototypes with focal length to aperture dimension (f/D) ratios of 1 and 1.6 are designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized at X-band. The 3-dB gain bandwidths of these lenses are respectively 7.5-11.6 and 7.8-11.5 GHz. Each fabricated lens has an overall thickness of 4.76 mm, which corresponds to ~ 0.150λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the center frequency of operation. Each lens uses spatial TDUs with physical dimensions of 6 × 6 mm2, or ~ 0.19λ0 × 0.19λ0. Both lenses have a system fidelity factor close to 1, when excited with a broadband pulse. Furthermore, due to their true-time-delay equivalent behavior, the fabricated lenses do not suffer from chromatic aberration within their operational bands. When used in a beam-scanning antenna system, each lens demonstrates an excellent scanning performance in a field of view of ± 60°.

The Structure of the X-Ray and Optical Emitting Regions of the Lensed Quasar Q 2237+0305

Abstract: We use gravitational microlensing to determine the size of the X-ray and optical emission regions of the quadruple lens system Q 2237+0305. The optical half-light radius, log(R 1/2, V /cm) = 16.41 ? 0.18 (at ?rest = 2018??), is significantly larger than the observed soft, (1.1-3.5 keV in the rest frame), and hard, (3.5-21.5 keV in the rest frame), band X-ray emission. There is weak evidence that the hard component is more compact than the soft, with . This wavelength-dependent structure agrees with recent results found in other lens systems using microlensing techniques, and favors geometries in which the corona is concentrated near the inner edge of the accretion disk. While the available measurements are limited, the size of the X-ray emission region appears to be roughly proportional to the mass of the central black hole.

The SCONUL Seven Pillars of Information Literacy: Core model and lenses for Higher Education

Abstract: This is an OER derived from The SCONUL seven pillars of information literacy core model for higher education and incorporates "lenses" - a Research lens, a Digital Literacy lens, an Open content lens and a lens that reflects the unique information landscape and needs of evidence-based practice (EBP) in healthcare.

Compressive holography with a single-pixel detector.

Abstract: This Letter develops a framework for digital holography at optical wavelengths by merging phase-shifting interferometry with single-pixel optical imaging based on compressive sensing. The field diffracted by an input object is sampled by Hadamard patterns with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The concept of a single-pixel camera is then adapted to perform interferometric imaging of the sampled diffraction pattern by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Phase-shifting techniques together with the application of a backward light propagation algorithm allow the complex amplitude of the object under scrutiny to be resolved. A proof-of-concept experiment evaluating the phase distribution of an ophthalmic lens with compressive phase-shifting holography is provided.

Analysis of An Optical Wireless Receiver Using a Hemispherical Lens With Application in MIMO Visible Light Communications

Abstract: White lighting LEDs offer great potential for high speed communications, especially for indoor applications. However, for their widespread adoption, two important issues need to be addressed: the lack of diversity in multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) systems, and the small field of view of receivers. In this paper, we describe a design using a hemispherical lens in the receiver that solves these problems. By using classical optics, we derive exact expressions for the channel gain and the optical power density of the projected images. Simulation results of a typical indoor scenario show that the new system has a wide field of view, and provides adequate channel gain for angles of incidence as large as 70 degrees. We present the distribution of optical power on the imaging plane for various receiving positions and tilted receivers over a number of representative indoor scenarios. They show that the images of LEDs are clearly distinguishable. The results demonstrate the presence of low channel correlations between individual transmitters and receivers. Consequently, this confirms that the new technique is capable of providing significant diversity order for MIMO optical wireless applications.

Liquid Tunable Microlenses based on MEMS techniques.

Abstract: The recent rapid development in microlens technology has provided many opportunities for miniaturized optical systems, and has found a wide range of applications. Of these microlenses, tunable-focus microlenses are of special interest as their focal lengths can be tuned using micro-scale actuators integrated with the lens structure. Realization of such tunable microlens generally relies on the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies. Here, we review the recent progress in tunable liquid microlenses. The underlying physics relevant to these microlenses are first discussed, followed by description of three main categories of tunable microlenses involving MEMS techniques, mechanically driven, electrically driven and those integrated within microfluidic systems.

Lensless Imaging by Compressive Sensing

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a lensless compressive imaging architecture. The architecture consists of two components, an aperture assembly and a sensor. No lens is used. The aperture assembly consists of a two dimensional array of aperture elements. The transmittance of each aperture element is independently controllable. The sensor is a single detection element. A compressive sensing matrix is implemented by adjusting the transmittance of the individual aperture elements according to the values of the sensing matrix. The proposed architecture is simple and reliable because no lens is used. The architecture can be used for capturing images of visible and other spectra such as infrared, or millimeter waves, in surveillance applications for detecting anomalies or extracting features such as speed of moving objects. Multiple sensors may be used with a single aperture assembly to capture multi-view images simultaneously. A prototype was built by using a LCD panel and a photoelectric sensor for capturing images of visible spectrum.

Sub-5 nm hard x-ray point focusing by a combined Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror and multilayer zone plate

Abstract: Compound optics such as lens systems can overcome the limitations concerning resolution, efficiency, or aberrations which fabrication constraints would impose on any single optical element. In this work we demonstrate unprecedented sub-5 nm point focusing of hard x-rays, based on the combination of a high gain Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system and a high resolution W/Si multilayer zone plate (MZP) for ultra-short focal length f. The pre-focusing allows limiting the MZP radius to below 2 μm, compatible with the required 5 nm structure width and essentially unlimited aspect ratios, provided by enabling fabrication technology based on pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and focused ion beam (FIB).

A reconfigurable plasmofluidic lens

Abstract: Plasmonics provides an unparalleled method for manipulating light beyond the diffraction limit, making it a promising technology for the development of ultra-small, ultra-fast and power-efficient optical devices. To date, the majority of plasmonic devices are in the solid state and have limited tunability or configurability. Moreover, individual solid-state plasmonic devices lack the ability to deliver multiple functionalities. Here we utilize laser-induced surface bubbles on a metal film to demonstrate, for the first time, a plasmonic lens in a microfluidic environment. Our ‘plasmofluidic lens’ is dynamically tunable and reconfigurable. We record divergence, collimation and focusing of surface plasmon polaritons using this device. The plasmofluidic lens requires no sophisticated nanofabrication and utilizes only a single low-cost diode laser. Our results show that the integration of plasmonics and microfluidics allows for new opportunities in developing complex plasmonic elements with multiple functionalities, high-sensitivity and high-throughput biomedical detection systems, as well as on-chip, all-optical information processing techniques.

High-Accuracy 2D Digital Image Correlation Measurements with Bilateral Telecentric Lenses: Error Analysis and Experimental Verification

Abstract: By comparing two digital images of a test planar specimen surface recorded in different configurations, two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) provides full-field displacements to sub-pixel accuracy and full-field strains in the recorded images. For the 2D-DIC systems using an optical lens, a simple pinhole imaging model is commonly used to describe the linear relationship between the measured sensor plane displacements and the actual displacements in the object surface. However, in a practical measurement, various unavoidable disadvantageous factors, such as small out-of-plane motion of the test object surface occurred after loading, small out-of-plane motion of the sensor target due to the self-heating or temperature variation of a camera, and geometric distortion of the imaging lens, may seriously impair or slightly change the originally assumed linear correspondence. In certain cases, these disadvantages may lead to significant errors in displacements and strains measured by 2D-DIC. In this work, the measurement errors of 2D-DIC due to the above three disadvantageous factors are first described in detail. Then, to minimize the errors associated with these disadvantages, a high-accuracy 2D-DIC system using a bilateral telecentric lens is established. The performance of the established 2D-DIC system and other two 2D-DIC systems using a conventional lens and an object-side telecentric lens are investigated experimentally using easy-to-implement stationary, out-of-plane and in-plane rigid body translation tests. A detailed examination reveals that a high-quality bilateral telecentric lens is not only insensitive to out-of-plane motion of the test object and the self-heating of a camera, but also demonstrates negligible lens distortion. Uniaxial tensile tests of an aluminum specimen were also performed to quantitatively compare the axial and transversal strains measured by the proposed 2D-DIC system and those measured by strain gage rosettes. The perfect agreement between the two measurements further verifies the accuracy of the established 2D-DIC system.

Large-aperture wide-bandwidth antireflection-coated silicon lenses for millimeter wavelengths

Abstract: The increasing scale of cryogenic detector arrays for submillimeter and millimeter wavelength astrophysics has led to the need for large aperture, high index of refraction, low loss, cryogenic refracting optics. Silicon with n=3.4, low loss, and high thermal conductivity is a nearly optimal material for these purposes but requires an antireflection (AR) coating with broad bandwidth, low loss, low reflectance, and a matched coefficient of thermal expansion. We present an AR coating for curved silicon optics comprised of subwavelength features cut into the lens surface with a custom three-axis silicon dicing saw. These features constitute a metamaterial that behaves as a simple dielectric coating. We have fabricated silicon lenses as large as 33.4 cm in diameter with micromachined layers optimized for use between 125 and 165 GHz. Our design reduces average reflections to a few tenths of a percent for angles of incidence up to 30° with low cross polarization. We describe the design, tolerance, manufacture, and measurements of these coatings and present measurements of the optical properties of silicon at millimeter wavelengths at cryogenic and room temperatures. This coating and lens fabrication approach is applicable from centimeter to submillimeter wavelengths and can be used to fabricate coatings with greater than octave bandwidth.

High-performance LED street lighting using microlens arrays

Abstract: An efficient LED lamp that illuminates the street with high quality is presented. The luminaire shows high optical efficiency, high optical utilization factor, low glare, and illuminates the street with high uniformity. The concept is simple but effective: a cluster of LEDs with TIR lenses are put inside a reflective box, which is covered with a microlens sheet; the reflective cavity improves efficiency by light recycling; each TIR lens collimates the LED light for the microlens array; and the microlens sheet uniformly distributes light only into the street. We verify its feasibility by Monte Carlo ray-tracing for the main types of road lighting arrangements: central, zigzag, and single-side pole positions.

11 nm hard X-ray focus from a large-aperture multilayer Laue lens.

Abstract: The focusing performance of a multilayer Laue lens (MLL) with 43.4 μm aperture, 4 nm finest zone width and 4.2 mm focal length at 12 keV was characterized with X-rays using ptychography method. The reconstructed probe shows a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) peak size of 11.2 nm. The obtained X-ray wavefront shows excellent agreement with the dynamical calculations, exhibiting aberrations less than 0.3 wave period, which ensures the MLL capable of producing a diffraction-limited focus while offering a sufficient working distance. This achievement opens up opportunities of incorporating a variety of in-situ experiments into ultra high-resolution X-ray microscopy studies.

Imaging lens, imaging apparatus, and portable terminal

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a compact imaging lens which has sufficient brightness and has satisfactorily corrected various aberrations, and is composed of five lenses.SOLUTION: The imaging lens comprises, in order from an object side: a first lens L1 which has positive refractive power and has a convex surface facing the object side; a second lens L2 which has negative refractive power and has a shape in which the object-side surface thereof has a concave surface facing the object side and the image-side surface thereof has a convex surface facing an image side, or is infinite; a third lens L3 which has positive refractive power; a fourth lens L4 which has negative refractive power and has a concave surface facing the image side; and a fifth lens L5 which has positive refractive power and has a concave surface facing the image side. The image-side surface of the fifth lens L5 has an aspherical shape and has an inflection point in a position other than an intersection with an optical axis. The imaging lens satisfies the following conditional expressions: -0.60

Current-matching estimation for multijunction cells within a CPV module by means of component cells

Abstract: An indoor method is presented for the quantification of the current-matching ratio of a multijunction cell within a concentrator under arbitrary spectral irradiance conditions. The cell current is measured across a very large spectral sweep to force the relevant subcells into a limiting condition. The light spectrum is monitored using component cells to avoid the need for a spectroradiometer and spectral response measurements. The method also provides an estimation of the current losses beyond the overall current mismatch, for example, losses produced in concentrators with chromatic aberration by the non-uniformity of the incident spectrum across the cell. The method has been applied to a pair of refractive point-focus concentrator systems; first, a 300X single-stage Fresnel lens over a lattice-matched GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction cell and second, a 1000X two-stage system with the same Fresnel lens over a homogenizing secondary lens that encapsulates a triple-junction cell of the same kind but smaller. The experiment demonstrates that the single-stage concentrator exhibits a higher sensitivity of the current mismatch to variations in the focal distance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The sl2s galaxy-scale lens sample. iii. lens models, surface photometry, and stellar masses for the final sample

Abstract: We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging data and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) near-infrared ground-based images for the final sample of 56 candidate galaxy-scale lenses uncovered in the CFHT Legacy Survey as part of the Strong Lensing in the Legacy Survey project. The new images are used to perform lens modeling, measure surface photometry, and estimate stellar masses of the deflector early-type galaxies (ETGs). Lens modeling is performed on the HST images (or CFHT when HST is not available) by fitting the spatially extended light distribution of the lensed features assuming a singular isothermal ellipsoid mass profile and by reconstructing the intrinsic source light distribution on a pixelized grid. Based on the analysis of systematic uncertainties and comparison with inference based on different methods, we estimate that our Einstein radii are accurate to ~3%. HST imaging provides a much higher success rate in confirming gravitational lenses and measuring their Einstein radii than CFHT imaging does. Lens modeling with ground-based images, however, when successful, yields Einstein radius measurements that are competitive with space-based images. Information from the lens models is used together with spectroscopic information from companion Paper IV to classify the systems, resulting in a final sample of 39 confirmed (grade A) lenses and 17 promising candidates (grade B,C). This represents an increase of half an order of magnitude in sample size with respect to the sample of confirmed lenses studied in Papers I and II. The Einstein radii of the confirmed lenses in our sample span the range 5-15 kpc and are typically larger than those of other surveys, probing the mass in regions where the dark matter contribution is more important. Stellar masses are in the range 1011-1012 M ☉, covering the range of massive ETGs. The redshifts of the main deflector span a range 0.3 ≤ zd ≤ 0.8, which nicely complements low-redshift samples like the Sloan Lens ACS survey and thus provides an excellent sample for the study of the cosmic evolution of the mass distribution of ETGs over the second half of the history of the universe.

Wideband True-Time-Delay Microwave Lenses Based on Metallo-Dielectric and All-Dielectric Lowpass Frequency Selective Surfaces

Abstract: We present a new technique for designing microwave lenses with broadband, true-time-delay response types. The lenses examined in this work are planar structures with circular apertures populated with numerous spatial time-delay units (TDUs). Each TDU is the unit cell of an appropriately designed lowpass frequency selective surface (FSS) that provides a desired time delay over a wide frequency range. The lowpass FSSs used in this paper are either metallo-dielectric or all-dielectric type multi-layer structures. A metallo-dielectric lowpass FSS is composed of a number of capacitive patch layers separated from each other by thin dielectric substrates. An all-dielectric lowpass FSS, on the other hand, is composed of high- er and low-er dielectric substrates cascaded sequentially. Two metallo-dielectric lowpass FSS-based true-time-delay (TTD) lens prototypes and one all-dielectric lowpass FSS-based TTD lens prototype with focal length to aperture diameter ratios (f/D) of 1, 1.5 and 1.3 are designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. They respectively operate over a bandwidth of 30%, 50% and 40% without any chromatic aberrations. This is demonstrated experimentally by characterizing the responses of these lenses both in frequency domain and in time domain. Moreover, all of these lenses demonstrates excellent scanning performances with fields of views of ±60°.

Ophthalmic lens assembly having an integrated antenna structure

Abstract: Antennas and antenna systems may be designed and configured for incorporation into mechanical devices, including medical devices, such as ophthalmic devices, including contact lenses. These antennas and antenna systems may be utilized to transmit data from the mechanical device to a receiver, to receive data from a transmitter, and/or to inductively charge an electromechanical cell or the like incorporated into the mechanical device.