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Showing papers on "Lepidoptera genitalia published in 1991"




01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the relationships among Notodontid Subfamilies, the major subgroups of the Trifid Noctuoidea, and the structure of these subfamilies as well as some of the interacting groups.
Abstract: .................. ...................................... 3 Introduction ......................................................... 3 Monophyly of the Noctuoidea ................................................ 4 The Trifid Noctuoidea ...................................................... 5 Previous Works on the Notodontidae ............... ............................ 6 Methods ......................................................... 1 Species Examined (Outgroup) ............................................... 11 Species Examined (Ingroup) .................................................. 27 Preparation of Material ...................................................... 27 Morphological Terms ....................................................... 31 Cladistic Analyses ......................................................... 32 Acknowledgments ......................................................... 32 Cladistic Results ......................................................... 34 Character Analysis ......................................................... 35 Adults ......................................................... 35 Larvae ......................................................... 112 Proposed Classification for the Trifid Noctuoidea ........ ........................ 168 The Status of Oenosandra ............... .................................... 169 The Status of Doa .......................................................... 170 Monophyly of the Notodontidae .................. ............................ 172 Proposed Classification for the Notodontidae .......... .......................... 173 Key to the Major Subgroups of Trifid Noctuoidea ........ ...................... 173 Thaumetopoeinae ........................................................... 175 Pygaerinae ......................................................... 176 Notodontinae ......................................................... 177 Phalerinae ......................................................... 180 Dudusinae ......................................................... 181 Dudusini ......................................................... 183 Scranciini, New Tribe ..................................................... 184 Heterocampinae ......................................................... 185 Nystaleinae ......................................................... 188 Dioptinae ......................................................... 189 Incertae Sedis ......................................................... 190 Lirimiris ................................................................. 190 Hemiceratini ......................................................... 191 Discussion ......................................................... 193 Addition of Taxa (Status of the Platychasmatinae) ........ ...................... 193 Relationships Among Notodontid Subfamilies ......... ........................ 194 Congruence Between Adult and Larval Data .......... ......................... 202 Host-plant Associations in the Notodontidae ......... ......................... 205 Conclusions ......................................................... 207 References ......................................................... 207 Appendix I (Character List) ..................................................... 221 Appendix II (Data Matrix) ..................................................... 227 Appendix III (Apomorphy List) ................................................ 229 Appendix IV (Character Consistency Indices) .......... .......................... 230

156 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1991-Oikos
TL;DR: Evidence that gregariously feeding species of Lepidoptera have evolved resistance to infection by their viral parasites, in terms of the larger amounts of virus needed to cause an infection as larvae age is presented.
Abstract: I present evidence that gregariously feeding species of Lepidoptera have evolved resistance to infection by their viral parasites, in terms of the larger amounts of virus needed to cause an infection as larvae age. First, I show a significant positive association between age-related resistance to infection by viruses and gregarious feeding behaviour in 13 case studies involving temperate Lepidoptera. Since pronounced levels of resistance to viral infection are not found in solitary species it can be inferred that this resistance has evolved in gregarious species at a cost

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Studies on members of this family as well as other Lepidoptera suggest that oligophagy is associated with high activity, in addition to high substrate specificity, of detoxicative enzymes.
Abstract: Within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera), species display a broad range of feeding patterns, from oligophagy on a single hostplant family to polyphagy on over a dozen families. Accompanying this diversity of feeding strategies is a diversity of physiological mechanisms for processing hostplant allelochemicals. Studies on members of this family as well as other Lepidoptera suggest that oligophagy is associated with high activity, in addition to high substrate specificity, of detoxicative enzymes.

43 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two new species of the mite family Erythraeidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Parasitengona) found associated with the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Maine are described as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Two new species of the mite family Erythraeidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Parasitengona) found associated with the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Maine are described Larvae of Leptus treati spnov parasitize spruce budworm adults; L treati is the first member of the genus to have both larval and postlarval instars described Adults of Balaustium kendalli spnov prey on spruce budworm eggs; B kendalli is only the second member of the genus to have both larval and postlarval instars described

38 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The differences in pathogenicity of five entomoparasitic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae to fourth instar larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval were determined under laboratory conditions.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first evidence of the deterrent effect of egg extracts on the oviposit ion behavior of the ECB is reported, and the identification of active components as methyl esters of simple aliphatic acids is observed.
Abstract: The European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), a serious pest of corn is a polyphagous insect which can damage various crops such as cot ton and vegetables [1, 2]. In the United States, the average yield reduction caused by this insect in susceptible corn hybrids in 1986 was 40 % [3]. Females lay masses of 2 0 4 0 eggs mainly on the lower surfaces of the leaves. In this species, the egg masses are often observed at low density levels in the field [4] and the spatial distribution of the egg masses suggests a possible intraspecific regulation of the oviposit ion behavior. We assumed that the egg-laying behavior of this species could be chemically mediated by pheromones present on the egg masses. Oviposit ion-deterring pheromones (ODP) produced by eggs have been observed both in species which lay isolated eggs [5] and which aggregate eggs [6]. ODP can be produced by different sources. Larval frass extracts have been shown to be oviposit ion deterrents in species like Spodoptera littoralis [7] or Ostrinia nubilalis [8]. In most of the investigated species, the chemical nature of the ODP remains unknown. We report the first evidence of the deterrent effect of egg extracts on the oviposit ion behavior of the ECB, and the identification of active components as methyl esters of simple aliphatic acids. We also observed a chemically mediated regulation of the egg mass size. This pheromone may help to explain the distribution of ECB egg masses on plants and represent a possible mode of chemical control of this pest. The insects studied came from an INRA strain (Le Magneraud, France) annually infused with insects collected


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The distribution of the two moths provides the basis for a plausible explanation of the regional pest activity reported for M. divulsana, and a synthetic mixture of these compounds proved to be a successful lure in delta traps.
Abstract: When specimens of the lucerne leafroller,Merophyas divulsana, were sampled from an area with a history of crop damage, they were found to have (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, and tetradecyl acetate as principal components of the pheromone gland. A synthetic mixture of these compounds proved to be a successful lure in delta traps. On the other hand, apparently identical moths collected in areas with no history of crop damage were found to have (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as the major component of the sex pheromone gland. The distribution of the two moths provides the basis for a plausible explanation of the regional pest activity reported forM. divulsana.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1991-Oikos
TL;DR: Broad patterns exist in the site of oviposition for British leaf-mining Lepidoptera, and possible explanations are examined based on the requirements of the egg, larva and ovipositing adult, and on the surface and internal structures of the leaves on which the larvae feed.
Abstract: Broad patterns exist in the site of oviposition for British leaf-mining Lepidoptera. Of 227 species, 21% lay only on the upper surface of leaves, 73% only on the lower surface and 6% on both. We examine possible explanations for this pattern based on the requirements of the egg, larva and ovipositing adult, and on the surface and internal structures of the leaves on which the larvae feed

01 May 1991
TL;DR: The conditions of wing reduction (brachyptery) and loss of wings (aptery), and modifications thereof, are reviewed across all known families of Lepidoptera where this has been observed in either males or females, or both sexes.
Abstract: The conditions of wing reduction (brachyptery) and loss of wings (aptery), and modifications thereof, are reviewed across all known families of Lepidoptera where this has been observed in either males or females, or both sexes. Brachyptery or aptery is known in 35 families of Lepidoptera, including families or species where a kind of brachyptery is only evident as extreme wing reduction of the hind wings. Examples from most families known to have brachyptery of some form are illustrated among 147 figures.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: コナガの野外個体群に対する天敵や降雨の影響を量的に評価するため, £3,000,000-3,500,000 euros ($3,600,000; £2,700,000)
Abstract: コナガの野外個体群に対する天敵や降雨の影響を量的に評価するため,降雨の影響を除きすべての天敵を除去した区と,雨のみを防ぎ天敵を自由に働かせた区,地上はい廻性天敵を除去した区,天敵を自由に働かせた区の四つの実験区を設け,6, 9, 10月の三つの時期に生命表を作成した。また室内実験により人工散水が卵や幼虫の落下に及ぼす影響を調べた。さらに高温および寄主植物の違いがコナガの発育や増殖に及ぼす影響を調べた。結果は次のとおりである。1) 雨よけ全天敵除去区以外の区ではすべての世代でコナガは卵期と幼虫期合わせて85%以上が死亡したが,そのおもな部分は原因不明の消失であった。9月世代の幼虫期後半,蛹期および10月世代の蛹期には寄生蜂による寄生率が高かった。2) 卵,若齢幼虫の消失の大部分は降雨などによる落下であると思われた。3) 9月世代の高い寄生率に関与した寄生蜂はApanteles plutellae(幼虫),Diadromus subtilicornis, Tetrastichus sokolowskii(蛹)の3種であった。4) 30°C以上の高温はコナガに生理的悪影響を与えた。5) 寄主植物の違いは成虫の増殖形質に影響することが示された。野生アブラナ科植物のナズナは,アブラナ科作物よりコナガの発育と増殖にとって不適であった。


01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of four synergists was studied to optimize the use of benzoylphenyl urea in S. exigua larvae, and the best results were obtained with profenofos and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithiote (DEF), both of which are hydrolase inhibitors.
Abstract: Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), a serious lepidopterous pest in greenhouse crops in the Netherlands, is rather insensitive to the chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron. The LC 50 for fourth and fifth instars treated with diflubenzuron were 295 and 16 mg/liter, respectively ; for teflubenzuron, LC 50 's were 42 and 7 mg/liter, respectively. To optimize the use of benzoylphenyl urea in S. exigua larvae, a combination with four synergists was studied. The best results were obtained with profenofos and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithiote (DEF), both of which are hydrolase inhibitors. These synergists enhanced the toxicity of diflubenzuronin fourth instars nine and six fold, respectively. Diethylmaleate, a glutathion S-transferase inhibitor, decreased the LC 50 five fold, whereas piperonyl butoxide, an oxidase inhibitor, was responsible for only a three-fold reduction





Journal Article
TL;DR: The polyphagous Honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is often associated with coccoids and their honeydew but may also infest avocado fruit as a primary pest.
Abstract: The polyphagous honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is often associated with coccoids and their honeydew but may also infest avocado fruit as a primary pest. A 3-year study of its phenology in avocado groves and adjacent crops in Israel included weekly captures of male moths in pheromone traps and biweekly surveys for developing stages. The moth may complete its annual cycle in the avocado grove, overwintering as larvae on fresh or dry avocado fruits remaining on the trees, and developing also on avocado leaves infested with the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, on Paspalum dilalatum weeds infested by the fungus Claviceps paspali, as well as on various other dry fruits, dry oleander flowers, etc. It prefers Haas fruits to those of other avocado varieties. Adult moths may migrate between avocado groves and adjacent crops. Pheromone traps were effective in trapping the moths, but no correlation could be established between the timing and number of captures and larval infestation of avocado fruit. Moths were trapped during March-April (5%), June-September (75%) and October-December (20%). More were trapped in young than in mature groves, and in adjacent crops. Five generations may develop in avocado groves per year: Overwintering moths emerge in March-April, giving rise to the first generation, adults of which appear in traps in early June; this generation does not cause any damage to avocado; three additional generations develop by September; and moths flying in October-November establish the overwintering generation.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The future of refrigeration in China is under threat, according to new research.
Abstract: ダイコンの発芽種子で飼育したコナガの蛹を5°Cで予冷すると過冷却点(SCP)の高い個体が増加すること,無菌飼育をした個体ではこの現象がみられないこと,などの結果からその原因が消化管内の氷核活性細菌であろうという推定を既報で行っていた。この推定を確かめるため,蛹体内から氷核活性細菌の分離を試みた。1) 高いSCPを示した5頭のコナガ蛹体内から719の細菌菌株を分離し,それらの氷核活性(INA)を調査したところ,1頭から分離した3菌株が活性を示した。他の4個体からはINAをもった細菌は検出されなかった。2) 分離された細菌3菌株のINAは,5°Cの予冷(1∼7日間)を行ったときに現れ,予冷のない場合にはほとんどみられなかった。この結果は,予冷によってSCPの高いコナガ蛹個体が増加するという前報の結果と符合している。3) 分離された細菌3菌株は,淡黄色,半透明,円形,表面に光沢のあるコロニーを形成,運動性があり,オキシダーゼ活性陰性などの性質をもったグラム陰性の桿菌で,Erwinia属菌であると考えられた。


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lightbrown apple moths tended to oviposit more frequently on the less hairy mature leaves of apple shoots compared to more hairy, emerging leaves which had a greater density of dorsal surface leaf hairs.
Abstract: Caged greenheaded leafroller (Planotortrix excessana (Walker)) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults were provided with the leaves of known larval host plants to determine the relative amount of oviposition on the different hosts. Relative to apple leaves, lightbrown apple moth oviposited fewer eggs on narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), and blackberry (Rubus strigolosus agg.) and equal numbers on poplar (Populus nigra L.). Greenheaded leafrollers laid more eggs on poplar leaves than on apple leaves. Close examination of the likely factors determining oviposition sites revealed that hairs on the dorsal leaf surface could affect the choice of oviposition sites. Lightbrown apple moths therefore tended to oviposit more frequently on the less hairy mature leaves of apple shoots compared to more hairy, emerging leaves which had a greater density of dorsal surface leaf hairs. Arrangement of host plant leaf clusters may...