Topic
Lepidoptera genitalia
About: Lepidoptera genitalia is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 10114 publications have been published within this topic receiving 78876 citations. The topic is also known as: Uncus.
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University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute1, University of Maryland, College Park2, Chungbuk National University3, University of Minnesota4, University of Alberta5, University of Valencia6, United States Department of Agriculture7, Smithsonian Institution8, California Department of Food and Agriculture9, University of Pennsylvania10, Natural History Museum11, National Sun Yat-sen University12
TL;DR: The results corroborate the broad outlines of the current working phylogenetic hypothesis for Ditrysia, demonstrate that some prominent features of that hypothesis, including the position of the butterflies, need revision, and resolve the majority of family and subfamily relationships within superfamilies as thus far sampled.
Abstract: Background
In the mega-diverse insect order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths; 165,000 described species), deeper relationships are little understood within the clade Ditrysia, to which 98% of the species belong. To begin addressing this problem, we tested the ability of five protein-coding nuclear genes (6.7 kb total), and character subsets therein, to resolve relationships among 123 species representing 27 (of 33) superfamilies and 55 (of 100) families of Ditrysia under maximum likelihood analysis.
225 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the diversification of major lineages in Lepidoptera are approximately equal in age to the crown group of angiosperms and that there appear to have been three significant increases in diversification rates among Lepidioptera over evolutionary time.
Abstract: The macroevolutionary history of the megadiverse insect order Lepidoptera remains little-known, yet coevolutionary dynamics with their angiospermous host plants are thought to have influenced their diversification significantly. We estimate the divergence times of all higher-level lineages of Lepidoptera, including most extant families. We find that the diversification of major lineages in Lepidoptera are approximately equal in age to the crown group of angiosperms and that there appear to have been three significant increases in diversification rates among Lepidoptera over evolutionary time: 1) at the origin of the crown group of Ditrysia about 150 million years ago (mya), 2) at the origin of the stem group of Apoditrysia about 120 mya and finally 3) a spectacular increase at the origin of the stem group of the quadrifid noctuoids about 70 mya. In addition, there appears to be a significant increase in diversification rate in multiple lineages around 90 mya, which is concordant with the radiation of angiosperms. Almost all extant families appear to have begun diversifying soon after the Cretaceous/Paleogene event 65.51 mya.
225 citations
TL;DR: Lepidoptera appear to have built their humoral immune response against bacteria on cecropins and attacins through amino acid replacements, and have conferred antifungal properties to the well conserved structure of antibacterial insect defensins through Amino acid replacements.
222 citations
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13 Jan 2014220 citations
212 citations