Showing papers on "Light scattering published in 2004"
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) front contact and the role of the back reflector on the performance of thin-film silicon solar cells is investigated.
1,013 citations
15 Apr 2004-Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Mathematical, physical and engineering sciences
TL;DR: Ultraresolution microscopy far beyond the classical Abbe diffraction limit of one half wavelength (λ/2), and also beyond the practical limit (ca. λ/10) of aperture–based scanning near–field optical microscopy (SNOM), and theoretical modelling that explains and predicts s–SNOM contrast on the basis of the local dielectric function is described.
Abstract: We describe ultraresolution microscopy far beyond the classical Abbe diffraction limit of one half wavelength (lambda/2), and also beyond the practical limit (ca. lambda/10) of aperture-based scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). The 'apertureless' SNOM discussed here uses light scattering from a sharp tip (hence scattering-type or s-SNOM) and has no lambda-related resolution limit. Rather, its resolution is approximately equal to the radius a of the probing tip (for commercial tips, a < 20 nm) so that 10 nm is obtained in the visible (lambda/60). A resolution of lambda/500 has been obtained in the mid-infrared at lambda = 10 microm. The advantage of infrared, terahertz and even microwave illumination is that specific excitations can be exploited to yield specific contrast, e.g. the molecular vibration offering a spectroscopic fingerprint to identify chemical composition. S-SNOM can routinely acquire simultaneous amplitude and phase images to obtain information on refractive and absorptive properties. Plasmon- or phonon-resonant materials can be highlighted by their particularly high near-field signal level. Furthermore, s-SNOM can map the characteristic optical eigenfields of small, optically resonant particles. Lastly, we describe theoretical modelling that explains and predicts s-SNOM contrast on the basis of the local dielectric function.
581 citations
TL;DR: The structure of temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels in dilute suspension was investigated by means of small-angle neutron scattering and clearly showed that the segment density in the swollen state is not homogeneous, but gradually decays at the surface.
Abstract: The structure of temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels in dilute suspension was investigated by means of small-angle neutron scattering. A direct modeling expression for the scattering intensity distribution was derived which describes very well the experimental data at all temperatures over an extensive q range. The overall particle form as well as the internal structure of the microgel network is described by the model. The influence of temperature, cross-linking density, and particle size on the structure was revealed by radial density profiles and clearly showed that the segment density in the swollen state is not homogeneous, but gradually decays at the surface. The density profile reveals a box profile only when the particles are collapsed at elevated temperatures. An increase of the cross-linking density resulted in both an increase of the polymer volume fraction in the inner region of the particle and a reduction of the smearing of the surface. The polymer volume fraction inside the colloid decreased with increasing particle size. The structural changes are in good agreement with the kinetics of the emulsion copolymerization used to prepare the microgel colloids.
488 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a dipole-limit calculation based on confocal ellipsoids was used to simulate the spectra of the core/shell nanorods using bulk dielectric functions.
Abstract: Au/Ag core/shell nanorods with different shell thickness were synthesized in aqueous solution by chemically depositing silver on gold nanorods surface. With the silver coating, the longitudinal plasmon mode of the nanorods shifted blue and was enhanced. A dipole-limit calculation, based on confocal ellipsoids, simulates the spectra of the core/shell nanorods using bulk dielectric functions. Good agreement with the experimental result was achieved. Light scattering spectra of single nanorods were taken by dark-field microscopy to measure the homogeneous line width. The scattering spectra of single gold nanorods are less than 10% broader than the theoretical value, while the spectra of silver-coated nanorods are systematically 40−50% broader. The additional damping of the plasmon was modeled as the extra scattering at the Au−Ag interface and the nanorods surface. A model for evaluating the plasmon damping in inhomogeneous metallic systems with interfaces is presented.
428 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the narrow lines are remarkably robust to array disorder, but vacancy defects can easily destroy the effect, and it is shown that the arrays have greater sensitivity than isolated nanoparticles.
Abstract: The interaction of light with silver nanoparticle arrays can in some cases produce mixed plasmonic/photonic bands that have extremely narrow (<1 meV) line shapes in extinction and scattering. In this paper we extend computational electrodynamics results of a recent communication [S. Zou, N. Janel, and G. C. Schatz, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10871 (2004)] where this effect was first described to study how these narrow bands are influenced by a number of structural factors, and to determine how useful these arrays might be for sensing applications. Included are studies of the effect of disorder in the array structure on plasmon intensity and width, of the effect of orientation of the array relative to the polarization and propagation direction of the incident light, and of the effect of particle shape (comparing results for silver spheres and cylindrical disks). Our results show that the narrow lines are remarkably robust to array disorder, but vacancy defects can easily destroy the effect. The narrowest lines are associated with one dimensional arrays in which both polarization and wave vectors are perpendicular to the array axis. For two dimensional arrays, the narrowest lines are associated with the wave vector perpendicular to the plane of the array and polarization in the plane. Arrays composed of oblate cylinders generate more intense and more redshifted plasmon/photonic peaks than do prolate or spherical particles under comparable conditions. Finally, for sensing applications in which analyte binding is determined by the plasmon wavelength shift associated with change in the surface refractive index, we show that the arrays have greater sensitivity than isolated nanoparticles.
323 citations
TL;DR: A statistical analysis of light propagation in media leads to new relationships between the K-M scattering S and absorbing K coefficients and the intrinsic scattering s and absorbing a coefficients of a material that indicate that the S and K coefficients depend non-linearly on both a and s.
Abstract: Using a statistical analysis of light propagation in media, we propose a revision to Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory by taking into account the effect of scattering on the path length of light propagation (path variation). This leads to new relationships between the K-M scattering S and absorbing K coefficients and the intrinsic scattering s and absorbing a coefficients of a material that indicate that the S and K coefficients depend non-linearly on both a and s. The additivity law that bridges K-M S and K coefficients of a composite medium, such as dye-dispersed paper (dyed paper) and those of its material components (dye and paper), is also revised. It is further shown that experimental findings on dyed paper that the original K-M theory failed to explain can be clearly understood and accommodated by the new K-M theoretical framework (two-flux approach). Numerical simulations with the revised theory on model ink, paper, and dyed paper have been carried out.
302 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the buckling instability was investigated by both small angle light scattering and atomic force microscopy, demonstrating that a tunable phase grating can be created with a mechanical instability.
Abstract: We investigate a buckling instability by both small angle light scattering and atomic force microscopy, demonstrating that a tunable phase grating can be created with a mechanical instability. The instability is realized in a prestressed silicone sheet coated with a glassy polymer film. Compression of the sample results in a sinusoidally wrinkled surface where the amplitude is controlled by the degree of compression and the wavelength by film thickness. We model the system with Fourier optics, explaining the positions and relative intensities of the diffraction orders.
301 citations
TL;DR: A new random laser phenomenon is reported that gives rise to narrow emission modes without requiring optical cavities and the introduction of exponential gain in a multiple light scattering process strongly increases the importance of very long light paths.
Abstract: We report on a new random laser phenomenon that gives rise to narrow emission modes without requiring optical cavities. Sharp emission peaks are observed experimentally over a broad range of scattering strengths and analyzed in numerical calculations. We find that the introduction of exponential gain in a multiple light scattering process strongly increases the importance of very long light paths. Such long paths are rare and often neglected in passive disordered materials but we show that they can dominate the emission spectrum from an amplifying disordered system.
252 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that this algorithm may facilitate tissue characterization by OCT because it was possible to extract both the scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor from a particular region of interest in an OCT image.
Abstract: We developed a new algorithm that fits optical coherence tomography (OCT) signals as a function of depth to a general theoretical OCT model which takes into account multiple scattering effects. With use of this algorithm, it was possible to extract both the scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor from a particular region of interest in an OCT image. The extraction algorithm was evaluated against measurements from an integrating sphere on a set of tissue phantoms and yielded valid results. Finally, a preliminary ex vivo OCT investigation on human aortic specimen indicated that the algorithm may contribute importantly to differentiation between normal and atherosclerotic arteries. We conclude that this algorithm may facilitate tissue characterization by OCT.
214 citations
TL;DR: Dynamic light scattering results, which cover 11 orders of magnitude in time, are consistent with the existence of two distinct kinds of glasses, those dominated by interparticle repulsion and caging, and thosedominated by attraction.
Abstract: We report a detailed experimental study of the structure and dynamics of glassy states in hard spheres with short-range attraction. The system is a suspension of nearly hard-sphere colloidal particles and nonadsorbing linear polymer which induces a depletion attraction between the particles. Observation of crystallization reveals a reentrant glass transition. Static light scattering shows a continuous change in the static structure factors upon increasing attraction. Dynamic light scattering results, which cover 11 orders of magnitude in time, are consistent with the existence of two distinct kinds of glasses, those dominated by interparticle repulsion and caging, and those dominated by attraction. Samples close to the $``{A}_{3}$ point'' predicted by mode coupling theory for such systems show very slow, logarithmic dynamics.
202 citations
Patent•
29 Dec 2004
TL;DR: In this article, an illumination device simulates neon lighting using a light source for emitting light of a predetermined first hue and a light-transmitting medium having a predetermined density of phosphorescent dye positioned adjacent to the light source.
Abstract: An illumination device simulates neon lighting using a light source (12) for emitting light of a predetermined first hue and a light-transmitting medium (14) having a predetermined density of phosphorescent dye positioned adjacent to the light source. The phosphorescent dye will absorb light emitted by the light source and emit light of a second hue. An observer of the device perceives light that is of a hue that is different from the predetermined first hue. A means for varying the intensity (18) of the light emitted by the light source creates color changing effects in the illumination device. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a suitable light source. A waveguide (16) having both optical waveguide and light scattering properties is used to diffuse the combined light and simulate the uniform appearance of a neon tube. Alternatively, the waveguide itself can be doped with phosphorescent dye to emit light having the perceived hue.
TL;DR: Carbon-nanotube-based Coulter counters provide more precise values of mu than PALS and can be used to measure the size of individual nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solutions, which contrasts with the TEM-measured size ofindividual dehydrated particles and the ensemble size averages of dispersed particles provided by DLS.
Abstract: The precision and accuracy of measurements of the diameter and electrophoretic mobility (μ) of polymeric nanoparticles is compared using four different analytical approaches: carbon-nanotube-based Coulter counting, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and phase analysis light scattering (PALS). Carbon-nanotube-based Coulter counters (CNCCs) use a 132 nm diameter channel to simultaneously determine the diameter (28−90 nm) and μ value for individual nanoparticles. These measurements are made without calibration of the CNCC and without labeling the sample. Moreover, because CNCCs measure the properties of individual particles, they provide true averages and polydispersities that are not convoluted into the intrinsic instrumental response function of the CNCC. CNCCs can be used to measure the size of individual nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solutions, which contrasts with the TEM-measured size of individual dehydrated particles and the ensemble size averages of dispers...
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of water-in-oil nano-emulsions in water/mixed nonionic surfactant/oil system has been studied by a condensation method.
TL;DR: It is shown that diffuse and specular components of surface reflection can be separated as two independent components when the application of independent component analysis to the images observed through a polarizer of different orientations.
Abstract: The image of an opaque object is created by observing the reflection of the light incident on its surface. The dichromatic reflection model describes the surface reflection as the sum of two components, diffuse and specular terms. The specular reflection component is usually strong in its intensity and polarized significantly compared to the diffuse components. On the other hand, the intensity of the diffuse component is weak and it tends to be unpolarized except near occluding contours. Thus, the observation of an object through a rotating polarizer approximately yields images containing constant diffuse component and specular component of different intensity. In this paper, we show that diffuse and specular components of surface reflection can be separated as two independent components when we apply independent component analysis to the images observed through a polarizer of different orientations. We give a separation simulation of artificial data and also give some separation results of real scenes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Thomson scattering system is developed for Joint European Torus with 15"mm spatial resolution and a foreseen accuracy for temperature better than 15% at a density of 1019"m−3.
Abstract: A Thomson scattering system is being developed for Joint European Torus with 15 mm spatial resolution and a foreseen accuracy for temperature better than 15% at a density of 1019 m−3. This resolution is required at the internal transport barrier and edge pedestal and it can not be fully achieved with the present light detection and ranging systems. The laser for this system is Nd:YAG, 5 Joule, 20 Hz. Scattering volumes from R=2.9 m to R=3.9 m are imaged onto 1 mm diameter fibers, with F/25 collection aperture. Two fibers are used per scattering volume. Using optical delay lines, three scattering volumes are combined in each of the 21 filter polychromators. The signals are recorded with transient digitizers, which allow the combined time delayed signals to be resolved. Knowledge of the time delay between signals allows the use of correlation techniques in determining signal levels. The ac output of the amplifier is used, which tolerates a higher level of background signal without affecting dynamic range. T...
TL;DR: Results for the on-line detection and determination of the size and chemical composition of single fine (100-300 nm) and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles are shown, showing a significant increase in detection efficiencies for smaller particles over the conventional ATOFMS.
Abstract: This paper describes the development and characterization studies of a more efficient aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS), showing results for the on-line detection and determination of the size and chemical composition of single fine (100−300 nm) and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles. An aerodynamic lens inlet was implemented, replacing the converging nozzle inlet used on conventional ATOFMS instruments. In addition, the light scattering region was modified to enhance the scattering signals for smaller particles. Polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 95 to 290 nm were used to characterize the particle sizing efficiency (product of particle transmission efficiency and particle scattering efficiency), particle detection efficiency (product of particle sizing efficiency and particle hit rate), and particle beam profile and perform instrument calibration. At number concentrations of <20 particles/cm3, the particle sizing efficiencies were determined to be ∼0.5% for...
TL;DR: The new Mie-scattering calculation is a robust and efficient algorithm used to compute light scattering from spheres that calculates the ratio between Riccati-Bessel functions instead of the complicated logarithmic derivative.
Abstract: The new Mie-scattering calculation is a robust and efficient algorithm used to compute light scattering from spheres. It calculates the ratio between Riccati-Bessel functions instead of the complicated logarithmic derivative. The Kapteyn inequality is used to estimate the number of significant digits of the calculated Riccati-Bessel functions and their ratio. This new algorithm is stable and accurate for both large and small particles. The implemented C++ code yields the same accurate results for both small and large particles compared with Wiscombe's MIEV0 code in double precision. Suggestions are provided for the porting of the MIEV0 code.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general theoretical method for deriving effective susceptibilities for (non)linear optical scattering processes of arbitrary order using the reciprocity principle is presented. But this method is restricted to second-order sum frequency scattering from an inhomogeneous medium.
Abstract: We present a general theoretical method for deriving effective susceptibilities for (non)linear optical scattering processes of arbitrary order using the reciprocity principle. This method allows us to formulate a generalized treatment of nonlinear optical scattering and deduce selection rules independent of the precise mechanism of light-matter interaction. We particularize this approach to second-order sum frequency scattering from an inhomogeneous medium and consider the limiting cases of small particle scattering, refractive index matched (Rayleigh-Gans-Debye) scattering, small refractive index contrast (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) scattering and correlated scattering. We compare the derived expressions to experimental results of sum frequency scattering from monodisperse particles in suspension with varying sizes.
Book•
30 Sep 2004
TL;DR: In this article, X-Ray Scattering and Diffraction are used to measure the surface force of an object in the presence of an unknown external force, and Birefringent Techniques are used for electron microscopy.
Abstract: 1. Introduction.- 2. Chiroptical Methods.- 3. X-Ray Scattering and Diffraction.- 4. Light Scattering.- 5. Birefringent Techniques.- 6. Electron Microscopy.- 7. Rheological Methods.- 8. Surface Force Measurements.
TL;DR: In this article, a fast response and scattering-free homogeneously aligned polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) light modulator is demonstrated at λ=1.55 μm wavelength.
Abstract: A fast-response and scattering-free homogeneously aligned polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) light modulator is demonstrated at λ=1.55 μm wavelength. Light scattering in the near-infrared region is suppressed by optimizing the polymer concentration such that the network domain sizes are smaller than the wavelength. The strong polymer network anchoring assists LC to relax back quickly as the electric field is removed. As a result, the PNLC response time is ∼250× faster than that of the E44 LC mixture except that the threshold voltage is increased by ∼25×.
TL;DR: Experimental results show that, as laser wavelengths become shorter, polarization effects become important and the depolarization ratio of the combustion species must be accounted for in the calculation of the Rayleigh scattering cross section.
Abstract: Rayleigh scattering cross sections are measured for nine combustion species (Ar, N2, O2, CO2, CO, H2, H2O, CH4, and C3H8) at wavelengths of 266, 355, and 532 nm and at temperatures ranging from 295 to 1525 K. Experimental results show that, as laser wavelengths become shorter, polarization effects become important and the depolarization ratio of the combustion species must be accounted for in the calculation of the Rayleigh scattering cross section. Temperature effects on the scattering cross section are also measured. Only a small temperature dependence is measured for cross sections at 355 nm, resulting in a 2-8% increase in cross section at temperatures of 1500 K. This temperature dependence increases slightly for measurements at 266 nm, resulting in a 5-11% increase in cross sections at temperatures of 1450 K.
TL;DR: A novel angle-resolved low coherence interferometry scheme for rapid measurement of depth-resolving angular scattering distributions to enable determination of scatterer size via elastic scattering properties is presented.
Abstract: We present a novel angle-resolved low coherence interferometry scheme for rapid measurement of depth-resolved angular scattering distributions to enable determination of scatterer size via elastic scattering properties. Depth resolution is achieved using a superluminescent diode in a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the mixed signal and reference fields dispersed by an imaging spectrograph. The spectrograph slit is located in a Fourier transform plane of the scattering sample, enabling angle-resolved measurements over a 0.21 radian range. The capabilities of the new technique are demonstrated by recording the distribution of light scattered by a sub-surface layer of polystyrene microspheres in 40 milliseconds. The data are used to determine the microsphere size with good accuracy. Future clinical application to measuring the size of cell nuclei in living epithelial tissues using backscattered light is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the random lasing threshold and its fluctuation in an ensemble of highly packed spherical dielectric scatterers were investigated in a wide range of conditions, which covered the transition from the weak Rayleigh scattering regime to the strong Mie scattering regime.
Abstract: We report experimental and theoretical studies of the random lasing threshold and its fluctuation in an ensemble of highly packed spherical dielectric scatterers. The ratio of the sphere diameter to the lasing wavelength was varied in a wide range, which covered the transition from the weak Rayleigh scattering regime to the strong Mie scattering regime. Experimentally, when the diameters of monodispersed ZnO spherical particles changed from less than 100 to more than 600 nm we observed a drastic decrease of the lasing threshold at small-particle size followed by a plateau at large particle size. We attribute this effect to the particle-size dependence of transport mean free path lt, which was deduced from coherent backscattering measurements. Theoretical calculation of lt reproduced experimental behavior. Using the finite-difference time domain method, we obtained the lasing threshold and its standard deviation as functions of particle size in two-dimensional systems. The results of our numerical simulations are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.
TL;DR: In this article, Monte Carlo techniques are described for the computation of reflection coefficient matrices for multiple scattering of light in plane-parallel random media of spherical scatterers. But the present multiple scattering theory is composed of coherent backscattering and radiative transfer.
Abstract: Novel Monte Carlo techniques are described for the computation of reflection coefficient matrices for multiple scattering of light in plane-parallel random media of spherical scatterers. The present multiple scattering theory is composed of coherent backscattering and radiative transfer. In the radiative transfer part, the Stokes parameters of light escaping from the medium are updated at each scattering process in predefined angles of emergence. The scattering directions at each process are randomized using probability densities for the polar and azimuthal scattering angles: the former angle is generated using the single-scattering phase function, whereafter the latter follows from Kepler's equation. For spherical scatterers in the Rayleigh regime, randomization proceeds semi-analytically whereas, beyond that regime, cubic spline presentation of the scattering matrix is used for numerical computations. In the coherent backscattering part, the reciprocity of electromagnetic waves in the backscatt...
TL;DR: From diffusing wave spectroscopy measurements, the characteristic depolarization length for linearly polarized light, lp, is deduced and the dependence of this length on the scattering anisotropy parameter g spanning an extended range from -1 (backscattering) to 1 (forward scattering).
Abstract: We formulate a quantitative description of backscattered linearly polarized light with an extended photon diffusion formalism taking explicitly into account the scattering anisotropy parameter g of the medium. From diffusing wave spectroscopy measurements, the characteristic depolarization length for linearly polarized light, lp, is deduced. We investigate the dependence of this length on the scattering anisotropy parameter g spanning an extended range from -1 (backscattering) to 1 (forward scattering). Good agreement is found with Monte Carlo simulations of multiply scattered light.
TL;DR: Light scattering and standard stopped-flow techniques were used to monitor rapid association of ribosomal subunits during initiation of eubacterial protein synthesis and the effects of initiation factors IF1, IF2, IF3 and buffer conditions on subunit association were studied.
Abstract: Light scattering and standard stopped-flow techniques were used to monitor rapid association of ribosomal subunits during initiation of eubacterial protein synthesis. The effects of the initiation factors IF1, IF2, IF3 and buffer conditions on subunit association were studied along with the role of GTP in this process. The part of light scattering theory that is essential for kinetic measurements is highlighted in the main text and a more general treatment of Rayleigh scattering from macromolecules is given in an appendix.
TL;DR: In this paper, random laser action is demonstrated in organic-inorganic, disordered hybrid materials consisting of ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles dispersed in an optically inert polymer matrix.
Abstract: Random laser action is demonstrated in organic–inorganic, disordered hybrid materials consisting of ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles dispersed in an optically inert polymer matrix. The ZnO particles provide both the gain and the strong scattering power that leads to light trapping due to multiple elastic scattering, whereas the polymer matrix offers ease of material fabrication and processability in view of potential applications. Excitation of the nanohybrids by a laser pulse with duration shorter than the ZnO photoluminescence lifetime leads to a dramatic increase in the emitted light intensity accompanied by a significant spectral and temporal narrowing above a certain threshold of the excitation energy density. Critical laser and material parameters that influence the observed laser-like emission behavior are investigated in a series of nanocomposites.
TL;DR: In this article, a set of experimental measurements of scattering films and organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) is presented, where the authors measure the reflectance, transmission, and emission characteristics of scattering media and OLED devices separately and use this data as input into a simple radiative transfer model to predict the effect of light scattering on OLED light output.
Abstract: A set of experimental measurements of scattering films and organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) is presented. We measure the reflectance, transmission, and emission characteristics of scattering media and OLED devices separately, and use this data as input into a simple radiative transfer model to predict the effect of light scattering on OLED light output. We find quantitative agreement between the radiative transfer model predictions and experimental results. We find that the introduction of volumetric scattering mechanisms increases the output of OLEDs by as much as 40%, which corresponds to over 70% of the light within a typical glass substrate being coupled to air.
TL;DR: This work has shown that light scattering measurement of viruses is generally not feasible with current flow cytometers due to their small size, and the problem is aggravated by the fact that the light scattering of particles in this size range falls off with roughly the sixth power of their linear dimensions.
Abstract: Background
Light scattering is an essential parameter in flow cytometry, facilitating functions such as size measurement, discrimination of cell types on the basis of shape and morphology, detection of fluorescence-negative cells, and gating of fluorescence measurements. Light scattering measurement of viruses is generally not feasible with current flow cytometers due to their small size. The problem is aggravated by the fact that the light scattering of particles in this size range (<200 nm) falls off with roughly the sixth power of their linear dimensions.
Methods
A new optical layout using darkfield illumination and detection has been developed. A 532-nm laser was used for excitation, and scattered light was collected with large aperture optics.
Results
Light scattering histograms of polymer particles with diameters of 70–300 nm were recorded without gating by other parameters. By extrapolation, a detection limit of about 50 nm was obtained. Different species of virus with sizes of approximately 100 nm also were recorded.
Conclusions
Flow cytometric light scattering measurement of submicroscopic particles, in a size range that includes many viral species, is now feasible. The results indicate that it may be practically impossible to measure by flow cytometry the light scattering of particles smaller than 40 nm. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: Monte Carlo simulations are applied, using the phase function of an infinitely long cylinder, to explain quantitatively the experimental results of the propagation of light in biological tissues that have aligned cylindrical microstructures.
Abstract: We investigated the propagation of light in biological tissues that have aligned cylindrical microstructures (e.g., muscle, skin, bone, tooth). Because of pronounced anisotropic light scattering by cylindrical structures (e.g., myofibrils and collagen fibers) the spatially resolved reflectance exhibits a directional dependence that is different close to and far from the incident source. We applied Monte Carlo simulations, using the phase function of an infinitely long cylinder, to explain quantitatively the experimental results. These observations have consequences for noninvasive determination of the optical properties of tissue as well as for the diagnosis of early tissue alterations.