Limit state design

Abstract: This document contains only that material from Eurocode 2 (EC2) necessary for the design of everyday reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Other material not in EC2, including bending moment coefficients for beams and slabs and design charts are included in an appendix, so that designers have all the information they would expect to find in a British code. Recommendations are given for concrete cover and durability, and designs for the ultimate limit state in bending and axial load, shear resistance, and torsion is examined. The control of cracking and deflection is discussed. The guidance on prestressed concrete design is limited to structures in normal weight concrete where prestress is by fully bonded tendons. Advice is given on the required numbers of tendons, the prestressing force and the limit states. Anchorages and anchorage zones are considered.

Abstract: An algorithm for the calculation of structural reliability under combined loading is formulated. Loads or any other actions upon structures are modelled as independent random sequences. The relevant limit state criterion is pointwise approximated by a tangent hyperplane. The combination of time-variant actions then reduces to the calculation of the maximum of a sum of random variables which is facilitated through proper, discrete approximation of extreme value and other non-normal distribution functions by normal distributions. The iteration algorithm searches for an approximation point on the limit state criterion where the probability content of the failure domain limited by the tangent hyperplane reaches its maximum. Any type of continuous limit state criterion and any distribution type for the loads can be dealt with. The method is illustrated for a section of a wall without tensile strength loaded by a bending moment and a normal force.

Abstract: Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.

Abstract: This book enables both students and practicing engineers to appreciate how to value and handle reliability as an important dimension of structural design. The book discusses the concepts of limit states and limit state functions, and presents methodologies for calculating reliability indices and calibrating partial safety factors. It also supplies information on the probability distributions and parameters used to characterize both applied loads and member resistances. This book contains more discussions of United States (US) and international codes and the issues underlying their development. There is a significant discussion on Monte Carlo simulation. The books' emphasis is on the practical applications of structural reliability theory rather than the theory itself. Consequently, probability theory is treated as a tool, and enough is given to show the novice reader how to calculate reliability. Some background in structural engineering and structural mechanics is assumed.

Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1. Overview. 1.2. Historical Background. 1.3. FRP Reinforcements for New Concrete Structural Members. 1.3.1. FRP bars or grids for reinforced concrete (RC) members. 1.3.2. FRP tendons for prestressed concrete (PC) members. 1.3.3. Stay-in-Place FRP formwork for reinforced concrete (RC) members. 1.4. FRP Strengthening of Existing Structural Members . 1.5. FRP Profiles for New Structures. 1.6. Other Emerging Applications of Interest to Structural Engineers. 1.7. Properties of FRP products for Structural Engineering Design. 1.8. Published Design Guides, Codes and Specifications for FRP Composites in Structural Engineering. 1.8.1. FRP Reinforcing Bars and Tendons. 1.8.2. FRP Strengthening Systems. 1.8.3. FRP Pultruded Profiles. 1.8.4. Manufacturer Design Manuals. 1.8.5. Key Conferences Series. 1.8.6. Archival Journals. Chapter 2. Materials and Manufacturing. 2.1. Overview. 2.2. Raw Materials. 2.2.1. Reinforcing Fibers. 2.2.2. Polymer Resins. 2.3. Manufacturing Methods. 2.3.1. Pultrusion. 2.3.2. Hand-layup. 2.3.3. Other Manufacturing Processes. Chapter 3. Properties of FRP Composites . 3.1. Overview . 3.2. Theoretical determination of properties. 3.2.1. The fiber level . 3.2.2. The lamina level . 3.2.3. The laminate level. 3.2.4. The full-section level . 3.3. Experimental determination of properties . 3.3.1. The fiber level . 3.3.2. The lamina level. 3.3.3. The laminate level. 3.3.4. The full-section level . 3.4. Relevant Standard Test Methods for FRP Composites for Structural Engineers. 3.4.1. American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). Chapter 4. Design Basis for FRP Reinforcements. 4.1. Overview. 4.2. Introduction. 4.3. Properties of FRP Reinforcing Bars. 4.4. Design Basis for FRP Reinforced Concrete . 4.4.1. Resistance factors. 4.4.2. Minimum reinforcement requirements. 4.4.3. Determination of guaranteed properties of FRP rebars. 4.4.4. Design for environmental effects on FRP rebars. 4.4.5. Special considerations FRP rebars. 4.4.6. Design for serviceability. 4.4.7. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in slabs. Chapter 5. FRP Flexural Reinforcement. 5.1. Overview. 5.2. Introduction. 5.3. Flexural Strength of an FRP Reinforced Section. 5.3.1. The over-reinforced section. 5.3.2. The under-reinforced section. 5.3.3. Minimum flexural reinforcement. 5.4. Design procedure for an FRP reinforced flexural member. 5.4.1. Design of FRP reinforced bridge deck slabs. 5.5. Serviceability design of FRP reinforced beams. 5.5.1. Deflections under service loads. 5.5.2. Flexural Cracking. 5.5.3. Creep and Fatigue at Service Loads. 5.6. Design procedure for serviceability. Chapter 6. FRP Shear Reinforcement . 6.1. Overview. 6.2. Introduction. 6.3. Shear design of an FRP reinforced concrete section. 6.3.1. The concrete contribution to shear capacity. 6.3.2. Shear capacity of FRP stirrups. 6.3.3. Punching shear capacity in slabs. 6.4. Limits on shear reinforcement and shear strengths for shear design. 6.5. Design procedure for FRP shear reinforcement. Chapter 7. FRP Reinforcement Detailing. 7.1. Overview. 7.2. Introduction. 7.3. Geometric details. 7.3.1. Calculation of bar spacing. 7.4. Bond strength of FRP bars. 7.5. Development of straight FRP bars. 7.6. Development of hooked FRP bars. 7.7. Lap splices for FRP bars. 7.8. Design procedure to detail FRP bars in a beam. Chapter 8. Design Basis for FRP Strengthening. 8.1. Overview. 8.2. Introduction. 8.3. Properties of FRP Strengthening Systems. 8.4. Design Basis for FRP Strengthening Systems . 8.4.1. Resistance Factors. 8.4.2. Guaranteed properties. 8.4.3. Environmental effects. 8.4.4. Limits of strengthening. 8.4.5. Limits on stresses in FRP strengthening systems at service loads. 8.4.6. Compression strengthening in flexural members. 8.5. Deflections in FRP strengthened structures. 8.6. FRP strengthening system area calculations. Chapter 9. FRP Flexural Strengthening. 9.1. Overview. 9.2. Introduction to FRP flexural strengthening . 9.3. Flexural capacity of an FRP strengthened member. 9.3.1. Stress in the FRP strengthening system. 9.3.2. Strain in the internal reinforcing steel . 9.3.3. Neutral axis depth. 9.3.4. The existing substrate strain. 9.4. Determination of failure modes and flexural capacity. 9.4.1. Mode 1a - Concrete crushing after steel yields. 9.4.2. Mode 1b - Concrete crushing before steel yields. 9.4.3. Mode 2a - FRP failure after steel yields . 9.4.4. Mode 2b - FRP failure before steel yields. 9.5. The Balanced Condition. 9.6. Detailing for flexural strengthening. 9.7. Design Procedure for a flexurally strengthened concrete member. 9.8. Serviceability of FRP strengthened flexural members. 9.8.1. The cracked FRP strengthened section. 9.8.2. Service level stress in the internal steel reinforcing bars. 9.8.3. Service level stresses in the FRP strengthening system. 9.9. Load-deflection response of FRP strengthened flexural members. Chapter 10. FRP Shear Strengthening. 10.1. Overview. 10.2. Introduction to FRP shear strengthening. 10.3. Shear capacity of an FRP strengthened member. 10.4. Effective strain in the FRP for shear strengthening . 10.5. Design Procedure for shear strengthening. 10.6. Shear strengthening of fully-wrapped axially loaded columns . Chapter 11. FRP Confining. 11.1. Overview. 11.2. Introduction to FRP confining. 11.3. FRP confining for axial strengthening. 11.3.1. Serviceability for FRP strengthened axial members. 11.4. Design procedure for FRP axial strengthening of RC circular columns. 11.5. FRP strengthened eccentrically-loaded columns . 11.6. FRP confining for increased ductility. 11.6.1. Lateral Displacement Ductility. 11.6.2. Flexural Hinge Confinement. 11.7. Design Procedure for Flexural Hinge Confinement. 11.8. Lap Splice Region Confinement. 11.9. Plastic Shear Overstrength Demand. Chapter 12. Design Basis for FRP Profiles. 12.1. Overview. 12.2 Introduction. 12.3. Properties of Pultruded Profiles. 12.4. Design Basis for FRP Pultruded Structures. 12.4.1. Allowable Stress Design (ASD). 12.4.2. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). 12.5. Performance Based Design (PBD). Chapter 13. Pultruded Flexural Members. 13.1. Overview. 13.2. Introduction to pultruded flexural members. 13.3. Stresses in flexural members. 13.4. Deformations in flexural members. 13.5. Determination of deflections and stresses for serviceability and ultimate limit states. 13.6. Serviceability limits states. 13.6.1. Deformation limit state ? transverse deflection. 13.6.2. Long-term deflection in pultruded beams. 13.7. Ultimate limit states. 13.7.1. Lateral-torsional buckling. 13.7.2. Local buckling of walls due to in-plane compression. 13.7.3. Local buckling of walls due to in-plane shear . 13.7.4. Web crushing and web buckling in the transverse direction. 13.7.5. Additional factors affecting local buckling in pultruded profiles. 13.7.6. Flange and web longitudinal material failure . 13.7.7. Flange and web material shear failure . 13.8. Design procedure for flexural members. Chapter 14. Pultruded Axial Members. 14.1. Overview. 14.2. Introduction to pultruded axial members. 14.3. Concentrically loaded compression members. 14.4. Deformations in concentrically loaded compression members. 14.5. Determination of deflections and stresses for serviceability and ultimate limit states. 14.6. Serviceability limits states. 14.6.1. Deformation limit state ? axial shortening. 14.7. Ultimate limit states. 14.7.1. Global flexural buckling. 14.7.2. Global torsional buckling. 14.7.3. Local buckling due to axial loads. 14.7.4. Interaction between local and global buckling modes in intermediate length compression members. 14.7.5. Flange and web longitudinal material failure . 14.8. Design procedure for concentrically loaded compression members. 14.9. Concentrically loaded tension members. 14.9.1 Deformations in concentrically loaded tension members. 14.10. Determination of deflections and stresses for serviceability and ultimate limit states. 14.10.1. Deformation limit state ? axial elongation . 14.11. Ultimate limit states. 14.11.1. Longitudinal material failure on the gross area . 14.11.2. Longitudinal material failure on the net area . 14.12. Design procedure for concentrically loaded tension members. 14.13. Combined load members. 14.13.1. Members subjected to combined flexure and compression (beam-columns). 14.13.2. Members subjected to combined flexure and tension . Chapter 15. Pultruded Connections. 15.1. Overview. 15.2. Introduction to pultruded connections. 15.2.1. Conventional Pultruded Connections. 15.2.2 Custom Pultruded Connections. 15.3. Mechanical Fasteners and Connection Parts. 15.3.1. FRP nuts and bolts. 15.4. Research on Heavy Beam-to-column Pultruded Connections . 15.5. Bolted Pultruded Connections. 15.6. Light-truss pultruded connections. 15.6.1. Lap-joint connections. 15.7. Heavy frame pultruded connections. 15.8. Design of bolted pultruded connections. 15.9. Determination of stresses in in-plane lap-joints. 15.9.1 Bearing stress in the base pultruded material. 15.9.2. Net-tension stress in the base pultruded material. 15.9.3. Shear-out stress in the base pultruded material. 15.9.4. Shear stress on the bolt. 15.10. Stresses in out-of-plane shear connections. 15.10.1. Longitudinal shear stress at the heel of the angle. 15.10.2. Flexural stress in the leg of the angle bolted to the column member. 15.10.3. Transverse tensile stress in the web-flange junction of the column. 15.10.4. Block shear in the beam web. 15.10.5. Flexural and shear stresses in flexible seated connections. 15.11. Critical Connection Limit States. 15.12. Design Procedure for a pultruded connection.