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Liquid dielectric
About: Liquid dielectric is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3702 publications have been published within this topic receiving 45150 citations.
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TL;DR: By considering a perfect reflector submerged in a dielectric fluid, it is shown that the Minkowski formulation describes the optical momentum transfer to submerged objects, which is required by global energy conservation, regardless of the phase of the reflected wave.
Abstract: By considering a perfect reflector submerged in a dielectric fluid, we show that the Minkowski formulation describes the optical momentum transfer to submerged objects. This result is required by global energy conservation, regardless of the phase of the reflected wave. While the electromagnetic pressure on a submerged reflector can vary with phase of the mirror reflection coefficient between twice the Abraham momentum and twice the Minkowski momentum, the Minkowski momentum is always restored due to the additional pressure on the dielectric surface. This analysis also gives further evidence for use of the Minkowski stress tensor at the boundary of a dielectric interface, which has been the subject of a long-standing debate in physics and the source of uncertainty in the modeling of optical forces on submerged particles.
23 citations
TL;DR: A classical electrostatic theory of charged liquids composed of solvent molecules modeled as finite size dipoles, and embedding polarizable ions that consist of Drude oscillators is developed, showing that electrostatic correlations cannot be neglected in polarizable liquids.
Abstract: We investigate the modification of gas phase ion polarizabilities upon solvation in polar solvents and ionic liquids. To this aim, we develop a classical electrostatic theory of charged liquids composed of solvent molecules modeled as finite size dipoles, and embedding polarizable ions that consist of Drude oscillators. In qualitative agreement with ab initio calculations of polar solvents and ionic liquids, the hydration energy of a polarizable ion in both types of dielectric liquid is shown to favor the expansion of its electronic cloud. Namely, the ion carrying no dipole moment in the gas phase acquires a dipole moment in the liquid environment, but its electron cloud also reaches an enhanced rigidity. We find that the overall effect is an increase of the gas phase polarizability upon hydration. In the specific case of ionic liquids, it is shown that this hydration process is driven by a collective solvation mechanism where the dipole moment of a polarizable ion induced by its interaction with surrounding ions self-consistently adds to the polarization of the liquid, thereby amplifying the dielectric permittivity of the medium in a substantial way. We propose this self-consistent hydration as the underlying mechanism behind the high dielectric permittivities of ionic liquids composed of small charges with negligible gas phase dipole moment. Hydration being a correlation effect, the emerging picture indicates that electrostatic correlations cannot be neglected in polarizable liquids.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the breakdown time lag in liquid helium is measured over a wide range of electrode sizes and pulsed electric field strengths using the Weibull distribution function and weak link theory, and it is found that the time lag depends on both electrical stress and the electrode surface area stressed above a critical level.
Abstract: Breakdown time lag in liquid helium is measured over a wide range of electrode sizes and pulsed electric field strengths. The breakdown time lag and dc breakdown strength are statistically analyzed by using the Weibull distribution function and weak link theory. It is found that the time lag depends on both electrical stress and the electrode surface area stressed above a critical level. It is supposed that breakdown triggering electrons are generated by field emission phenomena at small protrusion tips on the cathode surface. In higher external electric fields, a less sharper protrusion emits initial electrons with a shorter time lag and may become responsible for liquid breakdown. A theoretical equation is proposed to predict the electrode size and electrical stress dependency of the breakdown time lag, based on Fowler and Nordheim theory. It is shown that the equation is consistent with the Weibull distribution function under multiple stress of electric field and stressing time.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump with a simple design for dielectric liquids which have potential applications for electronic cooling is presented. But the design of the pump is not discussed.
23 citations
Patent•
09 May 1978TL;DR: In this paper, the liquid dielectric is gradually withdrawn into a reservoir until, at the normal operating temperature, only a quantity of liquid Dielectric sufficient to completely cover the electrical inductive apparatus remains in the enclosure.
Abstract: Electrical inductive apparatus cooled and electrically insulated by a vaporizable liquid dielectric having a boiling point within the normal operating temperature range of the apparatus. When the electrical inductive apparatus is at ambient temperature, the liquid dielectric completely fills the enclosure providing electrical insulation for the electrical members. As the temperature of the apparatus increases towards its normal operating range, the liquid dielectric is gradually withdrawn into a reservoir until, at the normal operating temperature, only a quantity of liquid dielectric sufficient to completely cover the electrical inductive apparatus remains in the enclosure. In response to a temperature decrease, the liquid stored in the reservoir is gradually returned to the enclosure thereby maintaining a constant level of dielectric strength between the electrical members.
23 citations