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Liquid metal

About: Liquid metal is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6947 publications have been published within this topic receiving 77785 citations. The topic is also known as: liquid alloy & liquid metal alloy.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a direct electronics printing technique through atomized spraying for patterning room-temperature liquid metal droplets on desired substrate surfaces is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time.
Abstract: A direct electronics printing technique through atomized spraying for patterning room-temperature liquid metal droplets on desired substrate surfaces is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. This method is highly flexible and capable of fabricating electronic components on various target objects, with either flat or rough surfaces, made of different materials, or having different orientations from 2D to 3D geometrical configurations. With a pre-designed mask, the liquid metal ink can be directly deposited on the substrate to form various specific patterns which lead to the rapid prototyping of electronic devices. Further, extended printing strategies were also suggested to illustrate the adaptability of the method. For example, it can be used for making transparent conductive film with an optical transmittance of 47 % and a sheet resistance of 5.167Ω/□ due to natural porous structure. Different from the former direct writing technology where large surface tension and poor adhesion between the liquid metal and the substrate often impede the flexible printing process, the liquid metal here no longer needs to be pre-oxidized to guarantee its applicability on target substrates. One critical mechanism was that the atomized liquid metal microdroplets can be quickly oxidized in the air due to its large specific surface area, resulting in a significant increase of the adhesion capacity and thus firm deposition of the ink to the substrate. This study paved a generalized way for pervasively and directly printing electronics on various substrates which are expected to be significant in a wide spectrum of electrical engineering areas.

84 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The LIMMCAST facility as discussed by the authors was designed for modeling fluid flow and transport processes in the continuous casting of steel and operates at temperatures of 200-400°C by using the low melting point alloy SnBi.
Abstract: This paper presents the new experimental facility LIMMCAST which was designed for modeling fluid flow and transport processes in the continuous casting of steel. The facility operates at temperatures of 200–400°C by using the low melting point alloy SnBi. The main parameters of the facility, including the dimensions of the test sections, will be given. The resultant possibilities with respect to flow investigations in the tundish, in the submerged entry nozzle, and in the mould will be discussed. Over the period of assembling and commissioning the LIMMCAST facility, the small-scale set-up Mini-LIMMCAST was employed which uses the alloy GaInSn that is liquid at room temperatures. At this precursory facility an experimental program was started which is focused on quantitative flow measurements in the mould and in the submerged entry nozzle (SEN). The Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) and the Contactless Inductive Flow Tomography (CIFT) were applied to determine the flow structure within the mould. First experimental results will be presented here for a single and a two-phase flow in which argon gas bubbles were injected at the inlet of the SEN. According to the concept of the electromagnetic brake the impact of a DC magnetic field on the emergent jet flow from the SEN has been studied.

84 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal field and the grain structure of a cored superalloy turbine blade, which has been directionally solidified with the liquid metal cooling (LMC) process, has been simulated in three dimensions using a cellular automaton coupled with finite-element (CAFE) model.
Abstract: The thermal field and the grain structure of a cored superalloy turbine blade, which has been directionally solidified with the liquid metal cooling (LMC) process, has been simulated in three dimensions using a cellular automaton (CA) coupled with finite-element (CAFE) model. The cooling induced by the liquid aluminum bath has been replaced by a heat-transfer coefficient, whose temperature- and time-dependence has been adjusted on the basis of natural convection simulations and dimensionless analyses. The simulated grain structure and crystallographic texture have been compared with the microstructure, and the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) results were obtained for a real blade. In both the experiment and the simulation, it has been found that the grains do not exhibit a well-defined texture, even near the top of the blade, mainly as a result of a concave liquidus surface. In order to improve the texture and decrease the number of stray crystals, the LMC process was then optimized by changing several parameters. The baffle geometry, the liquid bath level, and the thermal conductivity of the ceramic mold were found to be the dominant parameters. Using the optimized design, the effect of the withdrawal rate on the resulting grain structure was investigated.

84 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the nucleation and growth mechanisms during high temperature oxidation of liquid Al−3% Mg and liquid Al −3% mg and Mg−3%, Mg-Al2O4 alloys were studied with the aim of enhancing the understanding of a new composite fabrication process.
Abstract: The nucleation and growth mechanisms during high temperature oxidation of liquid Al−3% Mg and Al−3% Mg−3% Si alloys were studied with the aim of enhancing our understanding of a new composite fabrication process. The typical oxidation sequence consists of an initial event of rapid but brief oxidation, followed by an incubation period of limited oxide growth after which bulk Al2O3/Al composite forms. A duplex oxide layer, MgO (upper) and MgAl2O4 (lower), forms on the alloy surface during initial oxidation and incubation. The spinel layer remains next to the liquid alloy during bulk oxide growth and is the eventual repository for most of the magnesium in the original alloy. Metal microchannels developed during incubation continuously supply alloy through the composite to the reaction interface. During the growth process, a layered structure exists at the upper extremity of the composite, consisting of MgO at the top surface, MgAl2O4 (probably discontinuous), Al alloy, and finally the bulk Al2O3 composite containing microchannels of the alloy. The bulk oxide growth mechanism appears to involve continuous formation and dissolution of the Mg-rich oxides at the surface, diffusion of oxygen through the underlying liquid metal, and epitaxial growth of Al2O3 on the existing composite body. The roles of Mg and Si in the composite growth process are discussed.

83 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to measure the heat capacity and the effective thermal conductivity of stable and undercooled liquid metals and alloys in an electromagnetic levitation apparatus.
Abstract: A concept is developed and described which allows to measure the heat capacity and the effective thermal conductivity of stable and undercooled liquid metals and alloys in an electromagnetic levitation apparatus. We propose to use an ac pulse heating method which is used nowadays as a standard technique for precision measurement of low temperature heat capacities. The ideal process parameters including the drop diameter D, temperature T, and frequency of measurement ω can be optimized when the following relations hold for the external and internal relaxation time constants τ1 and τ2, respectively: ωτ1≳10 and ωτ2<0.1. Then heat capacity data can be obtained with an accuracy of better than 1% with D about 5 to 10 mm, T between 1200 and 1800 K and ω between 0.1 and 1 Hz for typical metals and alloys.

83 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023233
2022413
2021259
2020340
2019399
2018369