Topic
Liquid metal
About: Liquid metal is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6947 publications have been published within this topic receiving 77785 citations. The topic is also known as: liquid alloy & liquid metal alloy.
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TL;DR: This comprehensive comparison confirms the necessity of oxidation suppression and significant thermal stress via instantaneous laser irradiation to achieve conductive patterns in liquid form.
Abstract: Metallic inks with superior conductivity and printability are necessary for high-throughput manufacturing of printed electronics. In particular, gallium-based liquid metal inks have shown great potential in creating soft, flexible and stretchable electronics. Despite their metallic composition, as-printed liquid metal nanoparticle films are non-conductive due to the surrounding metal oxide shells which are primarily Ga2O3, a wide-bandgap semiconductor. Hence, these films require a sintering process to recover their conductivity. For conventional solid metallic nanoparticles, thermal and laser processing are two commonly used sintering methods, and the sintering mechanism is well understood. Nevertheless, laser sintering of liquid metal nanoparticles was only recently demonstrated, and to date, the effect of thermal sintering has rarely been investigated. Here, eutectic gallium–indium nanoparticle films are processed separately by laser or thermal sintering in an ambient environment. Laser and thermally sintered films are compared with respect to electrical conductivity, surface morphology and elemental composition, crystallinity and surface composition. Both methods impart thermal energy to the films and generate thermal stress in the particles, resulting in rupture of the gallium oxide shells and achieving electrical conductivity across the film. For laser sintering, extensive oxide rupture allows liquid metal cores to flow out and coalesce into conductive pathways. For thermal sintering, due to less thermal stress and more oxidation, the oxide shells only rupture locally and extensive phase segregation occurs, leading to non-liquid particle films at room temperature. Electrical conductivity is instead attributed to segregated metal layers and gallium oxide which becomes crystalline and conductive at high temperatures. This comprehensive comparison confirms the necessity of oxidation suppression and significant thermal stress via instantaneous laser irradiation to achieve conductive patterns in liquid form.
61 citations
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TL;DR: An improved method for measuring the surface tension of liquid metals is proposed in this article, where surface oscillations of an electromagnetically levitated liquid metal droplet are observed by a video camera and digital image processing is used to evaluate the spectrum of oscillations.
Abstract: An improved method for measuring the surface tension of liquid metals is proposed. Surface oscillations of an electromagnetically levitated liquid metal droplet are observed by a video camera and digital image processing is used to evaluate the spectrum of oscillations. A discussion of the theoretical background and a description of the experimental apparatus are presented. In addition, preliminary results on an FeNi sample, and an outlook for future experiments, including the measurement of viscosity, are given.
61 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, focused ion beam, transmission electron backscatter diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy were utilized to elucidate early-stage aspects of the dissolution corrosion process of cold-worked austenitic stainless steels exposed to static, oxygen-poor liquid lead-bismuth eutectic at 450°C for 1000h.
61 citations
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TL;DR: A review of a work undertaken with the aim of understanding oxygen mass transport at the liquid metal surface in relation to the study of capillary phenomena at high temperature finds evidence of many orders of magnitude greater than the equilibrium pressure.
61 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the past analytical and experimental results obtained in past sodium-cooled fast reactor safety programs in the United States, and presented an overview of fuel safety performance as observed in laboratory and in-pile tests.
61 citations