Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 1970"

Sampling of Nanoliter Volumes of Mammalian Subcutaneous Tissue Fluid and Ultra‐micro Flame Photometric Analyses of the K and Na Concentrations

Abstract: Local tissue fluid within the subcutaneous tissues of the hind legs of dogs was sampled with a liquid paraffin cavity method. The potassium and sodium concentrations of nanoliter samples of the tissue fluid were analyzed with an ultra-micro flame photometric method and compared to the plasma concentrations of these ions. The average potassium concentration in the tissue fluid was 4.67 meq/l and the average sodium concentration was 153.4 meq/l; the corresponding plasma values were 3.78 meq/l and 142.3 meq/l respectively. The average individual potassium tissue fluid: plasma ratio was 1.25 (P<0.001 vs. 1.0) and the sodium tissue fluid: plasma ratio 1.08 (P<0.001 vs. 1.0). Possible sources of error at sampling and analyses have been evaluated. The potassium and sodium content of the local tissue fluid was higher than expected of an ultrafiltrate of plasma according to the generally accepted Gibbs-Donnan constant (0.96) for these ions. The apparent deviation of the obtained values from the Gibbs-Donnan constant can be explained by assuming that charged anionic macromolecules in the ground substance of the tissues affect the cation distribution in the local tissue fluid.

The Meyerhof quotient and the synthesis of glycogen from lactate in frog and rabbit muscle. A reinvestigation

Abstract: 1. The conversion of lactate into glycogen was demonstrated in frog sartorius muscle in oxygen. The rates and amounts are highest when lactate is added to the bathing medium and are dependent on lactate and CO(2) concentration, as well as pH. The glycogen content of a resting muscle can be doubled in 4h at 24 degrees C. 2. Sartorius muscle, recovering aerobically in liquid paraffin from a period of anoxia, converts preformed lactate into glycogen at a lower rate and in smaller amounts than when lactate is added in an aqueous medium. The lower rates are similar to those Meyerhof found under the same conditions, after correction for temperature; they can be attributed partly to low muscle pH and partly to the limited amounts of lactate present. 3. Rabbit psoas muscle also shows the ability to convert added lactate into glycogen under aerobic conditions. The rates are low and similar to those in frog sartorius muscle recovering from anoxia. 4. The present experiments yield a Meyerhof quotient of 6.2, compared with Meyerhof's value of 4-5. However, these values are not significantly different from one another. 5. It is suggested that the glycogen coefficient, i.e. mol of glycogen formed/mol of lactate disappearing, is a more reliable way of assessing the resynthetic mechanism than the original quotient, i.e. mol of lactate disappearing/mol of lactate oxidized. The found coefficient is 0.419+/-0.024.

The self-bodying action of the mixed emulsifier cetrimide/ cetostearyl alcohol

Abstract: Liquid paraffin emulsions stabilized by the mixed emulsifier cetrimide/cetostearyl alcohol have been examined by microscopy, particle size analysis, continuous shear rheometry, and creep. The disperse phase of each emulsion was aggregated, and many of the nonspherical particles contained crystals of cetostearyl alcohol. The rheological properties of each emulsion were not related directly to the particle size distribution but to a gel network present in the continuous phase. This gel network was shown to be similar to that formed by dispersing cetrimide and cetostearyl alcohol in water so as to form a ternary system. All the systems showed complex flow properties in continuous shear experiments, e.g., hysteresis loops denoting irreversible shear breakdown. Additional complex flow properties, i.e., spur points and dilatancy, apparent in emulsions containing greater than 5% mixed emulsifier, were related to the structure in the continuous phase. In creep, mechanical models of three Voigt Units in series with a Maxwell Unit were deduced. In ternary systems and emulsions, the compliances decreased and the viscosities increased as the cetrimide/cetostearyl alcohol concetration increased. The creep parameters indicated that emulsions containing greater than 5% mixed emulsifier increased in consistency on aging, owing to the orientation of gel structure in the continuous phase.

Energy transfer in organic systems. VIII. Quenching of naphthalene fluorescence by biacetyl

Abstract: For Pt. VII see abstr. A5178 of 1969. The rate parameters of naphthalene fluorescence quenching by biacetyl in ten solvents of viscosity eta =0.34 to 172 cP have been determined from relative fluorescence yield and lifetime measurements. The data are consistent with electron-exchange interaction quenching with a range of 11 AA, and with diffusion coefficients given by the Stokes-Einstein relation, except for liquid paraffin.

A case of chronic paraffin pneumonitis

Abstract: A case of chronic paraffin pneumonitis is reported which had remained undiagnosed during life. The patient, a woman aged 48 at death, was subsequently found to have been taking regularly very large doses of liquid paraffin during a decade or more. The main clinical, radiological and histological features are discussed.

Nonpolarized frog bladder preparation. The effects of oxytocin.

Abstract: In a frog bladder preparation with the mucosal surface covered with liquid paraffin the content of sodium chloride and of water in the epithelial cells is reduced, while the polarity and the magnitude of the membrane potential across the non-mucosal parts of the membranes are preserved. The transport of ions between the cells and their surroundings appears to be mediated solely by the non-mucosal membranes of the epithelial cells, and for this reason the tissue in this condition was called a nonpolarized preparation. Oxytocin (50 mU/ml) brings about an extrusion of sodium and potassium chlorides and of water from the epithelial cells of the nonpolarized preparation. Since sodium ions leave the cells against their electrochemical potential gradient, a conclusion about a direct stimulation of the sodium pump by oxytocin (possibly due to a reduction of its internal resistance) appears to be warranted.

The Interaction of Oxygen with Organic Molecules. III. Electron Transfer between Oxygen and Aromatic Amines Studied by Flash Technique

Abstract: Flash photolysis of aniline derivatives in various solutions has been studied in oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions. Absorption spectra of the triplet states appeared in deoxygenated liquid paraffin solutions, but no transient absorption was observed in the oxygenated liquid paraffin solutions. Transient spectra, due to the cations of the anilines, were observed in deoxygenated ethanol solutions, but none in oxygenated ethanol. In highly polar solvents—acetonitrile, water, and formamide—either deoxygenated or oxygenated, the cation was observed. In the case of oxygenated solutions, the initial yield of the cation was found to be proportional to the intensity of the flash light, indicating that the ionization is a one-photon process. These results, together with the previous findings that the photo-ionization of organic molecules in solutions are caused by the two-step, biphotonic excitation processes strongly suggest that the charge transfer states are formed between the aromatics and the oxygen molec...

Effects of mineral oil on Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and its transmission of beet yellows virus

Abstract: Experiments in the glasshouse have confirmed that spraying virus-source leaves or test plants with mineral oil (liquid paraffin) inhibits transmission of beet yellows virus (BYV) to sugar-beet by Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Spraying M. persicae with oil after feeding on BYV-infected leaves and before transfer to virus-free beet seedlings also inhibited their transmission of BYV. The appearance of systemic symptoms of BYV was not delayed by treatment of the test plants or the aphids with oil. The effects of oil on virus transmission were reflected in adverse effects of oil on the settling behaviour and larviposition of the vector on test plants. It is suggested that coating the stylets with oil inhibits the feeding of aphids in the phloem thereby decreasing the efficiency of BYV transmission. The effects of oil on aphid settling and larviposition suggest that spraying crops with oil may not only reduce the incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses in them but may also diminish the population of potential vectors present in them.

Method of separating and collecting flavor components contained in foods

Abstract: A METHOD OF SEPARATING AND COLLECTING FOOD FLAVOR COMPONENTS WHICH COMPRISES CONTACTING LIQUID PARAFFIN WITH A VOLATILE FOOD FLAVOR COMPONENTS-CONTAINING STARTING MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID MATERIALS TO EFFECT THE ABSORPTION BY SAID LIQUID PARAFFIN OF SAID FLAVOR COMPONENT, SUBMITTING THE LIQUID PARAFFIN, WHICH HAS THUS ABSORBED THE FLAVOR COMPONENTS, TO ETHANOL VAPOR DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE, AND THEREAFTER COLLECTING THE FLAVOR COMPONENTS-CONTAINING ETHANOL THAT DISTILLS OFF.

In vitro stimulation of antibody formation by peritoneal cells. 3. Effect of active immunization on the subsequent in vitro performance of peritoneal and spleen cells.

Abstract: Male CBA mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or horse red blood cells (HRBC). They were killed at intervals of 1–10 days thereafter, and micro-cultures of spleen cells or peritoneal cells (PC) were prepared. These consisted of a thin film of tissue culture medium containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), mouse lymphoid cells, guinea-pig complement and either SRBC or HRBC, held at 37° under liquid paraffin. Cultures were read repeatedly for appearance of haemolytic plaques. PC from SRBC-immunized mice showed an altered reactivity on SRBC monolayer cultures. The peak plaque count achieved in vitro fell progressively for 4 days after immunization, and then returned to normal by day 7. The actinomycin D resistant component of the PC response rose rapidly; at 1 day after immunization it was equal to the total response. Over the next 3 days after immunization it fell again to normal levels. The results suggested that the in vivo injection sets in train events locally in the peritoneal cavity which resembled those following in vitro culture of normal PC in SRBC monolayers. The effects were immunologically specific as only marginal changes followed the injection of HRBC. Spleen cells from SRBC-immunized mice, when cultured in SRBC monolayers, yielded many cells capable of giving plaques after 5–60 minutes incubation, as expected. These were deemed to be cells forming antibody at the moment of killing of the animal. In addition, such cultures developed new plaques over the subsequent 23 hours in culture. These were produced by cells not initially forming antibody which switched into antibody secretion at some time during culture. At early time points after immunization, this second type of cell was much more numerous than the first type. The switch from non-secretor status could occur in the presence of a high concentration of actinomycin D. Operationally these non-secretors in immunized spleens resembled an important fraction of PC from unimmunized retired breeder mice. The progressive conversion of non-secretor cells into secretors, if it occurs in vivo, would have a major influence on the kinetics of appearance of PFC in a spleen after immunization. While spleen cells from mice immunized with HRBC performed on HRBC monolayers much as described above, PC from HRBC-immunized mice could not be induced to cause significant lysis in HRBC monolayers. The same was true of PC from mice chronically fed with HRBC. In fact, no method has yet been found to persuade PC to produce lytic plaques active against erythrocytes other than SRBC.

33—the measurement of fibre diameter by photo-extinction sedimentometry

Abstract: The falling time of fibre pieces in liquid has been found to give an indication of fibre diameter, and the photo-electric monitoring of a fibre dispersion settling freely in suitable media enables a rapid and simple evaluation to be made. By plotting the percentage photo-extinction against the falling time, a figure may be derived that corresponds to the mean fibre diameter. The effects of several modifications to the procedure are examined in this paper and are followed by a suggested test method. Several qualities and types of fibre have been tested for mean diameter by this technique, and work is also reported on the measurement of the fibre-diameter dispersion within a sample. Photo-electric sedimentation is suitable for application to fibrous material at various stages of processing and for fibres from a variety of finished textile products.

Experimental Studies of ST-T Changes in Electrocardiogram The Effects of Local or Total Hypoxemia of the in situ Canine Heart on the Unipolar Lead Electrogram and on the Transmembrane Potential Recorded from the Ventricular Epicardial Surface

Abstract: To clarify the mechanism of ST-T changes in electrocardiogram, these changes that appear on the direct unipolar electrogram recorded from the ventricular surface were compared with the changes of transmembrane potentials simultaneously recorded from the vicinity of direct unipolar electrogram. This study was conducted on the in situ canine heart under conditions of total and local hypoxemia. Method Seventy-seven mongrel dogs weighing about 15 kg were used, and each animal was anesthetized intravenously by pentobarbital sodium 25 mg per kg of body weight. Then the heart was exposed after performing thoracotomy under artificial positive pressure respiration. In order to prevent the undue movement of recording site on ventricular surface, the inner and outer rings attached to the supporting frame were placed over the pericardial surface, and then the portion of the pericardium within the inner ring was dissected away. Ringer's solution with the temperature of approximately 33°C was constantly dripped upon the epicardial surface, in order to prevent dryness. Using the central terminal system of Wilson, a unipolar surface electrogram was taken simultaneously with transmembrane potentials from the epicardium within the inner ring. The surface electrode consisted of tungsten wire 100 micron in diameter, and was gently placed on the ventricular surface by micromanipulator. The transmembrane potential of the individual cell was recorded from a flexibly mounted ultramicroelectrode such as described by WOODBURY and BRADY (1956). The indifferent electrode consisted of tungsten wire with a diameter of about 100 micron, placed 2 to 4 mm away from the site of penetration by microelectrode. Total hypoxemia of the ventricles was induced by letting a dog inhale the mixture-gas of oxygen 4% and of nitrogen gas 96% for from 6 to 8 minutes. For producing the local hypoxemia of the ventricle, approximately 120 ml of venous blood was taken from the femoral vein by syringe. At this time special care was paid to venous blood, that is, venous blood was kept from exposure to room-air by a layer of floating liquid paraffin in the syringe. This venous blood was kept at approximately 36°C. This venous blood was perfused at a pressure of 100 mmHg into the artificial coronary circuit made between the left carotid artery and the anterior descending branch of the canine left coronary artery (heparinized 500 units per kg/body weight). The room temperature was kept between 24 to 25°C through-out the experiment.