Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 1972"

Rice Seedlings Germinated in Water with Normal and Impeded Environmental Gas Exchange

Abstract: One hundred 'Pyrex' beakers (250-ml with a spout or 400-ml tall-form without a spout) were marked at the 170-cm3 level and were filled to this point with distilled water. The depth of 170 cm3 of water was c. 5*5 cm in either type of beaker, this depth being the same as that employed when broadcasting rice seeds in fields in the United States (Grist 1965). Ten unhulled, unwashed, and unsterilized rice seeds without any fungicidal dressing (Oryza sativa, var. Hokkaido-Carny) were dropped into each of ninety beakers. Only those seeds which sank quickly to the bottom of the beakers when dropped into the water were used. Any seeds that floated after repeated immersion in the water were discarded and replaced with seeds that settled rapidly to the bottom of the beakers. No attempt was made to remove any gas bubbles that became trapped in the hulls of the seeds as long as the seeds settled quickly on the bottom of the vessels. Seeds were not put into the remaining ten beakers. The surface of the water in thirty beakers with seeds and in the ten beakers without seeds was overlayed with 30 cm3 of olive oil per beaker (British Pharmacopoeia Standard). Ten beakers were overlayed with 3 cm3 of olive oil, ten beakers with 1 cm3 of olive oil, and ten beakers with 30 cm3 of liquid paraffin (light grade) per beaker. The surface of the water in the remaining thirty beakers was left with a normal air-water interface (no oil overlay). All beakers of all treatments were covered with thin watch-glasses (7.5 cm diameter) to prevent debris from falling into the vessels and to reduce the evaporation of water from the beakers without an oil overlay. The water level in the beakers without the oil overlay was checked daily and was maintained at the 170-cm3 level by adding distilled water whenever necessary. The 30-cm3 olive-oil overlay was removed from one-half of all treatments containing seeds on the fourteenth day and from the remaining half of these treatments on the twenty-fourth day after the start of the investigation. Oxygen electrode measurements of the water of all treatments were made on the fourteenth and twenty-fourth day just prior to the removal of the 30-cm3 olive oil overlay. The oil layer was removed by filling the

Method of microcapsule preparation

Abstract: A novel method of microcapsule preparation is presented. A polymer for wall film is dissolved in a solvent, having a dielectric constant in the vicinity from 10 to 40 and poorly miscible with a vehicle, i.e, a liquid paraffin or a silicone oil. The solution is emulsified in said vehicle. A core substance which is soluble in the solvent and has a particle size of 100 to 1500 Mu , is dispersed into this emulsion. The emulsion drops of the polymer solution cohere around the cores and envelop them. Finally, the solvent is removed through evaporation under stirring to obtain concentric spherical microcapsules. This method is suitable for the preparation of microcapsules of various substances, especially those unstable to heat, pH, etc., such as medicaments.

Changes in the interfacial tension with temperature and their effects on the particle size and stability of emulsions

Abstract: Changes in the interfacial tension of an oil-water-nonionic surfactant system with temperature were investigated using liquid paraffin and squalane as oils and commercial polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and polyoxyethylene stearyl ether as surfactants. The surfactants were found to behave differently depending upon the number of moles of ethylene oxide contained therein; with 10-molecule ethoxylate as a boundary, a surfactant with a smaller number of moles of ethylene oxide caused an increase in the interfacial tension as the temperature rose while a surfactant with a larger number of moles of ethylene oxide caused a decrease. The 10-molecule ethoxylate caused substantially no changes in the interfacial tension with temperature.

Process for producing powdered paraffin wax

Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING POWDERED PARAFFIN WAX, CHARACTERIZED BY COMPRISING THE STEPS OF HEATING THE LIQUID PARAFFIN WAX TO A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 50*C AND 70*C, SPRAYING THE LIQUID PARAFFIN WAX INTO A HIGH VELOCITY FLOW OF COLD AIR, MAINTAINING THE MIXTURE UNTIL THE PARAFFIN WAX SOLIDIFIES, AND SEPARATING THE POWDERED PARAFFIN WAX FROM THE AIR, DISCHARGING THE PARAFFIN WAX FOR FURTHER OPERATIONS

Gas-fog alkylation with strong sulfuric acid and promoter

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR ALKYLATION OF GASEOUS C2-C5 MONOOLEFIN WITH GASEOUS C4-C6 BRANCHED PARAFFIN COMPRISES CONTACTING THE MIXED GASES AT ALKYLATION CONDITIONS WITH A FOG OR MIST OF STRONG SULFURIC ACID AND A PROMOTOR. THE PROMOTER MAY BE RED OIL OR SPENT ACID FROM A CONVENTIONAL SULFURIC ACID ALKYLATION OR FROM A PREVIOUS RUN OF THE PRESENT PROCESS. PREFERABLY, THE CATALYST AND HYDROCARBON REACTANTS ARE MAINTAINED IN A CONCURRENT FLOW. FOR C3 OR C4 ACYCLIC MONOOLEFIN AND C4 OR C5 ISOPARAFFIN, THE PREFERRED ALKYLATION CONDITIONS INCLUDE A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF ABOUT 30-80*F. AND A PRESSURE ABOUT ATMOSPHERIC (E.G., 5-25 P.S.I.A., TYPICALLY 14-20 P.S.I.A.). THE FEED MOLE RATIO, PARAFFIN TO OLEFIN, CAN BE IN THE RANGE OF 1:1 TO 60:1, TYPICALLY 2:1 TO 30:1. LIQUID PARAFFIN (E.G., ISOBUTANE) CAN BE INJECTED INTO THE REACTOR IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE REACTION TEMPERATURE. PREFERABLY, THE LIQUID ACID DROPLETS HAVE A MEAN DIAMETER IN THE RANGE OF 5-50 MICRONS, TYPICALLY 10-25 MICRONS. AN ADVANTAGE OF THE PRESENT PROCESS IS A SUBSTANTIAL SAVINGS IN DISTILLATION COSTS REQUIRED TO SEPARATE ISOBUTANE FROM THE PRODUCT.

Printing process assisted by alkanols of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, urea and mineral oil

Abstract: Process for printing cellulosic fibre materials with reactive dyestuffs and/or direct dyestuffs wherein are used emulsion printing pastes which contain, in addition to the dyestuffs and the alkalis required for fixing the reactive dyestuffs A an alkali salt and/or ammonium salt of a C 8 -C 22 -carboxylic acid, B an aliphatic C 5 -C 18 -alcohol, C a largely straight-chain, liquid paraffin hydrocarbon, D urea and optionally E an alkali salt and/or ammonium salt of a sulphonic acid

Post traumatic bronchopleural fistula: a complication of long-standing extrapleural oleothorax

Abstract: An unusual example of post traumatic bronchopleural fistula and lipoid pneumonia as a long-term complication of liquid paraffin extrapleural oleothorax is presented. The potential long-term instability of oleothorax in asymptomatic individuals is emphasized.

Reaction Products between Sodium Sulfanilate and α-Chloromethylnaphthalene and their Surface Activity

Abstract: Sodium N-α-naphthylmethyl-sulfanilate (sample number, 1) and N, N-α, α-dinaphthylmethylsulfanilate (2) were obtained by reaction of α-chloromethylnaphthalene with sodium sulfanilate.Their surface-active properties, surface tension, viscosity, electrolytic conductivity, solubilization, emulsification and wetting were examined.Both samples exhibited considerable surface activities in surface tension, solubilization of Orange OT and emulsification of liquid paraffin in aqueous solution.The curves of electrolytic conductivity as a function of concentration of samples, suggested the micelle formation for (2), but not for (1).

Some aspects of the biology of Pilaira species

Abstract: This thesis describes investigations into Pilaira anomla, P.caucasica and P.moreaui, also a brief review of previous work on these coprophilous mucoraceous fungi. The isolation of Pilaira from dung is described, together with measurements of the diagnostic characteristics of a number of isolates. P.anmala was found to produce a vegetative 'growth ring' when the mycelium was briefly exposed to light. This phenomenon was associated with a marked temporary reduction in vegetative growth, P.caucasica and P.moreaui did not show any such conspicuous responses. The carotene pigments present in P.anomala have been analysed in detail and related to analyses in other members of the Mucorales. The morphology and location on the mycelium of the priraordia of the sporangiophores has been studied. Sporangiophores were initiated by all three species in darkness, but a requirement for light by P.anomala for the development of the sporangium was found. The external morphology of the Stages of sporangiophore development are described, together with a brief study of the development of the columella and spores within the sporangium in all three species. The durations of the Stages of development have also been measured. The pattern of growth of the developing and mature sporangiophores has been studied. The twisting of the mature sporangiophore during growth was measured in P.caucasica and demonstrated in the other two species. The production of 'stolons' - abnormal sporangiophores, has been described. A detailed analysis of the positive phototropism of the young and mature Stages of sporangiophore development has been made, including the reversal of tropism under liquid paraffin and a close examination of the location of the bending zone in all three species. Finally, indication has been made of topics suitable for further investigation.