Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 1975"

Osmotic constituents of the blood plasma and parietal muscle of squalus acanthias l

Abstract: Marine Research Laboratory, 0 ban, Scotland The blood plasma of elasmobranchs is isosmotic or slightly hyperosmotic to sea water, but ions account for only part of its osmotic concentration, a large fraction being made up by urea and trimethylamine oxide (Holmes and Donaldson, 1969). These nitrogenous compounds are also present in high concentration in muscle (Smith, 1929; Dyer, 1952). In this paper an attempt is made to outline the sea water-plasma and plasma muscle steady states by comprehensive analyses of muscle and plasma of specimens of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. Measurements of osmotic concentration of plasma and muscle have been made and compared with the sum of analyzed constituents, values of the latter, first obtained as milligram-ion or niillimolar con centrations per kilogram solvent water, being converted to milliosmoles by the ap propriate osmotic coefficients. Imprecision arises here owing to lack of knowledge of some coefficients, and because of the possibility that some of the constituents may be bound to protein, exerting little osmotic effect. Some idea of the amount of ion binding in muscle has been obtained by analyses of the juice expressed from muscle by a tissue press or obtained by ultracentrifugation. Estimates have also been made of the extracellular space in muscle, thus enabling intracellular concentrations to be calculated. MATERIALS AND @IETHODS Specimens of Squalus acanthias were caught by trawl in the Firth of Clyde and were kept in tanks of flowing sea water. Salinity during several summer periods varied from 32.2—33.4%@ ( 18.20—18.88g Cl/liter) with temperatures of 9—12° C. After stunning the fish, blood was withdrawn by syringe or pipette under liquid paraffin from the heart and placed in centrifuge tubes kept in a beaker of crushed ice. After centrifugation, the plasma, still under paraffin, was removed and used for analysis. Samples of white parietal muscle were taken from the dorsal and lateral region of the tail just behind the second dorsal fin (epaxial muscles) . After light blotting with filter paper, separate samples were used for cations (ashing at 5500 C in the presence of sulphuric acid) , determination of dry weight and the preparation of trichloroacetic extracts, tungstic acid extracts and zinc hydroxide extracts. Methods for the analysis of Na, K, Ca, Cl and SO4 of muscle and plasma were essentially those of Robertson (1949, 1960) with appropriate modifications for the lower concentration of ions in elasmobranchs. Magnesium was estimated by Heagy's (1948) method. Some of the analyses for Ca were done by atomic absorp tion spectrophotometry; interference by phosphate in the Ca estimation of muscle 303

Massive deposition of mineral oil after prolonged ingestion.

Abstract: A patient in whom prolonged mineral oil (liquid paraffin) ingestion caused the deposition of this material in the small intestine, abdominal lymph nodes, the liver, spleen and lungs, is described. The results of chemical and histochemical identification of the isolated material are presented. A description of the gross and microscopic pathology is followed by a brief consideration of some aspects of the subject of mineral oil ingestion. Prolonged unrestricted ingestion of mineral oil is dangerous and may cause structural and functional abnormalities which lead to severe malnutrition and death.

Method of embedding a histology specimen

Abstract: A method of providing a specimen section embedded in a section of paraffin wax includes providing a mold having a cover and upper and lower portions with a body of solidified paraffin wax therein, heating the paraffin wax while in the mold until it becomes molten, removing the cover of the mold, placing a specimen in the liquid paraffin in the lower mold portion, cooling the paraffin until it becomes a hardened body, and removing the lower mold portion to provide a hardened block of paraffin secured to the upper mold portion with a lower end portion extending below the lower end of the upper mold portion and containing the embedded specimen. The upper mold portion with the paraffin block is disposed within a microtome so that one or more slices of the hardened paraffin block may be cut therefrom to provide a slice of the block which includes a section of the embedded specimen.

Reaction Products from Various Tocopherols with Trimethylamine Oxide and Their Antioxidative Activities

Abstract: The structures of many reaction products obtained when various tocopherols (Toc’s) and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were treated in liquid paraffin under a nitrogen stream at 180°C, were determined and their antioxidative activities were investigated.The reaction products (Toc dimers) isolated were as follows: α-tocopheryl ethane from α-Toc; 5-(γ-tocopheryloxy)-γ-Toc, 5-(γ-tocopheryl)-γ-Toc (two kinds) and α-tocopheryl ethane from γ-Toc; 5-(δ-tocopheryloxy)-δ-Toc from δ-Toc.The two 5-(γ-tocopheryl)-γ-Toc’s are atropisomers of each other (TLC (Rf): 0.75, 0.45—benzene) and isomerization occurred within 20 min when they were treated under nitrogen at 180°C.All Toc dimers, in particular 5-(γ-tocopheryloxy)-γ-Toc, have antioxidative activities and excellent synergism with TMAO in inhibiting the oxidation of lard kept in the dark at 60°C.

Device for producing aesthetic effects

Abstract: The specification describes a device for producing aesthetic effects, more particularly light effects, with at least one partly transparent or transluscent and preferably closed vessel. The vessel contains at least two liquids of different density which are not completely and not permanently miscible with each other. In the order of increasing density at least three liquids A, B, C with the following principal or sole components are employed: A liquid paraffin and/or silicone oil and/or naphthene and/or hexachlorobutadiene; B water or an ether, more particularly propanetrioxyethylether or a polyether; C esters with chemically bound phosphorus and/or chemically bound halogen, preferably chlorine, an ester of phthalic acid, and more particularly dibutoxybutyl phthalate, a carbonic acid ester, more particularly propanediol carbonate, or ethanediolmonophenylether or tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide with the provision that the selected liquids are not completely and not permanently miscible with each other.

Recovery of bitumens by imbibition flooding

Abstract: A method for recovering bitumen from tar sand deposits by imbibition flooding at ambient temperature wherein the bitumen is sequentially contacted with a paraffin liquid hydrocarbon followed by a soak period to allow imbibition of the solvent, after which the bitumen and solvent mixture is produced, and the cycle is repeated.

The electric potential change of internal membrane during propagation of contraction in skinned fibre of toad skeletal muscle

Abstract: With skinned fibres prepared by removing sarcolemma in liquid paraffin from single fibres isolated from m. adductor magnus, m. sartorius or m. rectus internus major of toad (Bufo bufo japonicus), it was determined whether or not an action potential (“internal action potential”, or IAP) could be detected during a propagated contraction evoked by electrical square pulses of 1 msec duration.The IAP less than 10mV was recorded with a glass capillary microelectrode inserted into the skinned fibre during a contraction propagating along the skinned fibre. The shape of the IAP was similar to the action potential of a surface membrane of the skeletal muscle fibre, although its time course was far slower. The rate of rise of IAP was more rapid than that of the mechanical movement which was measured by the change in scattered light quantity of a gas-laser beam.When a contraction wave was propagated as far as the unskinned portion, it reflected there and began to propagate backwards along the skinned portion. Whenever a contraction wave passed through the microelectrode-inserted portion, the IAP was recorded.When the propagation of a contraction wave was blocked somewhere in the skinned fibre, a potential change in reverse direction was recorded there. The phase of this potential change corresponded with the after potential of the IAP.

High-field conductivity in liquid paraffin

Abstract: The paper gives experimental results showing the dependence of conduction currents and current pulses in liquid paraffin on temperature, dissolved gases, aromatic additives and hydrostatic pressure. The results support the theory that a gaseous phase is evolved at some stage in the breakdown of hydrocarbon liquids. The gaseous phase is most likely hydrogen bubbles produced by dissociation of the liquid molecules by energetic electrons.

Antidote effect of liquid paraffin in oral solvent intoxication.

Abstract: The antidote efficacy of liquid paraffin in oral solvent intoxications was investigated in dogs. Groups of 3 to 4 animals each received 1 ml/kg of methylchloroform, 0.3 ml/kg of benzene, or 3 ml/kg of a synthetic gasoline mixture (hexane/heptane/octane, ratio 30∶50∶20) by gastric intubation. After a prolonged interval the same animals were given 5 ml/kg of liquid paraffin by a separate tube in addition to one of the above solvents. The solvent concentrations in the blood were determined by gas chromatography at appropriate intervals.

Method for treating printed paper sheets for illuminated display

Abstract: There is described a method for treating a paper sheet which bears on one side a printed picture image for illuminated display on a light box, wherein a treating liquid is applied on the non-printed back side of the paper sheet to impregnate liquid paraffin into the sheet to increase its light transmittivity and the sharpness of the picture image.

Statistical Characteristics of Ebullition of Single Superheated Drops in an Immiscible Liquid Medium

Abstract: The statistical characteristics of ebullition of single superheated water drops in liquid paraffin were studied. The ebullition rate was found to be nearly proportional to the initial surface area of a drop and to increase with the rate of the temperature rise. It was also shown for the case of the temperature increasing monotonically with time that this statistical event is well arranged by the probability density for the temperature at the time when ebullition takes place. The qualitative interpretations of above results were presented.

Occurrence of Hydrocarbon in Layer (Susabinori, Porphyra yezoensis)

Abstract: A hydrocarbon fraction was isolated from the chloroform-methanol extract of Susabinori, Porphyra yezoensis, by silica gel column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography.The fraction was identified as liquid paraffin from the results of thin-layer chromatography, UV, IR and NMR analyses.Liquid paraffin occurred not only in dried laver but also in fresh layer.Since liquid paraffin was found to be present naturally in fresh layer, it is necessary that the liquid paraffin test of dried laver, which is now qualitatively performed to check the unlawful liquid paraffin coating on a bamboo screen (a tool for drying fresh laver), must be performed quantitatively.

Effect of hypocalcaemia and lipid peroxidation on experimental acute pancreatitis.

Abstract: It has been studied whether hypocalcaemia increased the mortality rate of experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat, and whether lipids injected into the pancreas underwent peroxidation, damaging thereby the gland. Prolonged hypocalcaemia was induced by bilateral parathyrodectomy and intensified by a calcium-deficient diet. Parathyroidectomy significantly decreased also arterial blood pressure. Three hours after their intraductal injection, both 0.2 ml sunflower oil and 5 mg trypsin significantly decreased arterial blood pressure in the non-parathyroidectomized animals and so did 5 mg trypsin in the parathyroidectomized ones; sunflower oil decreased the blood calcium level below 5 mg/100 ml in parathyroidectomized rats fed a calcium-deficient diet. No differences were found in the mortality rates of nonparathyroidectomized normocalcaemic rats and parathyroidectomized hypocalcaemic ones, or in the extent and gravity of pancreatic injury and in the extent of fat tissue necrosis at 3 and 24 hours after the intraductal injection of 0.2 ml sunflower oil or 5 mg trypsin. Sunflower oil, oleic acid and linoleic acid injected by retrograde way into the pancreas in 0.2 ml volume each induced extensive danage to the acinar parenchyma, while liquid paraffin failed to do so. Among these agents, only linoleic acid increased, as a sign of lipid peroxidation, malonaldehyde concentration in the pancreatic tissue. Linoleic acid injected into the submaxillary salivary gland in 0.1 ml volume induced extensive tissue damage, while sunflower oil, oleic acid failed to do so.

Spectroscopic studies of adsorbed complexes of water and hydrogen fluoride on the surface of dispersed silicas

Abstract: Important information about the nature of the active centers of a sil ica surface can be provided by IR spectroscopic studies of adsorption p rocesses in the region of the oxygen s i l i con stretching vibrations. However, for compressed pure powders of dispersed silicas complex absorption is usually observed in the range of frequencies below 1200 cm -1. In the few ea r l i e r studies of this region of the spect rum a suspension of the sil ica in liquid paraffin was used, small weighed samples of SiO 2 were compressed with KBr [1], a finely ground sil ica powder in suspension was deposited [2-4], or hydrolysis of a liquid film of te t raalkoxysilane [3] was ca r r i ed out on plates which were t ransparent in the IR region. Using the methods just indicated gives r i se to ser ious exper imental difficulties. As a consequence, interpretat ion of a number of the absorption bands of sil icas in the 1200-800-cm -1 region is ambiguous. In par t icular , three different absorption bands, 870 [2, 4], 950 [1, 5, 6], and 1120 cm -1 [31, have been assigned to the deformation frequencies of the OH vibrations in the silanol surface groups.

The effect of adjuvant disease on serum amylase in the rat.

Abstract: A useful model of inflammation which approximates rheumatoid arthritis in man is adjuvant induced polyarthritis in the rat. This debilitating systemic disease, first described by Stoerck (1) and by Pearson (2) is provoked by a single injection of a mixture composed of heat killed mycobacteria in liquid paraffin. In addition to the pathologic changes of the skeletal and connective tissues, it is well documented that rats with adjuvant disease also suffer aberrant liver function. Included are decreased glycogen storage (3), derangement in various enzymic capacities to metabolize drugs (4, 5), decreased albumin-mercaptalbumin synthesis (6-8), and enhanced synthesis of alpha-macroglobu-lins and fibrinogen (9).Since it is generally held that the liver is an important regulatory organ for serum amylase, we thought it would be of interest to study the effect of adjuvant disease on this enzyme.Materials and Methods. Male Charles River, Lewis strain rats weighing 150 g at the start were used. Heat killed mycobac-t...

Chapter 26 Higher carboxylic acids

Abstract: Publisher Summary Higher carboxylic acids, usually termed fatty acids, are generally analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. Liquid column chromatography is used only for nonvolatile or thermolabile derivatives, such as oxidation and polymerization products or highly unsaturated or polar derivatives. Fatty acids are often converted into methyl or ethyl esters before their analysis to improve the separation. Treatment with diazomethane or with alcohol and boron trifluoride or sulfuric acid as catalysts are the most commonly used esterification procedures. Liquid–liquid chromatographic procedures are still important for the preparation of pure polyunsaturated acids—for example, the esters of arachidonic acid—and for the separation of oxygenated fatty acids. Gunstone and Sykes separated various mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydroxy, mono- and diacetoxy, and epoxystearic acids by reversed-phase chromatography on siliconized Hyflo Supercel coated with neutralized liquid paraffin or acetylated castor oil. Chromatography on urea columns is a selective method of the separation of straight-chain fatty acids from their branched and cyclic isomers, because urea forms adducts only with normal fatty acids.