Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 1977"

Dynamic Structure of Lipid Bilayers Studied by Nanosecond Fluorescence Techniques

Abstract: Molecular motions in liposomes of dipalmitoyl- phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques. As a fluorescent probe for the hy- drocarbon region, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) was used. Time courses of fluorescence intensity ZT(t) and emission anisotropy r(t) of DPH embedded in DPPC liposomes were measured at various temperatures. The value of the fluores- cence lifetime 7 obtained from a single exponential decay of Ir(t) was somewhat higher than that in liquid paraffin below the transition temperature TI and decreased above TI. Higher values of 7 below TI, indicate the almost complete hydrophobic environment. The decay curves of r(t) were separated into two phases: an initial fast decreasing phase of the order of one nanosecond and a second almost constant phase. This indicates Structure and dynamics of lipids in biological membranes have been recognized as the essential factors in their functions and organization (Inesi et al., 1973; Racker and Hinkle, 1974). Phospholipids in model membranes such as aqueous disper- sions or liposomes are known to be in a bilayer structure and the cooperative melting of their hydrocarbon chains, the crystalline-liquid-crystalline phase transition, takes place at a certain temperature (Trauble and Eibl, 1974; Sackmann et al., 1973; Chapman, 1975; Jacobson and Papahadjopoulos, 1975). Studies of dynamic properties or molecular motion of lipids in model bilayers, however, have not resolved several important questions. Although the use of spin-label techniques for the dynamic studies of lipid bilayers is widespread, the information re- garding molecular motion is restricted in most investigations. In describing the characteristics of molecular motion of that the orientational motion of DPH in the hydrocarbon re- gion is described by a wobbling diffusion restricted by a certain anisotropic potential. The results were analyzed on the model that the wobbling diffusion is confined in a cone with a uniform diffusion constant. Though temperature dependence of the cone angie was sigmoidal, that of the wobbling diffusion con- stant was like the exponential function. The change in the cone angle at TI was sharper than that in the wobbling diffusion constant at TI. Estimated values of the viscosity in the cone were an order of magnitude smaller than the values of "mi- croviscosity" which were estimated from the steady-state emission anisotropy without considering the restrictions on the rotational motion.

Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora mukul (an indigenous drug) with those of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in experimental arthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant.

Abstract: In the present investigation a method of induction of experimental arthritis in animals was modified to provide a better model replica of human arthritis. Inflammatory syndrome, resembling rheumatoid arthritis in man, was induced in the right hock joint of albino rabbits by intra-articular injection of the killed mycobacterial adjuvant in liquid paraffin. Development of this arthritic syndrome was studied from a period of five months with and without drugs. Anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and fraction "A" of gum-guggual from Commiphora mukkul were administered orally at a daily dose of 100, 100 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, for a period of five months. All three drugs decreased the thickness of the joint swelling during the course of drug treatment. These results indicate the beneficial role of phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and fraction "A" of gum-guggul in experimental arthritis.

The effect of turpentine on hamster cheek pouch mucosa: a model of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis.

Abstract: Hamster cheek pouches were painted thrice weekly with 50% v/v turpentine in liquid paraffin over periods ranging from 1 day to 16 weeks. Pouch mucosa was examined histologically for changes and measurements of epithelial thickness were made with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. An increase in epithelial thickness was first observed 48 h after a single painting and was accompanied by inflammatory changes in both epithelium and connective tissue. Maximal epithelial thickening occurred after 9 weeks of thrice weekly painting. Cheek pouches of animals left without further treatment for up to 1 year following 9 weeks painting were indistinguishable from controls. The epithelial response to treatment with turpentine is that of a reversible benign epithelial hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis.

The sensory analysis and identification of volatiles from walnut (Juglans regia L.) headspace

Abstract: This paper has the two-fold aim of illustrating the application of techniques recently developed in this laboratory and of elucidating the nature of the compounds responsible for the aroma of a particular foodstuff. The volatile constituents of Chaberte walnuts (Juglans regia L.) headspace were investigated using charcoal capillary traps. By means of capillary columns and a g.c.-m.s. system some 37 compounds were identified, including six aldehydes, six alcohols, and five ketones. It was shown that the aroma of walnuts is composite in nature, since none of the components was found to possess a walnutty aroma on elution from g.c. columns, yet the total headspace, retrapped on a length of PLOT Celite capillary, was found to be extremely walnutty. Further sensory analysis using PLOT Celite traps revealed that the carbonyls present in a particular region of the chromatogram were important to the aroma of walnuts. A mixture in liquid paraffin of certain carbonyls identified in the headspace was found to possess a moderately walnutty aroma.

Solid air-improving composition

Abstract: A solid air-improving composition comprising a carrier material, a volatile active material gradually evaporating therefrom and a gel formed by a paraffin component and a gelifying metal soap is improved by providing a deodorant agent or an odorant agent or a mixture of these agents as said active material, a liquid paraffin having at 20° C an evaporation number ranging from 8 to 1000 based on the evaporation number at 20° C of diethyl ether being equal one, constituting the paraffin component, the metal soap constituting the non-evaporating carrier material proper, and water in an amount sufficient for complete gelling of the metal soap and liquid paraffin; the active agent evaporates from the composition with preservation of the outer appearance of the latter but with shrinkage of its volume.

W/o-type creamy or milky lotion composition

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide the title composition having excellent storage stability and free of excessive stickiness, by compounding diglycerine and diglyceryl mono(or di)oleate. CONSTITUTION:A composition composed of (A) 4-30wt% of diglycerine, (B) 1-10wt% of diglyceryl monooleate or diglyceryl dioleate, (C) a liquid oil (e.g. liquid paraffin), (D) water, and if necessary (E) wax (such as microcrystalline wax). The disadvantages of a W/O-type emulsion, i.e. excessive stickiness, poor stability and appearance, etc., can be eliminated without lowering the soft feeling, etc. of the emulsion.

Static and Dynamic Properties of Oil Films Containing Organic Polar Compounds on Metal Surfaces, Using Electric Measurements

Abstract: Using electric measurements, an oil film of liquid paraffin solutions of some surface active compounds was investigated in static, transitional, and dynamic states. In the static state, the film strength for mechanical deformation depended on the surface active compound in the oil. The adsorbed molecules in the oil film formed a multilayered film causing a mesomorphic state in the oil film. The oil film thickness in the transitional state was reduced by about 30 percent, in comparison with that in the static state. This reduction depended on which surface active compound was added. The film thickness decreased depending on the sliding velocity when it was below 30 cm/sec. The structure of an oil film below 30 cm/sec sliding velocity was considered to be in a dynamic equilibrium between the destruction or disturbance by a mechanical force and the molecular rearrangement or recovery of the structure. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held...

Acute obstruction of the duodenum of a rabbit following the apparently successful treatment of a hairball.

Abstract: Impaction of the stomach of the rabbit with matted hair ('hairball') is usually an intermittent problem in many rabbit colonies, and ours is no exception. Boredom, stress, lack of sufficient amount and quality of hay, and excessive hair loss are thought to be the main factors involved in its aetiology. Refusal to eat and drink, with diminished excretion of faeces, are the main signs. The stomach can be felt as a distended hard object through the abdominal wall. Surprisingly rabbits survive with these symptoms, often for several weeks. On post-mortem examination a grossly degenerated liver is found, presumably as a result of starvation or gastritis, and the stomach is full of entangled hair surrounded with mucus, with the mucus membrane showing patchy hyperaemia and inflammation. There is very little information as to the treatment of this condition (Wagner, Hackel & Samsell, 1974). Having lost or killed a number of rabbits due to hairball despite attempts to relieve it by the administration of various doses and combinations of liquid paraffin, oral antibiotics and glucose in the drinking water, we have recently been giving 5 consecutive daily oral doses of 20 ml liquid paraffin by syringe followed by gentle massage of the stomach through the abdominal wall for 3 minutes, together with daily oral administration by syringe of 0,04 g neomycin sulphate (2 ml 'Nivemycin'; Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd, Nottingham, NG2 3AA) for 5 days. The first case treated in this manner was a 13 month old New Zealand White breeding buck, one of the originally germ-free, hand-reared foundation stock of our pasteurellosisand coccidiosis-free rabbit colony. The colony was fed on SGIV diet (Dixon & Sons Ltd, Crane Mead Mills, Ware, Hertfordshire) pretreated with 2.5 Mrad y-radiation, and on autoclaved hay ad libitum. Following the treatment the rabbit appeared to be fully recovered. However, 55 days after the last treatment it again appeared listless and refused food and drink. The following day it was found dead. At autopsy the stomach was found to be normal, containing green food matter in which floated 6 . firm nodules of matted hair, diameter about 5 mm. At 20 mm from its origin the duodenum was dilated and haemorrhagic. This portion was firmly obstructed by 2 similar nodules of matted hair. No other abnormalities were seen. The cause of death was assumed to be acute duodenal obstruction. Perhaps the continuation of liquid paraffin treatment at a reduced dose for a longer period might have prevented this mishap by facilitating the early removal of these residual nodules without the obstruction of the duodenum. Should this be contemplated, the malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins should be reckoned with and compensated for by their oral or parenteral administration. The first issue from the breeding colony consisted of a mixture of 40 young adult Dutch and New Zealand White rabbits, with their hybrids. They were transferred to an experimental unit where their diet was RGP (Labsure Animal Foods, Agrarian House, Castle Street, Poole, Dorset) and they no longer received hay. Within 3 weeks 20 of these rabbits died of hairball, 2 of enteritis and 3 of unidentified causes. As soon as their diet was changed back to SGrV and they begun to receive autoclaved hay twice weekly, no more morbidity or death occurred in the remaining 15, or in an additional 18 rabbits issued since, after the changeover of the regime in the 6 months to January 1977. This seems to support the suggestion that the avoidance of stress and of drastic changes in management and the provision of hay are helpful in the prevention of this condition.

Pharmaceutical Approach to the Oral Dosage Form of Macromolecules : Effect of Bile Salts and Oil-in-Water Emulsions on the Intestinal Absorption of Urogastrone in the Rat

Abstract: The absorption of Urogastrone, glycoprotein with gastric antisecretory activity, from the rat intestine was studied using the Shild technique, in which the indirect assay of its appearance in the blood stream was facilitated by a concomitant lowering of gastric acid secretion. The intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of Urogastrone produced 40% inhibition of control levels of H+ output. In the intrajejunal administration, it caused only a little inhibitory response. However, when Urogastrone was administered intrajejunally with various bile salts or oil-in-water emulsions, strong inhibitory response of gastric H+ secretion was elicited. Trioctanoin emulsion was most effective on the activity of intrajejunally administered Urogastrone followed by olive oil, diethyl phthalate and liquid paraffin, respectively. The results suggested that orally active dosage forms for poorly absorbable macromolecules such as Urogastrone might be prepared by pharmaceutical modification.

Inhibition and Stimulation of the Growth of Krebs-2 Carcinoma by BCG Vaccine

Abstract: The effect of BCG vaccine on the growth of imtransplants of Krebs-2 carcinoma in mice was studied. The simultaneous injection of BCG and tumor cells either inhibited tumor growth (BCG given in admixture with tumor cells) or stimulated it (BCG injected contralateral to the tumor transplantation site). The BCG dose was directly related to the effect. Tumor growth was also stimulated by the ip injection of starch or liquid paraffin. In these experiments, the BCG effect was attributed to the redistribution of cells involved in nonspecific and specific tumor resistance. Shortly after BCG prevaccination, particularly when BCG doses were high and mice were susceptible to vaccine infection, BCG was either without effect or stimulated tumor growth; later, however, tumor growth was inhibited regardless of the BCG dose and the injection site of the BCG. The effect of BCG prevaccination was suggested to be due to: 1)the distraction of macrophages and T-lymphocytes to defend the host against the multiplying mycobacteria, and 2)the activation of the pool of these cells that become capable to participate in antitumor resistance after mycobacteria elimination.

Culture of pre-implantation Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) embryos in vitro.

Abstract: Pre-implantation embryos from Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were cultivated under completely defined conditions. The embryos were placed in drops of chemically defined medium under liquid paraffin and cultured in an atmosphere of 10% CO2 in air. By this method, development will proceed in vitro from the two-cell stage up to the blastula within 72 h. It is possible to stop the cultivation at different stages of development, to fix the embryos and analyse the chromosomes. The method described in detail seems to be appropriate for examination of the induction of genetic defects during the first days of embryogenesis.

Head-space analysis for the quantitative determination of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in oils and liquid paraffin.

Abstract: Several methods are known for the detection of traces of solvents in oil or paraffin. A gravimetric method (3) and a rapid colorimetrie method for the determination of residual solvents (4) are not sensitive enough. The same is true for the method developed by Eisdorf er &,Mehlenbacher (5) for the detenninatipn of trichloroethylene in plant oils after extraction with xylene. Rather sensitive detection is possible by gas chfomatography. Thus, Watts &Holswade (6) injected the oil directly on the GC column. Theiler (7) adapted this method for the detection of residual solvent in oils. For example, oleoresine is injected onto a preeolumn packed with silica gel. The carrier gas, nitrogen, takes the solvents out of the sample into the separation column. By this means only readily volatile substances are detected. Herbolsheimer & Funk (8) developed a head-space method for the detection of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in blood and urine of humans, who had been exposed to this solvent.

Preparation of porous polytetrafluoroethylene

Abstract: PURPOSE: To prepare a highly porous polytetrafluoroethylene having relatively low elongation, by drawing a product obtained by the extrusion or rolling of a mixture composed of PTFE powders, a foaming agent, and a liquid lubricant, and decomposing the foaming agent by heating. CONSTITUTION: A mixture composed of (A) 100 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene powder (PTFE), (B) 0.1W15, pref. 1W5 parts of a foaming agent (e.g. azodicarbonamide) and (C) 5W50 parts, pref. 10W30 parts of a liquid lubricant such as naphtha, liquid paraffin, etc., is extruded or rolled, and the product thus obtained is uni- or biaxially oriented at a temperature below the decomposition point of the foaming agent. The draw ratio is pref. 20W700%. The oriented product is heated and sintered at a temperature above the decomposition point of the foaming agent, or, if necessary, above the melting point of the resin, to obtain a PTFE foam. The porosity of the foam is usually 15W95%, and the pore size is between 0.01 and 100μ. COPYRIGHT: (C)1979,JPO&Japio

6-MFA, an antiviral agent from Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706: influence of body weight and mineral oil administration of the antiviral activity in mice.

Abstract: Sera obtained from mice treated with 6-MFA, an antiviral agent from Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706 showing high interferon activity, could be transferred to healthy animals to make them resistant to Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) infection. Body weight of mice directly influenced, within limits, the proportion of treated mice surviving challenge virus infection as well as interferon production. Mineral oil (liquid paraffin, B. P.) administered prior to 6-MFA increased both the level of interferon in serum and the protection rate of the treated animals.

Viscoelastic Properties of Water‐in‐Oil Cream

Abstract: A number of series of water‐in‐oil creams were prepared in which the oil phase consisted of liquid paraffin and microcrystalline wax. The emulsifying agent employed was polyoxyethylenel oleyl ether. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of the creams, and also of the oil phases, were measured at 25°C with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer at frequencies ranging from 5×10−3 to 1.582 Hz. The frequency dependence of viscoelastic functions was influenced much by the change in the weight fractions of water, but little by the change in the ratios of microcrystalline wax to liquid paraffin. The gradient of curves in logarithmic plots of the viscoelastic functions of the creams against the weight fraction of water changed drastically at a certain weight fraction of water. These results of viscoelastic measurements were compatible with the microscopic appearance of the creams that large particles of microcrystalline wax were dispersed through the liquid paraffin medium, together with emulsified water drops of much smalle...

In vivo inhibition by specific lipids of ethanol production from glucose by the yeast Torulopsis glabrata.

Abstract: The production of toxic levels of ethanol in the stomachs of neonatal ruminants resulting from fermentation of glucose by resident yeasts occurs only in the absence of fat from the diet. Daily levels of ethanol and numbers of viable yeast were measured on samples of stomach contents for 21-day periods. Milk fat was shown to control the ethanol production in lambs and calves (but not in vitro in culture), the quantitative nature of this control was demonstrated by experiments with cream using lambs. Nine dietary fats in commercial use homogenized in fat-free milk, a commercial catering ‘milk’, and an intravenous lipid feed were all tested in lamb-feeding experiments, compared with whole and separated milk, and an inert oily hydrocarbon, liquid paraffin.

An improved method for determination of air-borne polycyclic hydrocarbons

Abstract: In a search for a more effective solvent system than those discovered up to 1971 for separating the polycyclic hydrocarbon mixtures occurring in high-temperature tars, modifications were made to one found in 1957. Whatman No. 4 paper impregnated with 10% liquid paraffin solution in petrol ether was used as stationary phase, and methanol saturated with liquid paraffin as ascending mobile phase. Chromatography at 18° for 6 hr on 45×45 cm sheets of paper gave a separation considerably better than that achieved originally. Special attention was paid to the fraction containing carcinogenic hydrocarbons. No column chromatography or other pretreatment was necessary. Owing to the better separation it is possible to determine further polycyclic hydrocarbons such as 1,2, 5, 6-dibenzoanthracene, 3, 4, 9, 10-dibenzopyrene, and 3, 4, 8, 9-di-benzopyrene. A spot-evaluating procedure and a pretreatment of air samples have been developed. This procedure permits analysis of imponderable air samples.

Production of viscose rayon

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain viscose rayon filament yarns of extremly fine size having soft and mild luster under good process conditions by mixing a liquid paraffin incorporated with a surface active agent having an HLB of 5-8 with a viscose, and by spinning the mixture.

Integrated process for regenerating fluorosulfuric acid catalyst

Abstract: An integrated process for regenerating a deactivated or partially deactivated alkylation catalyst comprising fluorosulfuric acid which comprises: (1) contacting said fluorosulfuric acid with water to form an acid-water mixture, thereby converting at least a portion of the fluorosulfuric acid therein to hydrogen fluoride and sulfuric acid; (2) removing at least a portion of the hydrogen fluoride from said acid-water mixture formed in step (1) by contacting same with a paraffin to form a gaseous phase containing hydrogen fluoride and said paraffin; (3) cooling the gaseous phase formed in step (2) by contacting with liquid paraffin to condense a portion of the fluorosulfuric acid present in said gaseous phase, thereby forming a liquid phase and a gaseous phase each containing fluorosulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride; (4) treating the liquid and gaseous phases formed in step (3) with liquid sulfur trioxide to form a mixture comprising a liquid phase containing regenerated fluorosulfuric acid and a gas phase containing fluorosulfuric acid paraffin; (5) separating the mixture formed in step (4) so as to form a liquid phase containing regenerated fluorosulfuric acid and a gas phase containing substantially pure paraffin; (6) liquefying a portion of the gas phase separated in step (5) and using at least a portion thereof as the liquid paraffin in step (3); and (7) using at least a portion of the gas phase separated in (5) as the paraffin in step (2). In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the regenerated fluorosulfuric acid separated in step (5) is recycled to the alkylation zone for use as an alkylation catalyst therein.

Production of porous acrilyl fibers

Abstract: PURPOSE:Spinning of an acrylic polymer solution in an inorganic solvent containing liquid paraffin dispersed in it, produces light-weight, flexible and transparent acrylic fibers.