Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 2005"

Effects of type and physical properties of oil phase on oil-in-water emulsion droplet formation in straight-through microchannel emulsification, experimental and CFD studies

Abstract: Straight-through microchannel (MC) emulsification is a novel technique for formulating monodisperse emulsions using an array of micrometer-sized channels vertical to the surface of a silicon plate (a straight-through MC). We studied the effects of the type and physical properties of the dispersed oil phase and of the surfactant concentration on droplet formation from a straight-through MC by experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions with coefficients of variation below 4% were formulated from an oblong straight-through MC using silicone oils, tetradecane, medium-chain triglyceride, soybean oil, and liquid paraffin as the oil phase. At oil viscosities (ηd) lower than a threshold value of 100 mPa s, the values of the resultant droplet diameter (dex) gradually decreased with increasing ηd, whereas they were not affected by the surfactant concentration. Conversely, at ηd higher than the threshold value, the dex values significantly increased with incre...

On the size effect of molybdenum disulfide particles on tribological performance

Abstract: Purpose – To provide a suitable useful mixing ration of nano‐sized molybdenum disulfide and commercial common molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) particles (approximately 1.5 μm in diameter) in liquid paraffin, which can lead to a better tribological performance.Design/methodology/approach – The MoS2 nanoparticles and commercial common MoS2 particles (approximately 1.5 μm in diameter) were dispersed in liquid paraffin with different concentrations and ratios by means of ultrasonic in order to study their lubrication capacity, friction reduction and wear resistance. The tribological experiments were carried out by MQ‐800 four‐ball tribometer, in which extreme pressure, wear scan diameter and friction coefficient were measured. It was analyzed that the chemical status of elements on the rubbed surface by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and it was observed that the surface topography of wear scan by scanning electron microscope (SEM).Findings – The results showed that the loading capacity of liquid paraffin wi...

Comparison of water, oils and emulsifiable adjuvant oils as formulating agents for Metarhizium anisopliae for use in control of Boophilus microplus.

Abstract: Studies were conducted to identify oil-based formulating agents (paraffinic oil, palm oil and emulsifiable adjuvant oils (EAOs)) for Metarhizium anisopliae that were superior to water with simple surfactants using a germination test and a bioassay against Boophilus microplus. Germination of conidia in all formulations, except 10% coconut EAO, produced more than 68% germination at 24 h and nearly 100% at 48 h. Coconut oil (average survival time (AST)=4.6±0.28 days) and 10% liquid paraffin EAO (AST=4.4±0.15 days) enhanced the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae to B. microplus relative to water (AST=8.4±0.42 days). M. anisopliae in 10% liquid paraffin EAO was the most effective formulation having a moderately high germination after 24 h and a low AST as well as a high AST in the control. In the second experiment, germination of conidia in 2% liquid paraffin EAO and 2% Cropspray was higher than in 2% Codacide oil at 24 h, however, all treatments reached 100% germination after 48 h. The ASTs of the EAO based M. anisopliae formulations (Average AST=6.4±0.54 days) were similar but lower that the ASTs of the controls (Average AST=9.6±0.28 days).

Influence of anatomical site and topical formulation on skin penetration of sunscreens.

Abstract: Sunscreen products are widely used to protect the skin from sun-related damage. Previous studies have shown that some sunscreen chemicals are absorbed across the skin to the systemic circulation. The current study shows that absorption into the skin of sunscreen chemicals applied to the face is up to four times greater than that of the same product applied to the back. This has implications for the way sunscreen products are formulated and may allow the use of less potent products on the face compared with the rest of the body. The effect of formulation vehicles on the release and skin penetration of the common sunscreen agent benzophenone-3 (common name oxybenzone) was also assessed. Penetration of benzophenone-3 across excised human epidermis and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane was measured using in vitro Franz-type diffusion cells. Penetration and epidermal retention was measured following application of infinite and finite (epidermis only) doses of benzophenone-3 in five vehicles: liquid paraffin, coconut oil, 50:50 ethanol:coconut oil, aqueous cream BP, and oily cream BP. Highest benzophenone-3 skin retention was observed for the ethanol:coconut oil combination. Maximal and minimal benzophenone-3 fluxes were observed from liquid paraffin and coconut oil, respectively. The alcohol-based vehicle exhibited low benzophenone-3 release from the vehicle but high skin penetration and retention.

A comparative study: the efficacy of liquid paraffin and lactulose in management of chronic functional constipation.

Abstract: Objectives: To determine and compare efficacy, safety and optimal dose of two laxatives, liquid paraffin and lactulose, in 40 children with chronic functional constipation Methods: A total of 20 children were treated with liquid paraffin and 20 with lactulose for 8 weeks and at an initial dose of 1 mL/kg per day for both drugs The dose was adjusted every 3 days as required and a diary was kept to monitor dose, side-effects, stool frequency and consistency, and other symptoms Results: During first 4 weeks, improvement in stool consistency and frequency was significantly higher in liquid the paraffin group (P < 001 and P < 005, respectively) Improvement in the number of stools per week was also significantly higher in the liquid paraffin group during the last 4 weeks of therapy (P < 005) Compliance rates averaged 95% in the liquid paraffin group and 90% in the lactulose group during the first 4 weeks of therapy and 90% in the liquid paraffin group and 60% in the lactulose group during the last 4 weeks of therapy (χ2 = 48, SD = 1, P = 002) During the first 4 weeks of therapy and during the last 4 weeks of therapy, mostly side-effects and poor symptom control, respectively, influenced the compliance in the liquid paraffin group Conclusions: Liquid paraffin is more effective in the treatment of children with constipation Patients treated with liquid paraffin responded more rapidly than patients responding to lactulose and showed fewer side-effect It is considered that late response and side-effects in conjunction with poor symptom control influence the patient compliance and the successful treatment of childhood constipation

Friction and wear behavior of plasma nitrided 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel under lubrication condition

Abstract: 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel was modified by plasma nitriding. The phase composition of the plasma nitrided layer was examined by means of X-ray diffraction. The friction and wear properties of the modified and unmodified stainless steel specimens sliding against SAE52100 steel under the lubrication of liquid paraffin containing various anti-wear and extreme pressure additives were investigated on an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester, with the interactions among the modified surface layer and the lubricating additives sulphurized olefin (SO) and phosphate amine salt (PN) to be focused on. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The chemical states of several typical elements on the worn surfaces of the modified steel surfaces were examined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results showed that the modified sample had better friction-reducing and anti-wear abilities than the unmodified one. This was partly attributed to the change in the hardness and phase composition of the stainless steel surfaces after plasma nitriding and tribochemical reactions among the stainless steel and the extreme pressure and anti-wear additives. The resultant surface-protective films composed of various tribochemical products together with the adsorbed boundary lubricating film contributed to reduce the friction and wear.

Management of constipation in palliative care patients undergoing opioid therapy: is polyethylene glycol an option?

Abstract: This study assessed the efficacy of laxative use for treatment of constipation in patients receiving opioid therapy, with special attention to polyethylene glycol 3350/electrolyte solution (PEG-ES). Computerized data from 206 patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Subgroups were analyzed using confirmatory statistics. Constipation occurred in 42.7 percent of patients. Laxatives were administered to 74.3 percent of these patients using a standardized step scheme, with good results in 78.4 percent. As a therapy for constipation, the combined administration of PEG-ES, sodium picosulphate, and liquid paraffin proved most effective, although statistical analysis yielded no significance. Early use of PEG-ES using a step scheme holds promise for treatment of opioid-related constipation in palliative care patients, although further investigation is warranted.

A topical w/o/w multiple emulsions prepared with Tetronic 908 as a hydrophilic surfactant: Formulation, characterization and release study

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this work was to prepare the stable water/oil/water multiple emulsions (MEs), to investigate the usage of poloxamine 908, to observe the influence of surfactant percentage on the properties of MEs. Method: MEs were prepared by liquid paraffin, cetyl dimethicone copolyol and poloxamine 908 by a two-step emulsification procedure. Caffeine was used as a water-soluble model. The viscosity, conductivity and globule size of MEs were followed over time. Results: The formulations containing 1% cetyl dimethicone copolyol and 1 or 2% poloxamine 908 were the most stable systems. The globule size of MEs ranged from 20 to 37 µm and did not change during time. The yield of MEs was between 99.6% and 98.7%. The conductivity increased and the viscosity of systems decreased during time. Increase in poloxamine 908 influenced the viscosity of the system, with the viscosity decreasing as the hydrophilic surfactant concentrations were increased. Caffeine release from the MEs was slow; the release was affected by both surfactant concentrations. Conclusion: Poloxamine 908 could be used as a hydrophilic surfactant for formulation of w/o/w MEs. The concentration of poloxamine 908 was a very important parameter in preparing stable MEs. It was concluded that caffeine might be transported out by molecular diffusion and through a reverse micellar mechanism controlled by the viscosity of the system

Effect of pretreatment of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract against subacute CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Abstract: CCl4 alone treatment (0.lml of liquid paraffin/100g body weight, ip) for 7 days followed by 0.l ml of CCl4 (in liquid parafiin/100g body weight, ip) from day 8 till day 14, caused a 16 fold increase in lipid peroxidation and a 50% reduction in catalase and glutathione reductase in liver tissue of rats accompanied by an increase in the activities of transaminases. alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase in serum as compared to liquid paraffin treated control. Pretreatment of ethanolic leaf extract of C. fistula (500mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days) followed by CCl4 treatment (0.1 ml/100g body weight from day 8 till day 14) completely reversed back lipid peroxidation and the activities of catalase and glutathione reductase in the liver tissue towards normalcy. This treatment also reversed the elevated levels of the enzymes in the serum. Ethanolic leaf extract alone treatment did not produce any change in all the parameters studied. The results suggest antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of C. fistula during its pretreatment against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.

Pretreating agent in hair dyeing

Abstract: To provide a pretreatment agent for use in hair dyeing which is not thick and easy to be applied to scalp and little inhibits hair dyeing. A pretreatment agent for use in hair dyeing comprises polysiloxane, petrolatum and liquid paraffin as essential ingredients.

Effect of preparation temperature in solvent evaporation process on Eudragit RS microsphere properties

Abstract: Eudragit RS 100 microspheres containing ketoprofen as a model drug were prepared by the solvent evaporation method using an acetone/liquid paraffin solvent system. The influence of various preparation temperatures: 10, 25, 35, and 40 °C, on particle size and morphology, drug content and release kinetics, and drug crystal state was evaluated. With increasing temperature, microsphere average size was found to increase and particle size distribution to widen significantly. At 10 °C particles of irregular shape are formed, whereas higher temperatures gradually improve the sphericity of microspheres. As can be seen from SEM photographs, particle surface roughness decreases as preparation temperature increases. It was found that temperature had no effect either on ketoprofen microencapsulation efficiency or on its crystal state, but it does influence emulsion-stabilizer incorporation. Ketoprofen forms solid solution in Eudragit matrix and maintains amorphous state for significant period of time. Drug release rates from microspheres correlated with microspheres' surface roughness and to a lesser extent with particle size.

Modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by ethanolic neem leaf extract during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

Abstract: Chemoprevention by medicinal plants is a promising approach for controlling cancer. There is substantial evidence to indicate that chemopreventive agents exert their anticarcinogenic effects by modulation of phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, we examined the chemopreventive potential of ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Hamsters were divided into four groups of six animals each. The right buccal pouches of animals in Group 1 were painted with 0.5 per cent DMBA in liquid paraffin three times per week. Animals in Group 2 painted with DMBA as in group 1, received in addition, intragastric administration of ENLE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg bw three times per week on days alternate to DMBA application. Group 3 was given ENLE alone. Animals in Group 4 served as controls. All animals were killed after an experimental period of 14 weeks. Five out of six hamsters painted with DMBA alone developed squamous cell carcinomas in the buccal pouch. The HBP tumours showed an increase in phase I carcinogen activation (cytochrome P450 and b 5 ) and phase II detoxification enzyme (glutathione-S-transferase, DT-diaphorase and NADPH-diaphorase) activities. In the liver of tumour-bearing animals, enhanced cytochrome P450 and b 5 levels were accompanied by a decrease in phase II detoxification enzyme activities. Administration of ENLE effectively suppressed DMBA-induced HBP tumours, decreased cytochrome P450 and b 5 levels, and enhanced phase II enzyme activities in the pouch and liver. Our results suggest that the modulation of DMBA metabolism is a possible mechanism for the chemopreventive effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract.

Temerature sensitive medium for wax temperature controlling valve and its prepn process

Abstract: The present invention is temperature sensitive medium for wax temperature controlling valve and its preparation process. The destination product is prepared with liquid paraffin containing C9-C20 components, cerate or other material and through decompression distillation, mixing, refining and other steps. During the mixing, partial commercial wax may be added to lower the production cost. The wax temperature controlling valve with the product of the present invention may be used in controlling temperature in 5-30 deg.c with the basically the same stroke each degree. The product of the present invention may be used in automatic temperature controlling device requiring homogeneous stroke, especially in heating temperature controlling valve.

Honokiol protects against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in the rat

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the possible hepato-protective effects of honokiol against liver damage and cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in the rat. Rats were treated acutely, or chronically with CCl4 at 5 day intervals (0.06 mL/100 g body weight, administered as 50% vol/vol solution in liquid paraffin) by gavage, in combination with phenobarbitone in drinking water (0.5 g/L for 7 days prior to, and during CCl4 treatment) to induce liver damage. Some were also co-treated with 0.1 mg/kg or 0.03 mg/kg honokiol (i.p.) or with appropriate vehicle. In vivo measurement of the liver sinusoidal area was performed using confocal microscopy following i.v. fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran. Liver histology and function tests were performed, and liver and body weights were measured. Confocal microscopy showed that acute and chronic CCl4 treatment significantly reduced the sinusoidal area. Honokiol (0.1 mg/kg, but not 0.03 mg/kg) partially reversed the decrease in the sinusoidal area after acute or chronic treatments with CCl4. Acute and chronic CCl4 treatment produced significant histological liver damage. Honokiol (0.1 mg/kg) significantly reduced the histological damage caused by chronic treatment. Chronic treatment with CCl4 caused a significant increase in the bilirubin level that was not observed following the high dose of honokiol (0.1 mg/kg). In conclusion, this study showed that honokiol exhibits potent hepato-protective effects in rats treated with CCl4. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Amination of alcohols, using Cu/Ni-based colloidal catalyst, for consecutive reaction system

Abstract: Animation of dodecyl alcohol and monomethylamine (MMA, di-functional) using Cu/Ni-based colloidal catalyst stabilized by barium stearate, and its kinetic study were performed to effectively synthesize didodecylmethylamine (DDMA). For the initial 3–4 h when MMA/dodecyl alcohol mole ratio was less than 1, the amination reaction proceeded very fast (72 mole-alcohol h-1 mole-Cu at 200 °) by zero-order kinetics to directly produce DDMA (85%), with complete consumption of MMA, without liberation of the intermediate, momomethyldodecylamine (MMDA) at all. Then, immediately after the mole ratio exceeded 1, the amination proceeded very slowly (3.4 mole-alcohol h-1 mole-Cu) by consecutive mechanism (second order) with liberation of MMDA. Aldolization of dodecyl aldehyde, formed by dehydrogenation of dodecyl alcohol, was found to be catalyzed by methylamines. Maintaining the zero-order kinetics by continuous control of MMA/alcohol mole ratio at less than 1 through out the amination is essential to obtain a highest DDMA yield by preventing the unwanted aldolization and transalkylation of MMA leading to various byproducts. Catalytic activity of the colloidal catalyst was sevenfold active than that of corresponding solid ones. Amination of 1,6-hexanediol and dimethylamine, using the colloidal catalyst and liquid paraffin as a solvent, was proceeded by consecutive mechanism to form N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-l,6-hexamethylenediamine with an yield of 80%.

Preparation of transparent resin mud

Abstract: The manufacturing approaches of a kind of transparent feel resin and clay, its characteristic is: It by partial shipment ethylene-acetic acid ethylene polymer, starch, third 3 alcohol altogether, antiseptic. Spices mix even to add water purification mix into a mud form thing again at first together, then put into the liquid paraffin wax and mix and mix, the vaccum packaging becomes the finished product promptly. The positive result of this invention method is: With the resin that method make being clay safe and nonpoisonous, is it glue hands very to feel, it is with high costs to overcome existing technology, the difference that the products made feel. The hardness is large, shortcoming such as being short in quality guarantee period: With the emulation flowers that its made into, hands go through the rich elasticity of the sculpture handicraft, the transparency is high, not dry to split, but add and match various kinds of colored transparent pigment wantonly, richer sense of reality of production.

Synthesis of high-quality semiconductor nanoparticles in a composite hot-matrix

Abstract: Semiconductor nanocrystals are of a great interest for many practical applications which motivates the search of low cost and environmental-friendly methods for their manufacturing. Here we report the synthesis of CdSe and CdS nanoparticles utilizing composite matrix of liquid paraffin as a non-coordinating solvent and stearic acid as a coordinating ligand. The nanoparticle growth kinetics is compared to that of the classical synthesis in trioctylphosphine oxide matrix. It is found that the nucleation and crystal growth are remarkably affected by the coordinating ligand. The CdSe and CdS nanocrystals can be isolated and purified from the matrix which makes it possible their large-scale synthesis for applications.

Nonstoichiometric polycondensation of 4-acetoxybenzoic acid in the presence of monoacetate

Abstract: Nonstoichiometric polycondensation of 4-acetoxybenzoic acid (ABA) was examined in the presence of three kinds of aromatic monoacetates: 4-hexyloxyphenyl acetate, 4-decyloxyphenyl acetate, and 4-octadecyloxyphenyl acetate. Polymerizations were carried out in liquid paraffin at 320 °C under nonstoichiometric conditions, in which the acetoxy group was in large excess of the carboxyl group. Poly(4-oxybenzoyl) (POB) was obtained as crystal at the molar ratio of monoacetates in feed (X) of less than 80 mol %, meaning that the concentration of the acetoxy group was five times that of the carboxylic group. The obtained POB possessed much higher number average degree of polymerization (DP n ), ranging from 353 to 467, than the calculated DP n on the basis of X. High molecular weight polymer was synthesized even under nonstoichiometric conditions via crystallization of oligomers and the following solid-state polymerization in the crystals.

Attractant and repellent properties of Swertia densifolia leaf extract towards Apis cerana indica

Abstract: SUMMARYLeaf extract of the plant Swertia densifolia was shown to possess attractant and repellent properties towards honey bees, Apis cerana indica. Formulations in liquid paraffin of lower concentrations were repellent, whereas those of higher concentrations were found to be attractant. Optimization of concentrations for the best attractant and repellent activity was achieved. This would help beekeepers prepare ‘lures’ or ‘repellents’ directly from the leaves.

Determination of microsphere solidification time in the solvent evaporation process.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to define the time of microsphere solidification during the solvent evaporation process. Microspheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation method, using acetone/liquid paraffin solvent system, ketoprofen as a model drug and Eudragit RS as a matrix polymer. Two sets of experiments were performed—in the first one the initial temperature of the emulsion system was 5°C and in the second one 25°C. In each set, two batches of microspheres were compared at constant emulsion stirring rate 250 and 1000 rpm and intermediate batches where the emulsion stirring rate was lowered from 1000 to 250 rpm at pre-defined times after the beginning of the inner phase solvent evaporation. By comparison of the properties of these microspheres, an insight was obtained into the mechanism of microspheres formation. The criterion for determination of microsphere solidification time was the resemblance between the microsphere properties of the batches prepared by stirring rate change and the batch prepare...

Mesoporous composite material and method for producing the same

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a mesoporous composite material which is composed of a low-smoothness porous support and a mesoporous oxide thin film uniformly formed thereon and in which the oxide constituting the thin film is substantially absent inside the porous support. SOLUTION: The mesoporous composite material composed of a porous support and a mesoporous oxide thin film laminated thereon is produced by (1) impregnating a porous support with a liquid paraffin, (2) forming a gel thin film comprising a surfactant and an oxide source on the surface of the porous support impregnated with a liquid paraffin obtained in (1) to form a multilayer structure, and then (3) firing the multilayer structure to remove the liquid paraffin and the surfactant therefrom. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT