Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 2016"

Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation

Abstract: Background Constipation within childhood is an extremely common problem. Despite the widespread use of osmotic and stimulant laxatives by health professionals to manage constipation in children, there has been a long standing paucity of high quality evidence to support this practice. Objectives We set out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of osmotic and stimulant laxatives used to treat functional childhood constipation. Search methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Trials Register from inception to 10 March 2016. There were no language restrictions. We also searched the references of all included studies, personal contacts and drug companies to identify studies. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which compared osmotic or stimulant laxatives to placebo or another intervention, with participants aged 0 to 18 years old were considered for inclusion. The primary outcome was frequency of defecation. Secondary endpoints included faecal incontinence, disimpaction, need for additional therapies and adverse events. Data collection and analysis Relevant papers were identified and two authors independently assessed the eligibility of trials, extracted data and assessed methodological quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcome was frequency of defecation. Secondary endpoints included faecal incontinence, disimpaction, need for additional therapies and adverse events. For continuous outcomes we calculated the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a fixed-effect model. For dichotomous outcomes we calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI using a fixed-effect model. The Chi2 and I2 statistics were used to assess statistical heterogeneity. A random-effects model was used in situations of unexplained heterogeneity. We assessed the overall quality of the evidence supporting the primary and secondary outcomes using the GRADE criteria. Main results Twenty-five RCTs (2310 participants) were included in the review. Fourteen studies were judged to be at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting. Meta-analysis of two studies (101 patients) comparing polyethylene glycol (PEG) with placebo showed a significantly increased number of stools per week with PEG (MD 2.61 stools per week, 95% CI 1.15 to 4.08). Common adverse events in the placebo-controlled studies included flatulence, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea and headache. Participants receiving high dose PEG (0.7 g/kg) had significantly more stools per week than low dose PEG (0.3 g/kg) participants (1 study, 90 participants, MD 1.30, 95% 0.76 to 1.84). Meta-analysis of 6 studies with 465 participants comparing PEG with lactulose showed a significantly greater number of stools per week with PEG (MD 0.70 , 95% CI 0.10 to 1.31), although follow-up was short. Patients who received PEG were significantly less likely to require additional laxative therapies. Eighteen per cent (27/154) of PEG patients required additional therapies compared to 31% (47/150) of lactulose patients (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.83). No serious adverse events were reported with either agent. Common adverse events in these studies included diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and pruritis ani. Meta-analysis of 3 studies with 211 participants comparing PEG with milk of magnesia showed that the stools per week were significantly greater with PEG (MD 0.69, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.89). However, the magnitude of this difference was quite small and may not be clinically significant. One child was noted to be allergic to PEG, but there were no other serious adverse events reported. One study found a significant difference in stools per week favouring milk of magnesia over lactulose (MD -1.51, 95% CI -2.63 to -0.39, 50 patients), Meta-analysis of 2 studies with 287 patients comparing liquid paraffin (mineral oil) with lactulose revealed a relatively large statistically significant difference in the number of stools per week favouring liquid paraffin (MD 4.94 , 95% CI 4.28 to 5.61). No serious adverse events were reported. Adverse events included abdominal pain, distention and watery stools. No statistically significant differences in the number of stools per week were found between PEG and enemas (1 study, 90 patients, MD 1.00, 95% CI -1.58 to 3.58), dietary fibre mix and lactulose (1 study, 125 patients, P = 0.481), senna and lactulose (1 study, 21 patients, P > 0.05), lactitol and lactulose (1 study, 51 patients, MD -0.80, 95% CI -2.63 to 1.03), hydrolyzed guar gum and lactulose (1 study, 61 patients, MD 1.00, 95% CI -1.80 to 3.80), PEG and flixweed (1 study, 109 patients, MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.33), PEG and dietary fibre (1 study, 83 patients, MD 0.20, 95% CI -0.64 to 1.04), and PEG and liquid paraffin (2 studies, 261 patients, MD 0.35, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.95). Authors' conclusions The pooled analyses suggest that PEG preparations may be superior to placebo, lactulose and milk of magnesia for childhood constipation. GRADE analyses indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for the primary outcome (number of stools per week) was low or very low due to sparse data, inconsistency (heterogeneity), and high risk of bias in the studies in the pooled analyses. Thus, the results of the pooled analyses should be interpreted with caution because of quality and methodological concerns, as well as clinical heterogeneity, and short follow-up. There is also evidence suggesting the efficacy of liquid paraffin (mineral oil). There is no evidence to demonstrate the superiority of lactulose when compared to the other agents studied, although there is a lack of placebo controlled studies. Further research is needed to investigate the long term use of PEG for childhood constipation, as well as the role of liquid paraffin. The optimal dose of PEG also warrants further investigation.

Production of hyaluronic‐acid‐based cell‐enclosing microparticles and microcapsules via enzymatic reaction using a microfluidic system

Abstract: This article describes the preparation of cell-enclosing hyaluronic acid (HA) microparticles with solid core and microcapsules with liquid core through cell-friendly horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed hydrogelation. The spherical vehicles were made from HA derivative possessing phenolic hydroxyl moieties (HA-Ph) cross-linkable through the enzymatic reaction by extruding cell-suspending HA-Ph aqueous solution containing HRP from a needle of 180 μm in inner diameter into the ambient coaxial flow of liquid paraffin containing H2O2 in a microtubule of 600 μm in diameter. By altering the flow rate of liquid paraffin, the diameters of gelatin and HA-Ph microparticles were varied in the range of 120–220 μm and 100–300 μm, respectively. The viability of the enclosed human hepatoma HepG2 cells in the HA-Ph microparticles of 180 μm in diameter was 94.2 ± 2.3%. The growth of the enclosed HepG2 cells was enhanced by decreasing the HRP concentration. The microcapsules of 200 μm in diameter were obtained by extruding HA-Ph aqueous solution containing thermally liquefiable cell-enclosing gelatin microparticles of 150 μm in diameter using the same microfluidic system. The enclosed cells grew and filled the cavity within 10 days. Spherical tissues covered with a heterogeneous cell layer were obtained by degrading the microcapsule membrane using hyaluronidase after covering the surface with a heterogeneous cell layer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43107.

Development and evaluation of UHMWPE/woven fabric composite microfiltration membranes via thermally induced phase separation

Abstract: We demonstrate a new kind of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/woven fabric composite microporous membrane via a thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. A dilute UHMWPE/liquid paraffin (LP) solution with a concentration lower than 8 wt% was used in the preparation of the composite membrane. The polyester-cotton (P-C) blended woven fabric was pretreated to remove the polyester component and then the UHMWPE/LP solution was pressed into the interstices of the pretreated woven fabric and wrapped the cotton fibers, then the composite membrane was prepared via the TIPS method. The cloud points and dynamic crystallization temperatures of the UHMWPE/LP solution were determined by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The results show that the cloud points were similar to the crystallization temperatures, indicating that only solid–liquid (S–L) phase separation occurred during the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method of the UHMWPE/LP solution. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of composite membranes were also tested. The parameters such as the concentration and the viscosity molecular weight (Mη) of UHMWPE were optimized and a type of composite microporous membrane was prepared with good penetrating pore flow, dramatically high water flux and excellent bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection. The composite membrane prepared from 5 wt% UHMWPE with a Mη of 4000000 had the largest BSA rejection of 76% and extremely high water flux of 621 L m−2 h−1. The antifouling effect of the composite membrane was also assessed in bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution.

Overexpression and characterization of CCD4 from Osmanthus fragrans and β-ionone biosynthesis from β-carotene in vitro

Abstract: In this study, a recombinant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 was produced from Osmanthus fragrans by E . coli under different bacterial growth conditions and used to develop a biotechnological method for preparation of natural β-ionone from β-carotene. β-ionone was analyzed by HPLC and OfCCD4 activity was measured based on concentration change of β-ionone. At pH 8.0 and 35 °C, the greatest activity of the purified recombinant protein was 14.3 U/mg and the maximum concentration of β-ionone was 71.186 mg/L within 1 h. Both the enzyme activity and the concentration of β-ionone could increase by nearly 6 times with addition of 9% Triton X-100 and 2% liquid paraffin.

Rheological, optical, and ballistic investigations of paraffin-based fuels for hybrid rocket propulsion using a two-dimensional slab-burner

Abstract: This paper describes combined rheological, ballistic and optical analyses performed on paraffin-based mixtures that can be used as high regression rate hybrid rocket fuels. Experimental activities have been done at the DLR Institute of Space Propulsion in Lampoldshausen and at Space Propulsion Laboratory (SPLab) of Politecnico di Milano. This paper describes in detail the experiments performed at the DLR. Viscosity, surface tension and regression rate of the fuels have been determined. Furthermore the combustion was evaluated by optical measurements. Data collected so far indicates an increasing regression rate for decreasing viscosity of the liquid paraffin.

Formulation and stability of topical water in oil emulsion containing corn silk extract

Abstract: Purpose : To formulate the water in oil (W/O) emulsion of corn silk (CS) extract and to evaluate its stability at various storage conditions. Methods : Ethanol CS extract was prepared using maceration (cold) technique. A 4 % CS emulsion was prepared using varying concentrations of liquid paraffin, ABIL EM90 and water. The formulations were kept at 25 o C for 28 days and to screen out the less stable formulations. The remaining formulations were further stressed at 40 o C to choose the most stable formulation. The optimized formulation was evaluated for physical characteristics including phase separation, rheology and mean droplet size. The physical stability of the formulation was evaluated by monitoring these parameters over a period of 12 weeks at 8, 25, 40 and 40 o C, and 75 % RH. Results : The chosen formulation showed good resistance to phase separation on centrifugation under all storage conditions. Rheological behavior followed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic pattern at various storage conditions. Mean droplet size of freshly prepared formulation was 2.98 ± 1.32 μm and did not show significant (p < 0.05) changes at normal storage conditions (8 and 25 o C). Conclusion : The findings indicate that the developed CS extract W/O emulsion is stable and therefore may be suitable for topical use on skin as an antioxidant preparation. Keywords : Corn silk, Emulsion, Nonionic surfactant, Rheology, Flow index, Droplet size, Non-Newtonian pseudoplastic

The synthesis and tribological properties of small- and large-sized crystals of zeolitic imidazolate framework-71

Abstract: Small- and large-sized crystalline ZIF-71 was synthesized using different strategies and has average diameters of approximately 450 nm, and 1–2 μm. Large-sized ZIF-71 particles with good crystallinity were prepared by a solvothermal synthesis method and small-sized ZIF-71 particles were prepared upon the addition of an acidic additive (formic acid) at room temperature. The two different sizes of particles were used as oil additives in liquid paraffin, and investigated using four-ball tribotesters. The results show that the small-sized particles can improve the anti-wear properties and load-carrying abilities of the base oil. The large-sized particles exhibit good load-carrying capacity. Wear surfaces were analysed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and Zygo Zegage 3D optical profiler after the wear tests.

Tissue wound repairing material and related product preparation method thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses a tissue wound repairing material and a related product preparation method thereof, relating to the field of tissue wound repairing. The tissue wound repairing material is prepared from a component A and a component B in a weight ratio of 1:1, wherein the component A comprises 10-25 parts of bioactive glass, 3-15 parts of medical glycerol, 1-5 parts of medical liquid paraffin, 1-3 parts of polyethylene glycol 400 and 30-65 parts of medical vaseline; and the component B comprises 1-30 parts of plant essential oil, 0.5-5 parts of medical chitosan, 0.1-2 parts of sodium hyaluronate, 0.001-0.005 part of triethanolamine, 0.001-0.005 part of medical preservative and 0.01-0.05 part of carbomer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the component A and the component B in parts by weight at 80-130 DEG C, carrying out homogeneous stirring and vacuum defoaming to obtain gel, and then, filling and sterilizing the gel to obtain pasty tissue wound repairing gel; and coating and baking the gel, and then, cutting, sub-packaging and sterilizing the gel to obtain a dressing type tissue wound repairing material. The prepared tissue wound repairing material is high in healing promoting speed, capable of inhibiting scars, wide in range of application and convenient to operate.

Preparation of borate ester and evaluation of its tribological properties as an additive in different base oils

Abstract: N-containing borate ester (MEBE) with five-member ring structure as a lubricant additive was synthesised. The tribological properties in liquid paraffin (LP), poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) and dioctyl sebacate (DOS) were evaluated, and the action mechanisms in different base oils were also explored. It was found that as-synthesised borate ester possesses excellent antiwear performance in LP and PAO. XPS analysis suggests that the additive forms a protective film on the rubbing surfaces which is composed of BN, Fe2O3, polyoxyethylene ether and N-containing organic compounds. The inorganic and organic protective films in the metal surface effectively improve the antiwear ability of the base stock. However, when the additive MEBE was introducted into DOS base oil which is prone to adsorbing to the metal surface because of the high polarity of DOS, it influences the compactness of the film formed by the DOS, resulting in weak antiwear property. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of paraffin wax as a self-curing compound in self-compacting concretes

Abstract: Internal curing can be adopted to ensure the availability of water for the hydration of cement, mitigating the adverse effect of water loss to surroundings. The use of self-curing compounds is increasing in the context of the widespread use of self-compacting concrete (SCC) owing to its superior performance in both fresh and hardened states. This paper addresses the effect of using paraffin wax as a self-curing compound in SCC mixes. The variable parameters of the study include curing type, concrete grade (mix proportions), molecular weight and dosage of paraffin wax. Water retention, sorptivity and compressive strength tests were conducted on hardened concretes. The weight loss after 90 d was found to be less in specimens with a self-curing agent than in specimens without. The compressive strengths of the self-cured specimens closely matched those of conventional water-cured specimens. The optimum dosages of light and heavy molecular weight liquid paraffin wax were determined to be 0·1% and 1·0% by weigh...

Friction Anisotropy Induced by Oriented Liquid Crystal Molecules

Abstract: The friction coefficients of homogeneously oriented liquid crystal (LC) molecules were measured in different directions with the use of a reciprocating cylinder-on-disk configuration. The effects of surface topography on LC molecular arrangement were investigated by polarized Raman spectroscopy. The interactions between a brushed aluminum surface and LC molecules induce a planar alignment on the surface. Compared with liquid paraffin, LC on the contact area reduced the friction coefficient to a certain degree because of the ordered layer of LC molecules. Particularly, the friction coefficient was efficiently reduced when the sliding direction was parallel to the molecular orientation. Friction anisotropy was induced by the oriented LC molecules, which obeyed a Gaussian distribution. This work shed new light on the influence of the adsorbed film on friction, especially when thin-film lubrication is applied.

Active diatom mineral mud mask and preparation method thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses an active diatom mineral mud mask, comprising liquid paraffin, caprylic/capric triglyceride, isopropyl myristate, polydimethylsiloxane, carbon black, diatomaceous earth, an emulsifier, an antioxidant, a preservative, an essence, a bisabolol/ginger root extract, a plant extract, water, a thickener, a desensitizer, propylene glycol, betaine, panthenol, EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) disodium, and glycerol. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the active diatom mineral mud mask. The mud mask can help clean keratinocytes, dredge pores, tighten skin, improve dark skin, refine pores to make skin glossy and soft, clean skin, and promote absorption of mineral nutritional ingredients, so that the mud mask is a conditioning and maintenance mud mask, and has the effects of mineral nourishing, deep cleaning, and moistening for beautification.

Promotion of initial swim bladder inflation and effect of initial inflation failure on skeletal malformation in cultured seven‐band grouper Hyporthodus septemfasciatus (Thunberg)

Abstract: The effects of the removal of the oily surface film on initial swim bladder inflation and survival in cultured seven-band grouper Hyporthodus septemfasciatus were investigated during the larval stage. Additionally, the relationship between swim bladder inflation failure and malformations in later stages was examined. To explore promotion conditions for inflation, duplicate experiments were conducted under three different water surface conditions: removal of the oily surface film (ROF group), covering the water surface with an oil film (COF group), and sealing the water surface with liquid paraffin (SLP group). Larval swim bladder inflation was first observed 14 days after hatching (DAH) in the ROF group; thereafter, swim bladder inflation rates increased to 11.1% and 38.7% until the end of the experiments. This indicates that initial swim bladder inflation occurs at the pre-flexion stage in larval development. Conversely, bladder inflation was rarely observed in the COF or SLP groups, indicating the promotional effect of surface film removal on larval swim bladder inflation and suggesting that gulping atmospheric air is necessary for initial inflation. Although larval water surface death occurred frequently in the ROF group, no significant difference existed in any group between the survival rates at 10 DAH and at the end of the experiment. The incidence rate of spinal curvature and deformation of the centra was significantly higher in individuals without initial swim bladder inflation, and these malformations mainly occurred in the caudal vertebra. Therefore, the removal of the oily surface film promotes initial swim bladder inflation and reduces larval malformations.

High-fire-retardant and wear-resistant modified silicone rubber cable material

Abstract: The invention discloses a high-fire-retardant and wear-resistant modified silicone rubber cable material. The high-fire-retardant and wear-resistant modified silicone rubber cable material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 to 60 parts of modified silicone rubber, 5 to 15 parts of urea formaldehyde resin, 3 to 9 parts of epoxy resin E-51, 2 to 8 parts of polyamide resin, 1 to 6 parts of dicumyl peroxide, 2 to 8 parts of maleic anhydride, 3 to 7 parts of acrylic acid, 1 to 4 parts of methacrylic acid, 2 to 5 parts of zinc oxide, 3 to 5 parts of sodium stearate, 4 to 8 parts of polyphosphate, 1 to 6 parts of low density polyethylene, 3 to 5 parts of liquid paraffin, 2 to 4 parts of styrene, 1 to 5 parts of mica iron oxide, 3 to 8 parts of zinc phosphate, 1 to 6 parts of nano titania, 2 to 5 parts of nano silica, 3 to 5 parts of silicon carbide, 3 to 6 parts of aluminum oxide, 2 to 8 parts of accelerator, 2 to 5 parts of tetraethyl orthosilicate, 3 to 6 parts of dibutyltin dilaurate, 1 to 4 parts of phase solvent and 2 to 6 parts of antioxidant. The cable material disclosed by the invention has excellent fire-retardant and wear-resisting properties.

Исследование свойств глинистых буровых растворов, обработанных реагентом унифлок

Abstract: The author paid attention to studying the properties of various supplies “Uniflok” reagent batches. Checked his influence on the properties of natural and artificial wells with mud. Reagent was injected into the drilling fluid, both in dry form or after dissolving in water. We studied the compatibility of the polymer “Uniflok” with others, used in the November oil and gas region of Western Siberia, the reactants. It is found that the properties of inhibiting the hydration of clays has no reagent. At the same time, “Uniflok” additive in water lead to positive decrease surface tension at the liquid paraffin. Reagent “Uniflok” is compatible with the reagents SNPCH 6012 and “Emultal” and “Ak-Drill”. In the former case, this leads to an increase in hydrophobic properties and improved lubricity of the system and in the second case to reduce the filtration rate to required values. Because by itself “Uniflok” along with an increase in the structural and rheological parameters of the solution does not provide the necessary filtering of decline in the mud. Samples “Uniflok” agent of the Tomsk higher quality, but they also do not meet all the requirements. It is also desirable to introduce muds in dry form. Although a reduction in filtration rate, but this is still not enough for low reagent concentrations, and at higher - beyond the boundaries of acceptable values ​​of the rheological parameters. However, the active agent with these characteristics may well find application in thickening drilling fluid used to drill a conductor hole, a high viscosity solution when required. In view of the currently existing problems of import agent “Uniflok” may well be used in drilling muds in combination with other filtration reducers and thinners muds.

Magnetic chitosan microsphere for enzyme immobilization as well as preparation method and application thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses a magnetic chitosan microsphere for enzyme immobilization as well as a preparation method and an application of the magnetic chitosan microsphere. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding acetic acid solution with weight percentage being 5% into 0.5g of chitosan powder, after the chitosan powder is completely dissolved, adding liquid paraffin into the mixed solution, stirring for 10min, heating to 50 DEG C, dropwise adding emulsifier Span 80, and emulsifying for 10min; adding 0.5-2.0 mL of formaldehyde solution into the obtained emulsion, and stirring for reaction for 1.5h; heating to 70 DEG C, dropwise adding with NaOH solution with the weight percentage being 10%, then slowly dropwise adding with 1.0-2.5 mL of epoxy chloropropane, and reacting for 5h; filtering, washing by using distilled water, petroleum ether, absolute ethyl alcohol and water, thus obtaining a chitosan microsphere (NCTS); adding 50mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) into 50mg of NCTS, and soaking overnight; and adding 250mg of ethylenediamine, stirring for reaction for 12h at 90 DEG C under the protection of nitrogen, carrying out heat treatment for 9h by adopting 1mol/L hydrochloric acid, carrying out alkali wash, acid pickling and water washing, and drying to constant weight, thus obtaining the modified chitosan microsphere (NCTS-EDA). The invention provides a good carrier for immobilized enzyme.

Improved Stability of Emulsions in Preparation of Uniform Small-Sized Konjac Glucomanna (KGM) Microspheres with Epoxy-Based Polymer Membrane by Premix Membrane Emulsification.

Abstract: Uniform small-sized (<10 μm) Konjac glucomanna (KGM) microspheres have great application prospects in bio-separation, drug delivery and controlled release. Premix membrane emulsification is an effective method to prepare uniform small-sized KGM microspheres. However, since KGM solution bears strong alkalinity, it requires the membrane to have a hydrophobic surface resistant to alkali. In this study, uniform small-sized KGM microspheres were prepared with epoxy-based polymer membrane (EP) we developed by premix membrane emulsification. It was found that emulsion coalescence and flocculation occurred frequently due to the high interface energy and sedimentation velocity of KGM emulsions. Emulsion stability had a significant influence on the uniformity and dispersity of the final KGM microspheres. To improve the stability of the emulsions, the effects of the concentration of the emulsifier, the viscosity of the KGM solution, the oil phase composition and the feeding method of epoxy chloropropane (EC) on the preparation results were studied. Under optimal preparation conditions (emulsifier 5 wt % PO-5s, KGM III (145.6 mPa·s), weight ratio of liquid paraffin (LP) to petroleum ether (PE) 11:1), uniform and stable KGM emulsions (d = 7.47 μm, CV = 15.35%) were obtained and crosslinked without emulsion-instable phenomena.