Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 2018"
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of mass fraction and temperature on the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of CuO/viscous paraffin nanofluid were studied.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of mass fraction of CuO nanoparticles and temperature on the dynamic viscosity of liquid paraffin based nanofluid was investigated and the results of experiments indicated that with the enhancement of nanoparticles load the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of nanoffluid to basefluid increases and with the increase of temperature the visco-ness of nano-fluid declines significantly.
95 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of O/W nanoemulsions stabilized by Brij 30 or by a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 80 and with liquid paraffin as a dispersed phase indicates that Ostwald ripening is the main process leading to nanoemulsion coarsening only in nanoemulesions with low oil phase fractions of up to 0.05.
Abstract: The prevailing opinion in the literature is that the main mechanism of O/W nanoemulsion degradation is Ostwald ripening. Nevertheless, the experimental rates of Ostwald ripening are usually several orders of magnitude higher than the theoretical values. This suggests that other mechanisms, such as coalescence, flocculation and subsequent creaming, significantly influence nanoemulsion breakdown. We investigated O/W nanoemulsions stabilized by Brij 30 or by a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 80 and with liquid paraffin as a dispersed phase. The results indicate that Ostwald ripening is the main process leading to nanoemulsion coarsening only in nanoemulsions with low oil phase fractions of up to 0.05. For quasi-steady state conditions the rates of Ostwald ripening are equal to (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10-29 and (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10-29 m3 s-1 in nanoemulsions with Brij 30 and Tween 80 & Span 80, respectively. In nanoemulsions with oil phase fractions of 0.15-0.45, different mechanisms are identified. Flocculation prevails over other processes during the first days in nanoemulsions stabilized by Brij 30. Coalescence is the main mechanism of nanoemulsion degradation for long times. An increase in droplet size 5-10 days after nanoemulsion preparation due to Ostwald ripening takes place in the case of nanoemulsion stabilization by Tween 80 and Span 80. The stability behavior of these nanoemulsions at later stages is distinctly affected by coalescence and flocculation.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a stable solid slippery surface composed of paraffin wax and a porous film is reported, which exhibits outstanding stability, even when immersed in different pH solutions and contacted with other materials.
Abstract: The volatilization, migration and contamination of lubricating fluids has seriously affected the durability of slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) and greatly limited their applications. To solve these problems, a stable solid slippery surface composed of paraffin wax and a porous film is reported in this work. Several liquid droplets with different surface tensions can slide on the surface without stain. Compared with SLIPSs, this solid slippery surface exhibits outstanding stability, even when immersed in different pH solutions and contacted with other materials. Significantly, the solid slippery surface can rapidly self-heal from physical damage during the heating–cooling process. The lowest self-healing temperature can be adjusted by tuning the percentage of paraffin wax and liquid paraffin. This work gives a new insight for dealing with the challenges of SLIPSs.
37 citations
TL;DR: A facile strategy has been proposed for constructing silica SLIPSs that exhibit transferable performance, which endows the surface with the possibility of meeting the various requirements of different conditions and demonstrates the enormous value of the application of the coatings in many fields.
Abstract: Self-slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) have been presented owing to their enormous number of potential applications and have widely attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. In comparison with superhydrophobic surfaces, SLIPSs not only exhibit interfacial performance that corresponds to superhydrophobicity but also do not require the construction of a complicated and delicate morphology. Here, a facile strategy has been proposed for constructing silica SLIPSs. Three common lubricants (perfluoropolyethers, liquid paraffin and ethyl oleate) were employed in this study. Using a facile brush process, the surface can be coated on a substrate, and, after infusion of the lubricant, the transformation from superhydrophobicity to self-slippage properties can be achieved. In addition, changing the kind of lubricant and adjusting the amount of nanoscale hybrid silica particles in the coating solution can modulate the surface transparency and interfacial characteristics, which makes the surface meet the various requirements of different service conditions. This transferable performance endows the surface with the possibility of meeting the various requirements of different conditions and demonstrates the enormous value of the application of the coatings in many fields.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a high-speed video camera and analysis of the voltage and current signals were used to study the different stages of a wire explosion, and the resulting carbide particles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, TEM, and electron probe microanalysis.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a polymer coated novel controlled release rock phosphate formulations to synchronize P release with crop demand and increasing P recovery by wheat were synthesized by partially acidulating RP with sulphuric and phosphoric acids followed by coating with polyvinyl alcohol and liquid paraffin.
Abstract: Non-renewable nature of rock phosphate (RP) reserves coupled with low use efficiency of applied phosphorus (P) fertilizers in the soil system results in irreversible loss of huge quantity of P to the environment. The technology of controlled release fertilizers which harmonizes crop demand and release of P from fertilizers are promising to prevent the loss as well as improve the P use efficiency. This article aimed to synthesize and assess some polymer coated novel controlled release rock phosphate formulations to synchronize P release with crop demand and increasing P recovery by wheat. Polymer coated novel products were synthesized by partially acidulating RP with sulphuric and phosphoric acids followed by coating with polyvinyl alcohol and liquid paraffin @ 2 and 3% levels of coating. These products were characterized through X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phosphorus release pattern from novel coated fertilizers were monitored under controlled conditions in a laboratory incubation experiment at different moisture and temperature regimes. The products were also evaluated for their P supplying capacity to wheat in a greenhouse experiment. Results emanated from incubation study in a P-deficient Typic Haplustept revealed higher release of P at 20% moisture regime and 30 oC temperature. Phosphoric acid based coated products produced greater biomass yield than commercial diammonium phosphate and sulphuric acid formulated products. Product coated with polyvinyl alcohol @ 2% coating released P gradually that synchronized well with the plant P demand and resulted in greater biomass yield, P uptake and recovery by wheat than that of liquid paraffin and 3% level of coating. It can be concluded that novel technology of controlled release RP formulations using different coating agents could be exploited commercially as the alternative to water soluble P-fertilizers for enhancing P use efficiency.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impregnation of both the raw and calcined Algerian diatomite with a mixture of paraffin wax (PW) and liquid Paraffin (LP) in order to obtain composite PCMs with a melting temperature below 30°C and an appropriate latent heat was studied.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase and morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles were probed using XRD, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy, and the average nanoparticle size of γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles was found to be 13 nm.
Abstract: This article aims at the synthesis of highly stable γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles and their ferrofluids using different base liquids such as liquid paraffin, motor oil and sunflower oil for heat transfer applications. Phase and morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles were probed using XRD, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. The average nanoparticle size of γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles was found to be 13 nm. Stability of the ferrofluids was monitored by visually observing the aggregation nature of the nanoparticles for 180 days. The ferrofluid prepared using motor oil as a base fluid exhibited high stability (for more than 1 year) and a mean enhancement of 77% in thermal conductivity at 1.5 vol% nanoparticles was observed as compared to base fluid. The viscosity of the ferrofluids was also measured and found to be 18, 38 and 8 cP at 27 °C for the liquid paraffin based, motor oil based and sunflower oil based ferrofluid, respectively.
27 citations
TL;DR: A green and sustainable strategy for the combined design containing both lubrication and photocatalytic degradation at different stages of base oils has been suggested in this paper, where Fe3O4@MoS2 nanohybrid was prepared and used as an additive for liquid paraffin (LP), resulting in enhanced lubricating properties together with significant degradation performance.
Abstract: In this work, a green and sustainable strategy for the combined design containing both lubrication and photocatalytic degradation at different stages of base oils has been suggested. More concretely, Fe3O4@MoS2 nanohybrid was prepared and used as an additive for liquid paraffin (LP), resulting in enhanced lubricating properties together with significant photocatalytic degradation performance. The nanohybrid was prepared via a hydrothermal method, which was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The frictional properties together with photocatalytic degradation behaviors of LP mixtures containing MoS2, Fe3O4, and Fe3O4@MoS2 nanohybrid were under a comparative investigation. The results show that the LP mixture containing 0.08 wt % of Fe3O4@MoS2 nanohybrid can achieve the maximum reduction of friction coefficient; while that containing 0.10 wt % ...
25 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal energy storage cement mortar (TESCM) was developed by incorporating calcium silicate-coated paraffin/expanded clay based form-stable PCMs (CS-ECPCM).
TL;DR: In this article, a novel anionic surfactant alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates with three branched chains (A13EC5-Na, A13EC7-Na) were studied.
TL;DR: Alginate/chitosan microspheres encapsulating rSrr can be used as oral vaccine for channel catfish, providing efficient immunoprotection against S. iniae infection.
TL;DR: In this article, three cellulose esters were synthesized by both conventional co-reactant reaction (CCR) and mechanical activation-assisted co- reactant reaction(MACR) methods, and corresponding nano-cellulose esrs were prepared by high pressure homogenization to comparatively investigate their tribological properties as lubricant additives in liquid paraffin base oil.
Abstract: Three cellulose esters, cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose acetate-octanoate, and cellulose acetate-laurate, were synthesized by both conventional co-reactant reaction (CCR) and mechanical activation-assisted co-reactant reaction (MACR) methods, and the corresponding nano-cellulose esters were prepared by high pressure homogenization to comparatively investigate their tribological properties as lubricant additives in liquid paraffin base oil. MACR method was more effective than CCR method for preparing long chain cellulose esters, and the MACR-prepared cellulose esters were more easily homogenized to smaller nanoparticles. Tribological testing indicated that anti-wear and load-carrying properties of the lubricants were significantly enhanced with nano-cellulose esters as additives compared to those of pure liquid paraffin, especially the MACR-prepared long chain cellulose esters. The wear scar diameter on worn surface of the steel balls reduced with the increase in degree of substitution (DS) and chain length of long chain substituents and the decrease in size dimension of nano-cellulose esters. The polar ester carbonyl groups, unesterified hydroxyl groups, and long hydrocarbon alkyl chains in nano-cellulose esters could lead to the formation of a film layer in the steel/steel contact surfaces for protecting the metals from friction and wear, which gave the lubricants with good anti-wear and load-carrying properties. The nano-cellulose esters with high DS and long chain substituents prepared by MACR technology as ecofriendly additives exhibited better lubricating ability. Nano-cellulose esters with high DS of long chain substituents prepared by mechanical activation-assisted co-reactant reaction technology used as ecofriendly lubricant additives in base oil showed good anti-wear and load-carrying properties, ascribing to the formation of a film layer in the steel/steel contact surfaces for protecting the metals from friction and wear.
TL;DR: In this article, a green laser-assisted solution growth strategy for ideal fullerene-like MoS2 nanospheres, in which both the morphology reshaping and bond reconstructing processes of MoS 2 nanoflakes are involved in the one-step laser irradiation under ambient conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, a liquid-liquid SO2 phase-change absorbent (SPCA) was developed using N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) as absorbent, and high-boiling liquid paraffin was used as solvent to adjust the boiling point of the solution.
Abstract: In order to avoid the high energy consumption in SO2 capture with aqueous amine absorbents, a liquid–liquid SO2 phase-change absorbent (SPCA) was developed in the present work using N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) as absorbent, and high-boiling liquid paraffin was used as solvent to adjust the boiling point of the solution. The homogeneous solution would form two immiscible liquid phases after SO2 bubbling, only the SO2-rich phase needed to be desorbed, which could effectively reduce the energy consumption. Different from the liquid–solid phase-change absorbents developed in our previous work, the liquid–liquid phase-change absorbent avoid their shortcomings such as difficulties in separation of absorption products. The absorption product of SPCA was proved to be a charge-transfer complex DMA·SO2 by NMR and FTIR characterization, and the phase-change mechanism was attributed to the polarity variation between DMA and DMA·SO2. The viscosities of SPCAs was lower than 11.65 mPa·s, and the viscosity of SO2-rich phas...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of honeycombed holmium-modified Fe-Mn/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by molding method and their performance in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the surface activities and application properties for the mixtures of cationic surfactants didecylmethylhydroxyethylammonium acetate (DEAQ) and anionic surfactant sodium fatty alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC9-Na) were studied systematically.
TL;DR: It was found that hydrophobic carbon sources like as liquid paraffin is not preferred as the sole carbon source while a combination of various carbon sources including liquid parAffin will increase demulsification efficiency of the biodemulsifier.
Abstract: Water in oil emulsions increase oil processing costs and cause damage to refinery equipment which necessitates demulsification. Since chemical demulsifiers cause environmental pollution, biodemulsifiers have been paid more attention. This study aims to identify biodemulsifier-producing bacteria from petroleum contaminated environments. As a result, several biodemulsifier producing strains were found that Stenotrophomonas sp. strain HS7 (accession number: MF445088) which produced a cell associated biodemulsifier showed the highest demulsifying ratio, 98.57% for water in kerosene and 66.28% for water in crude oil emulsion after 48 h. 35 °C, pH 7, 48 h incubation and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source were optimum conditions for biodemulsifier production. Furthermore, it was found that hydrophobic carbon sources like as liquid paraffin is not preferred as the sole carbon source while a combination of various carbon sources including liquid paraffin will increase demulsification efficiency of the biodemulsifier. The appropriate potential of this biodemulsifier strengthens the possibility of its application in industries especially petroleum industry.
TL;DR: In this paper, a combined development of material formulation, 3D printing slurry deposition and sintering approach, showing great potential to achieve synchronous controlling of material properties such as stress and seepage field in the 3D printed landslide model.
Abstract: Deposition-based 3D printing has been proposed as a novel method for building the landslide model, especially its porous slide zone, to accurately mimic equivalent material properties and porous structure, which has been not yet achieved by traditional the manual or semi-auto compacting method. As an initial attempt, this research firstly selects barite powder and its wax additive formula for 3D slurry deposition, manipulating the relationship between the stress field control and the porosity of forming materials. It finds that the binder additive formulation of liquid paraffin 3 wt.%, solid paraffin 12 wt.%, stearic acid 1.8 wt.%, palm wax 4.8 wt.% could provide best dispersion of barite powder for slurry deposition. The additive binder with over 20 wt.% enables the proper 3D slurry deposition process, proving the capability of build landslide model via layer-by-layer forming process. The well-dispersed stable barite slurry paste is able to provide better mechanical properties for 3D formed parts. The sintering of the various slurry specimens could reach compressive strength up to 2.7 MPa as well as offer the strength lower than 0.5 MPa, providing wide range of mechanical property. Besides, the removal of wax additive binder during the sintering process enables the formation of well-distributed micro pores, which could assist in mimicking the material structure of weak slip zone. Hence, this study has achieved a combined development of material formulation, 3D printing slurry deposition and sintering approach, showing great potential to achieve synchronous controlling of material properties such as stress and seepage field in the 3D printed landslide model.
TL;DR: Coconut oil had immense effect on the reduction of the weight loss and respiration rate and preserved firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total sugar and reducing sugar and no incidence of moulds & their growth was found up to 16 days of storage.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to assess the influence of edible coatings on postharvest quality of mandarin during 20 days of ambient storage. Sorted fruits were washed; fruit surface water was removed and then coated with 100% liquid paraffin wax, 0.5% chitosan, 1.0% chitosan, 1.5% chitosan, and 100% coconut oil. After coating, fruit surface was air dried and kept at ambient condition (25±3 °C, 60–70% RH) and analyzed periodically for weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, decay incidence, TSS, pH, ascorbic acid content, and sensory properties. The results revealed that coconut oil had immense effect on the reduction of the weight loss and respiration rate and preserved firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total sugar and reducing sugar and no incidence of moulds & their growth was found up to 16 days of storage. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 18-25, June, 2018
TL;DR: The in vivo data indicated that wound healing was accelerated by treatment with a silicone rubber membrane with a pore size of 110.47 μm, which was significantly higher than with LPM, SPM or NPM, and strongly suggest that different pore structures might affect cell proliferation and wound healing.
Abstract: A porous structure is critically important for wound dressing or tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the influence of the pore sizes on cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, silicone rubber membranes with different pore sizes were prepared using certain constituents of liquid silicone rubber precursor/liquid paraffin/hexane based on our previous studies. It was found that pore size had a significant impact on cell proliferation and wound healing. The CCK8 analysis revealed that the membrane with a certain pore size (110.47 μm, middle pore membrane, MPM) was suitable for cell proliferation compared with the membranes with other pore sizes (218.03 μm, large pore membrane, LPM; 5.27 μm, small pore membrane, SPM; non-porous membrane, NPM). Further studies demonstrated that the MPM promoted cell proliferation via activating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. More importantly, wound healing experiments showed that 7 days post-wounding, the rate of wound healing was 89.25% with the MPM, which was significantly higher than with LPM, SPM or NPM. The in vivo data indicated that wound healing was accelerated by treatment with a silicone rubber membrane with a pore size of 110.47 μm. Our results strongly suggest that different pore structures might affect cell proliferation and wound healing and that a silicone rubber membrane with a specific pore size could potentially be used as a promising wound dressing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: Bigels with ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine hydrochloride are a promising dosage form for topical use and showed great inhibition of Microsporum canis.
Abstract: Bigels with antifungal substances, ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine hydrochloride, were made of hydrogel (poloxamer 407 gel) and oleogel (polyethylene and liquid paraffin mixture). Prepared bigels were found physically stable at room temperature for six months and at least four months at 40 °C. Released amount of drug decreased when oleogel concentration in the formulation increased. Release test results depended on the insertion place of active substances. The amount of released substance was highest when ciclopirox olamine was incorporated in both phases in an equal quantity, and terbinafine hydrochloride in oleogel or in hydrogel. All formulations showed great inhibition of Microsporum canis. Thus, bigels with ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine hydrochloride are a promising dosage form for topical use.
TL;DR: The emulgel formulation F7 with 5% isopropyl palmitate, 5% emulsifier mixture, 1% hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose,1% oleic acid, and 10% propylene glycol is a promising formula for better management of wound and burn.
Abstract: Objectives: To develop an alternative medicine, propolis, in emulgel formulation for burn and wound treatment.Methods: The effect of two independent variables: emulsifying agent concentration and o...
TL;DR: In chronic fissure-in-ano, the regimen of local and oral antibiotics with avoidance of constipation significantly decreases the need for operative intervention.
Abstract: Up to 40% patients with chronic fissure-in-ano require operative intervention. As of today, antibiotics, local or oral, have no role in the treatment of chronic fissure-in-ano. In a prospective study, fissure-in-ano was classified as follows: acute 6-week duration with normal/low anal tone, and acute-on-chronic >6-week duration with high anal tone. The resting anal tone was assessed clinically on an objective scale—DRESS score—the digital rectal examination scoring system. Local and oral antibiotics with avoidance of constipation (LOABAC) treatment was advocated for 6 months. For refractory cases, liquid paraffin and, for high anal tone, diltiazem cream along with sitz bath were prescribed. Non-responders underwent a MRI to look for fissure deepening (presence of sinus/fistula). Healing of fissure-in-ano was assessed by absence of pain, burning, itching, or spasm after defecation and absence of tenderness on per-rectal examination. Out of 109 fissure-in-ano patients recruited over 20 months, 90 (M/F—50/40) were finally included. Mean age was 37.6 ± 12.3 years. Conservatively managed, 86.7% (78/90) patients had significant relief and were cured without requiring any further intervention. Twelve out of ninety (13.3%) patients had no/minimal relief and underwent a MRI which revealed a fissure-sinus/tract in 10/90 (11.1%). MRI was normal in 2/90 (2%). Five out of ten patients with sinus underwent surgery (laying open of the sinus) and became alright subsequently. The rest of the five patients were lost to follow-up. In chronic fissure-in-ano, the regimen of local and oral antibiotics with avoidance of constipation significantly decreases the need for operative intervention.
TL;DR: The results indicated this phase-change solution is a promising candidate for SO2 capture and could be completely regenerated in 10 min via microwave heating.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of local raw materials on the formulation of a base cream formulation and determine the optimum proportion of each material that gives the required properties was studied, based on the screening criteria, sesame oil, Aloe vera gel, and soy lecithin were chosen as the best local raw material.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to study the effect of local raw materials on the formulation of a base cream formulation and determine the optimum proportion of each material that gives the required properties. Physicochemical properties of cream formulations can be affected by their viscosity, spreadability, and particle size. The quality of the base cream is directly linked to the basic material used in the formulation. Screening of independent factors, namely oil phase (sesame oil, soybean oil, and liquid paraffin), aqueous phase (Aloe vera gel, propylene glycol, and glycerol), and surfactant (soy lecithin, tween, and soy lecithin/tween) was done to choose the best raw material required for the preparation of the base cream. Based on the screening criteria, sesame oil, Aloe vera gel, and soy lecithin were chosen as the best local raw materials. Using a multi-response optimization, the mixing fractions of sesame oil, Aloe vera gel, and soy lecithin were found to be 24%, 28%, and 10%, respectively. This base cream can be used as a suitable matrix for formulation in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
TL;DR: In this article, the optical properties of paraffin were calculated based on transmittance spectra modeling and the results showed that the spectral transmittances of liquid paraffins in the region of UV and visible bands is bigger compared with solid paraffinis.
15 Mar 2018
TL;DR: Full-hollow and semihollow molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) microspheres were prepared via a hydrothermal method and characterized and confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM), which suggests a potential strategy for achieving environmentally friendly developments.
Abstract: Nowadays, with the rapid development of environmental protection awareness, the demand for the emergence of a green counterpart of lubricant additive plays a more and more important role in reducin...
TL;DR: In this article, a novel formation mechanism according to the oxidative dehydrogenation of organics has been proposed for the low-temperature preparation of carbon-based nanomaterials.