Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 1986"

Vocal affect expression: a review and a model for future research

Abstract: In reviewing the literature on the vocal expression of emotion, a discrepancy between reported high accuracy in vocal-auditory recognition and the lack of clear evidence for the acoustic differentiation of vocal expression is noted. The latter is explained by (a) a paucity of research on voice quality, (b) neglect of the social signaling functions of affect vocalization, and (c) insufficiently precise conceptualization of the underlying emotional states. A "component patterning" model of vocal affect expression is proposed that attempts to rink the outcomes of antecedent event evaluation to biologically based response patterns. On the basis of a literature survey of acoustic-phonetic evidence, the likely phonatory and articulatory correlates of the physiological responses characterizing different emotional states are described in the form of three major voice types (narrow-wide, lax-tense, full-thin). Specific predictions are made as to the changes in acoustic parameters resulting from changing voice types. These predictions are compared with the pattern of empirical findings yielded by a comprehensive survey of the literature on vocal cues in emotional expression. Although the comparison is largely limited to the tense-lax voice type (because acoustic parameters relevant to the other voice types have not yet been systematically studied), a high degree of convergence is revealed. It is suggested that the model may help to stimulate hypothesis-guided research as well as provide a framework for the development of appropriate research paradigms.

Wettability Literature Survey- Part 1: Rock/Oil/Brine Interactions and the Effects of Core Handling on Wettability

Abstract: Wettability is a major factor controlling the location, flow and distribution of fluids in a reservoir. The wettability of a core will affect almost all types of core analyses, including capillary pressure, relative permeability, waterflood behavior, electrical properties, and simulated tertiary recovery. The most accurate results are obtained when native- or restored-state cores are run with native crude oil and brine at reservoir temperature and pressure. Such conditions provide cores that have the same wettability as the reservoir. The wettability of originally water-wet reservoir rock can be altered by the adsorption of polar compounds and/or the deposition of organic material that was originally in the crude oil. The degree of alteration is determined by the interaction of the oil constituents, the mineral surface, and the brine chemistry. The procedures for obtaining native-state, cleaned, and restored-state cores are discussed, as well as the effects of coring, preservation, and experimental conditional conditions on wettability. Also reviewed are methods for artificially controlling the wettability during laboratory experiments.

Wettability Literature Survey- Part 2: Wettability Measurement

Abstract: Article de synthese sur les limites et les avantages des methodes de mesure de la mouillabilite. Ces methodes sont quantitatives: methode Amott, methode du Bureau des Mines des Etats-Unis (USBM), methode de l'angle de contact ou qualitatives: imbibition, examen microscopique, flottation, ecoulement vitreux, courbes de permeabilite relative, courbes de pression capillaire, capillarimetrie, pression capillaire de deplacement, relations permeabilite/saturation et diagraphie de reservoir. Les methodes de RMN et d'adsorption de colorant destinees a mesurer la mouillabilite fractionnelle sont egalement discutees. Enfin l'auteur propose une methode qui permet de determiner si une carotte a une mouillabilite mixte

Wettability Literature Survey-Part 3: The Effects of Wettability on the Electrical Properties of Porous Media

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of wettability on the Archie saturation exponent and the formation factor, which are determined experimentally in cores. These parameters are important in the investigation of the hydrocarbon saturation of a formation by use of resistivity data obtained from well logging. The Archie saturation exponent, n, typically has a value of about 2 in water-wet formations and cleaned cores, while in native-state, non-water-wet cores and formations it is generally larger than 2. In uniformly oil-wet cores with low brine saturations, n can reach values of 10 or more. The exponent is higher in oil-wet cores at low saturations because a portion of the brine is trapped or isolated in dendritic fingers where it is unable to contribute to electrical conductivity. If a cleaned water-wet core is used to measure n and the reservoir is actually oil-wet, interstitial water will be underestimated during logging. No definite conclusions can be drawn about the effects of wettability on the formation factor. However, the wettability of clays in a core is likely to affect this parameter.

Zellweger syndrome: Diagnostic assays, syndrome delineation, and potential therapy

Abstract: Patients with the cerebrohepatorenal syndrome of Zellweger lack peroxisomes and certain peroxisomal enzymes such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in their tissues. Deficiency of this enzyme, which is necessary for glycerol ether lipid synthesis, provides a biochemical method for recognizing patients with subtle manifestations of Zellweger syndrome and suggests the utility of exogenous ether lipid precursors as a therapeutic strategy for these children. We describe the results of glycerol ether lipid supplementation to two children, one with classic Zellweger syndrome and 9% of control fibroblast dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activity, and one with mild facial manifestations, wide sutures, hypotonia, developmental delay, hepatomegaly, peripheral retinal pigmentation, and 50% of control fibroblast dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activity. An increase in erythrocyte plasmalogen levels following therapy was clearly demonstrated in the milder patient, and neither patient showed evidence of toxicity. Evaluation of therapy by comparison to the usual clinical course of Zellweger syndrome was not helpful because of the variability and incomplete documentation of 90 previously reported cases. The literature survey did provide criteria for classic Zellweger syndrome, which include hypotonia with or without deformation of limbs, large fontanels and split sutures, prominent forehead, flattened facial profile with hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, anteverted nares, highly arched palate, cryptorchidism or labial hypoplasia, hepatomegaly or elevated liver enzymes, peripheral pigmentation of the retina, renal cortical cysts, and characteristic neuropathology involving decreased myelinization, abnormal neuronal migration, and sudanophilic macrophages. Less severe patients, as exemplified by our case 2 and others from the literature, will not have all the classic features and can be recognized only by a growing panel of biochemical indicators. Our patient studies illustrate the complexity of designing comprehensive therapy for Zellweger-like conditions, suggest other diseases that may involve peroxisomal alterations, and emphasize the need for multicenter, collaborative studies to evaluate biochemical heterogeneity and therapy of peroxisomal disorders.

The temperature coefficient of the surface tension of pure liquid metals

Abstract: The surface tensions of liquid Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Sn have been measured by the sessile droplet method and/or the levitated droplet method over wide ranges of temperature. The values of surface tension obtained by the levitated droplet method have always been found to be higher than those measured by the sessile droplet method, a result which is attributed to decreased droplet contamination with the containerless levitation method. Negative temperature coefficients of surface tension have been obtained for all of the metals investigated in this work. Based on a literature survey of the available experimental data, it is shown that the values of both surface tension and the temperature coefficient are influenced in a systematic manner by the presence of surface active impurities. On this basis, positive values of the temperature coefficient of surface tension for liquid Zn and Cd found in the literature may be explained in terms of impurity effects which tend to be particularly pronounced in volatile metals.

Cambial Activity of Evergreen and Seasonal Dimorphics Around the Mediterranean

Abstract: The annual rhythm of cambial activity in various Mediterranean evergreens and seasonal dimorphics is compared on the basis of a literature survey. Two main rhythms of activity can be distinguished:

Inter-breed relationship of maintenance efficiency to milk yield in cattle

Abstract: As part of a multibreed cattle project for studying genetic variation between breeds, four adult females from each of five breeds of cattle were kept for up to 2 years in a non-pregnant, non-lactating state on each of four feeding levels. The breeds, which were Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Dexter, British Friesian and Jersey, provided a wide range of genetic potential for body size and milk yield. The feeding levels were arranged to make the weight of lipid in the whole body about 0·05, 0·15, 0·25 and 0·35 times body weight. After an animal had been assigned to a fixed daily intake, its body weight and condition score were monitored over a period varying from 6 to 18 months until an equilibrium body weight and body composition had been established.For standard adult body weight, Akg, and for an equilibrium body weight, Wkg, and an associated metabolizable energy intake, f/MJ, the maintenance efficiency of a breed adjusted for breed size was defined as Em = W/fA0·21. The ‘lactability’ of a breed, that is, its genetic potential lactation yield, Ykg, adjusted for breed size, was defined as Y = Y/A. The between-breed regression of Em on Y had a coefficient of -0·043 (s.e. 0·007). There was, thus, a highly significant dairy-beef gradient in the equilibrium maintenance efficiency of these non-pregnant, non-lactating adult females.An expected value for the equilibrium maintenance requirement, of a breed or individual as a function of its lactability was estimated to be:which implies that the maintenance requirement of dairy breeds is about 0·2 times greater than that of beef breeds, a result which was strongly supported by a literature survey, although mean estimates from feeding trials and fasting trials were anomalous.Combining this result for milk yield with published results on growth rate, leads to the hypothesis that the greater the maximum gross efficiency of a breed for meat or milk production, the less efficiently it maintains itself, not because of any difference in fasting metabolism, but because of a reduced efficiency of food utilization for maintenance.

The Boundary Integral Equation Method in Axisymmetric Stress Analysis Problems

Abstract: 1 Introduction and Aims.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Literature Survey - Axisymmetric Problems.- 1.3 Layout of Notes.- 2 Axisymmetric Potential Problems.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Analytical Formulation.- 2.2.1 The axisymmetric fundamental solution.- 2.2.2 The boundary integral identity.- 2.2.3 The axisymmetric potential kernels.- 2.2.4 Treatment of the axis of rotational symmetry.- 2.3 Numerical Implementation.- 2.3.1 Isoparametric quadratic elements.- 2.3.2 Numerical integration of the kernels.- 2.3.3 Calculation of the elliptic integrals.- 2.3.4 Solutions at internal points.- 2.3.5 Treatment of non-homogeneous problems.- 2.4 Examples.- 2.4.1 Hollow cylinder.- 2.4.2 Hollow sphere.- 2.4.3 Effect of element curvature.- 2.4.4 Compound sphere.- 2.4.5 Reactor pressure vessel.- 2.4.6 Externally grooved hollow cylinder.- 3 Axisymmetric Elasticity Problems: Formulation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Analytical Formulation.- 3.2.1 Basic equations of elasticity.- 3.2.2 Solution of the Navier equations.- 3.2.3 The boundary integral identity.- 3.2.4 Treatment of the axis of rotational symmetry.- 3.2.5 Treatment of non-homogeneous problems.- 3.3 Numerical Implementation.- 3.3.1 Isoparametric quadratic elements.- 3.3.2 Numerical integration of the kernels.- 3.3.3 Surface stresses.- 3.3.4 Solutions at internal points.- 4 Axisymmetric Elasticity Problems: Examples.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Hollow Cylinder.- 4.3 Hollow Sphere.- 4.4 Thin Sections.- 4.5 Compound Sphere.- 4.6 Spherical Cavity in a Solid Cylinder.- 4.7 Notched Bars.- 4.8 Pressure Vessel with Hemispherical End Closure.- 4.9 Pressure Vessel Clamp.- 4.10 Compression of Rubber Blocks.- 4.11 Externally Grooved Hollow Cylinder.- 4.12 Plain Reducing Socket.- 5 Axisymmetric Thermoelasticity Problems.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Analytical Formulation.- 5.3 Numerical Implementation.- 5.3.1 Isoparametric quadratic elements.- 5.3.2 Numerical integration of the kernels.- 5.3.3 Solutions at internal points.- 5.4 Examples.- 5.4.1 Hollow cylinder.- 5.4.2 Hollow sphere.- 5.4.3 Compound sphere.- 5.4.4 Comparison with other numerical methods.- 5.4.5 Reactor pressure vessel.- 5.4.6 Externally grooved hollow cylinder.- 6 Axisymmetric Centrifugal Loading Problems.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Analytical Formulation.- 6.3 Numerical Implementation.- 6.3.1 Isoparametric quadratic elements.- 6.3.2 Numerical integration of the kernels.- 6.4 Examples.- 6.4.1 Rotating disk of uniform thickness.- 6.4.2 Rotating tapered disk.- 6.4.3 Rotating disk of variable thickness.- 7 Axisymmetric Fracture Mechanics Problems.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics.- 7.3 Numerical Calculation of the Stress Intensity Factor.- 7.3.1 The displacement method.- 7.3.2 The stress method.- 7.3.3 Energy methods.- 7.4 Singularity Elements.- 7.5 Examples.- 7.5.1 Circumferential crack in a round bar.- 7.5.2 Penny-shaped crack in a round bar.- 7.5.3 Internal circumferential crack in a hollow cylinder.- 7.5.4 Flat toroidal crack in a hollow cylinder.- 7.5.5 Pressurised penny-shaped crack in a solid sphere.- 7.5.6 Circumferential cracks in grooved round bars.- 7.5.7 Modelling both faces of the crack.- 8 Conclusions.- References.- Appendix B Numerical Coefficients for the Evaluation of the Elliptical Integrals.- Appendix C Notation for Axisymmetric Vector and Scalar Differentiation.- Appendix D Components of the Traction Kernels.- Appendix E Derivation of the Axisymmetric Displacement Kernels from the Three-Dimensional Fundamental Solution.- Appendix G Differentials of the Displacement and Traction Kernels.- Appendix H The Thermoelastic Kernels.- Appendix I Differentials of the Thermoelastic Kernels.

A review of the radiation stability of ion exchange materials

Abstract: A comprehensive literature survey on the radiation stability of ion exchangers resulted in the publication of an extensive data compilation on the effects of ionizing radiation on synthetic organic ion exchangers in this journal (Vol. 97, No. 1). This paper is a brief review of the majorfindings of this literature survey along with similar information on synthetic inorganic ion exchangers. The primary goal of this literature survey is to review present knowledge on the effects of ionizing radiations on synthetic ion exchange materials used in radiochemical processing. Although there are gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms of radiolytic changes in ion exchangers, the information available in the literature shows some general trends and similarities in observed qualitative effects by different types of organic and inorganic ion exchange materials. These trends and observations have been formulated into a set of qualitative and semi-quantitative statements that can be useful to potential users of ion exchange materials in nuclear material processing and radioactive waste management. Present knowledge, of the behavior of ion exchangers under the influence of ionizing radiations is too limited to justify quantitative predictive modeling.

Boundary Elements in Shape Optimal Design of Structures

Abstract: The shape optimal design of shafts and two-dimensional elastic structural components is formulated using boundary elements. The design objective is to maximize torsional rigidity of the shaft or to minimize compliance of the structure, subject to an area constraint. Also a model based on minimum area and stress constraints is developed, in which the real and adjoint structures are identical but have different loading conditions. All degrees of freedom of the models are at the boundary, and there is no need for calculating displacements and stresses in the domain. Formulations based on constant, linear and quadratic boundary elements are developed. A method for accurately calculating the stresses at the boundary is presented, which improves considerably the design sensitivity information. A technique for an automatic mesh refinement of the boundary element models is also developed. The corresponding nonlinear programming problems are solved by Pshenichny’s linearization method. The models are applied to shape optimal design of several shafts and elastic structural components. The advantages and disadvantages of the boundary element method over the finite element techniques for shape optimal design structures are discussed with reference to applications. A literature survey of the development of the boundary element method for shape optimal design is presented.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Nonperiodic Macromolecular Assemblies from Electron Micrographs

Abstract: Through the pioneering work of a few laboratories, the electron microscope has been transformed into a tool of quantitative structure research. Its role in the three-dimensional analysis of biomolecular assemblies having high complexity has been firmly established, and was recently recognized in the award of the Nobel prize in Chemistry to Aaron Klug. Molecular electron microscopy and electron crystallography have helped to unravel, to name but a few examples, the calcium-dependent structure of the gap junction (Unwin and Zampighi 1980; Unwin and Ennis 1984), the organization of DNA into nucleosomes (Klug et al. 1980; Klug 1983), and the architecture of numerous viruses (see literature survey by Baker 1981 and reviews by Vainshtein 1978 and Mellema 1980).

Brachial plexus palsy secondary to clavicular nonunion. Case report and literature survey.

Abstract: Compression neurapraxias of the brachial plexus secondary to nonunion of the clavicle are extremely rare. These palsies routinely affect the medial cord, producing primarily ulnar nerve symptoms. The nonunions that cause them are almost exclusively hypertrophic and are usually in the middle third of the clavicle. These palsies result from the entrapment of the medial cord of the brachial plexus within the costoclavicular space of Berkheiser. Onset of symptoms is highly variable. Treatment recommendations are divided between partial clavicular excision and open reduction with internal fixation. Because this lesion requires operative intervention, it must be carefully distinguished from traction palsy of the plexus for which it is easily mistaken. This distinction requires a meticulous neurologic examination during the initial evaluation of the patient with an acute calvicular fracture.

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion for waste and wastewater treatment

Abstract: This thesis deals with thermophilic anaerobic waste and wastewater treatment. A literature survey is presented, in which the thermophilic treatment processes are evaluated with respect to the loading rates and treatment efficiencies, and some relevant theoretical considerations concerning thermophilic anaerobic processes are discussed.Thermophilic anaerobic treatment of livestock wastes with a high total ammonia concentration cannot be recommended, due to the toxic effect of the ammonia. The volatile solids concentration turns out to be of minor importance in determining the efficiency of the thermophilic digestion of livestock wastes. The toxic effect of ammonia is exerted on the level of methanogenesis from H 2 /CO 2 , resulting in a buildup of the partial pressure of H 2 , which inhibits propionate degradation. The latter compound is shown to be toxic for the methanogenesis from acetate.The major part of this thesis deals with the processes in thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Solutions of sugars can be treated effectively in UASB reactors operated at 55 °C. With the granular sludge cultivated on sugars, other wastewaters can be treated effectively, with loading rates up to 103 kg COD/m 3 and treatment efficiencies exceeding 77 %. Vinasse, a high strength wastewater, could be treated also at high loading rates, but the efficiencies were rather low, due to the high concentrations of toxic compounds in the vinasse. The treatment efficiency appeared to be determined by the concentration of the vinasse applied, rather than by the loading rate, which was in the range of 17-86 kg COD/m 3 d.The decrease in the treatment efficiency at very high loading rates is mainly caused by a deterioration of the propionate degradation. The hydrogen concentration plays a very important role in the conversion of propionate. A two-step methanogenic UASB system was developed, in which the propionate degradation was delegated to the second step. The two-step system operated with appreciably higher efficiency than a one-step system with a similar total volume: at a loading rate of 52 kg COD/m 3 d. the treatment efficiencies were 92 and 82 % for the two and one stage system, respectively. As with mesophilic sludge, the unfed storage of thermophilic sludge at low temperatures results in a very slow decrease in its capacities. Food shortages at the operating temperature of 55 % however, result in a rapid decay of the sludge.The granulation of methanogenic sludge was studied with acetate as substrate. Granulation occurred only after approximately three months of operation when using mesophilic seed materials. This process could be speeded up by the use of adapted seed materials. The addition of inert particles to the seed material or the nature of the un-adapted seed materials did not have any influence on the ultimate granulation. By using different criteria for the operation of UASB reactors, different granules could be cultivated. Granules consisting of filamentous methanogenic bacteria are to be preferred above those consisting of sarcina-type methanogenic bacteria. With the granular sludge consisting of filamentous bacteria, loading rates of 162 kg COD/m 3 d. could be treated with over 89 % efficiency.The thermophilic UASB process is ready for application in practice.

The incidence of predation on lake-dwelling leeches

Abstract: SUMMARY. 1. Erpobdella octoculata (L.), Glossiphonia complanata (L.) and Helobdella stagnate (L.) were eaten readily by larval and adult dytiscid beetles, larval caddisflies and Sialis, nymphal odonatans and various fish in laboratory experiments. 2. A serological technique showed that very few lake-collected specimens of these predatory taxa, plus triclads, leeches and stone fly nymphs, had been feeding on leeches. 3. A literature survey of lake studies on fish diet indicated that usually less than 6% of individuals with gut contents had eaten leeches. Few detailed records of waterfowl feeding on leeches have been documented. 4. It is concluded that predation pressure on lake-dwelling leeches is light, and is more severe from fish than invertebrates, less on populations inhabiting stony shores than in vegetation, and greater on the erpobdellid than the two glossiphoniid species.

An experimental study of tone-excited heated jets

Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to obtain detailed experimental data on the effects of upstream acoustic excitation on the mixing of heated jets with the surrounding air. Based on the information gathered in the literature survey, a technical approach was developed to carry out a systematic set of mean flowfield measurements for a broad range of jet operating and acoustic excitation conditions. Most of the results were obtained at Mach numbers of 0.3 and 0.8 and total temperatures of up to 800 K. Some measurements were made also for the fully expanded supersonic jet of Mj = 1.15. The maximum level of excitation was Le equal to or less than 150 dB and a range of excitation frequencies up to fe = 4 kHz was used. The important results derived from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) the sensitivity of heated jets to upstream acoustic excitation varies strongly with the jet operating conditions, (2) the threshold excitation level increases with increasing jet temperature, and (3) the preferred Strouhal number does not change significantly with a change of the jet operating conditions.

Model for forecasting highway construction cost

Abstract: In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the number and complexity of projects in the highway construction industry. The complexity of these projects is one of the main reasons it takes so much time from inception to completion of a project. Those involved in decision making and budgeting need "tools" to help evaluate future costs. The literature survey conducted during this study has shown that the use of existing economic models is inadequate because of the unique factors that influence the highway industry. The development of a model for long-range forecasting of highway construction cost is described. This model is based on a statistical analysis of data gathered from Florida Department of Transportation projects around the state of Florida from 1968 to 1984. The research revealed that, in addition to the inflationary changes in the cost of basic elements (labor, materials, equipment), there are other factors that affect total cost. One of those factors, the bidding volume, was analyzed and incorporated into the model. Although this model was developed for a specific sponsor, it is based on general principles that can be adapted to other users.

The effects of ionizing radiations on synthetic organic ion exchangers

Abstract: Effects of ionizing radiations on organic ion exchangers are recognized as a vexing problem in the processing of special nuclear materials and high specific activity radioactive waste forms. An extensive literature survey, started in 1976 and updated periodically, indicates that radiation decomposition of ion exchange materials has the potential for a variety of undesirable consequences. It is also apparent from this survey that systematic efforts to identify and resolve these problems and to develop radiation resistant ion exchangers are extremely limited. There is, however, widely scattered information in the literature that is useful in designing and operating ion-exchange-based process systems with reasonable assurance of safety. The compilation of experimental data presented in this paper can contribute to better design and safer operations of synthetic organic ion exchange systems at nuclear material processing facilities.

Welding metallurgy and weldability of high strength aluminum alloys

Abstract: A literature survey was conducted to gather the information available on the welding metallurgy of high strength aluminum alloys, and its effect on their weldability. The report focuses on fusion welding of high strength aluminum alloys. Both conventional high strength aluminum alloys and newer products, e.g., PM aluminum alloys, Al-Li alloys and Al-matrix composites, are included. The survey covers a wide spectrum of publications, ranging from those using traditional equipment of study to those using more modern analytical instruments, such as electron microscopy and high speed computers. Recommendations of subjects for further research programs are presented. 84 references.

Improved design of graphic displays in thesauri—through technology and ergonomics

Abstract: Within the framework of a research project into alternative ways of representing documentation languages and into their flexibility, an attempt is made to draw up a list of performance criteria that an ‘ideal’ thesaurus graphic display should respect. However, a study of the main bibliographies listing thesauri, shows that less than 6 per cent of them contain graphic displays, even though a concurrent literature survey reveals that such displays offer many potential advantages. Up to now, use of displays was probably limited by technology and by the rarity of studies into the cognitive processes of the users of automated systems. Current research in several disciplines (computer graphics, ergonomic psychology and spatial representation) should contribute to the emergence of new types of documentation retrieval tools, well adapted to a broader and more diversified clientele.

Predicting Successful Employment in the Community for People with a History of Chronic Mental Illness

Abstract: Much work has been done to prepare people with a history of chronic mental illness for vocational placement. Evaluation tools can select some who are likely to be successful in competitive or sheltered work. Many whose psychiatric disability is so severe it interferes seriously with their capacity for work have need for more pre-vocational or vocational skills training. A literature survey shows many programs designed to help this population but little specific outcome data. Other articles state the need for empirical research. With limited funds and a large underserved population, further research is important.