Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 1988"

Simulated annealing - an annotated bibliography

Abstract: SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe results of an extensive literature survey of the Simulated Annealing algorithm for optimization problems are reported. The papers and books are classified and annotated, with particular reference to the type of cooling schedule employed.

Literature Survey on Diffusivities of Oxygen, Aluminum, and Vanadium in Alpha Titanium, Beta Titanium, and in Rutile

Abstract: A survey of diffusion data of interstitial oxygen and of the substitutional elements aluminum and vanadium is presented for alpha and beta titanium. It is based on a survey of literature. Oxygen is an important interstitial element in titanium alloys. Oxygen’s large chemical affinity to titanium is indicated by Ti—O bond energy of 2.12 eV,1 comparable to the Ti—Ti bond energy of 2.56 eV.2 Oxygen is difficult to eliminate completely from titanium, and commercial titanium alloys usually contain from 0.10 to 0.20 wt pct oxygen. Oxygen significantly affects the mechanical properties of titanium alloys1,3 and is sometimes used as an alloying element. The effects of oxygen on phase transformation ,4,5,6 Youngs modulus,7,8 hardness,9,10 fracture toughness,11 and other mechanical properties12 have been amply documented. Aluminum and vanadium are the most frequently used substitutional alloying elements. Aluminum is an alpha stabilizer and vanadium is a beta stabilizer.

Aggressiveness and foraging mode of young-of-the-year brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Pisces, Salmonidae)

Abstract: Young-of-the-year brook charr in streams use either an active or a sit-and-wait foraging tactic and exhibit a range of resource defense from territoriality to tolerating conspecifics. We use simple graphical models, based on encounter rate with drift and the theory of economic defendability, to predict qualitative changes in the aggressiveness and mobility of brook charr in relation to current velocity. Aggressiveness (percent of conspecifics eliciting an overt response) initially increases with increasing current velocity, as does drift rate and foraging rate. However, aggressiveness decreases at high current velocities, probably because of increased costs of defense at these velocities. In standing water areas, brook charr use primarily an active foraging tactic, but mobility (percent time spent moving) decreases rapidly as current velocity increases. These results are generally consistent with the simple graphical models. A literature survey suggests that the models can be generalized for most species of stream salmonids.

Effects of ball burnishing parameters on surface finish—A literature survey and discussion

Abstract: Ball burnishing, a plastic deformation process, is becoming more popular as a finishing operation. A literature survey and discussion on the effects of the various types of burnishing (normal, vibratory and ultrasonic) and related parameters—force, speed, feed-rate, lubrication, ball material and diameter, workpiece material, pre-machined roughness and frequency of oscillation—on the final surface roughness are presented. The effect is an interaction between the process parameters with burnishing force and feed-rate as the two most significant factors. A particular surface finish can be obtained by appropriate selection of the parameters

Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Abstract: Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) is a malignant hematopoietic disorder of monocyte-histiocyte lineage that affects children less than 4 years of age. Since the disease represents only 2% of all childhood leukemias, experience with it has been limited even in large centers. This review summarizes our 10 year institutional study of JCML as well as a comprehensive literature survey. The goal of the article is to underscore the cardinal features of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia that are useful for diagnosis, and to highlight recent advances in the understanding of the biology and treatment of the disease.

A literature survey of the human reliability component in a man-machine system

Abstract: The body of literature addressing human errors and their effect on system performance is listed and categorized. The following factors were considered in classifying the literature: (1) applicability-human performance prediction, performance analysis of man-machine system, man-machine reliability allocation, human-error data collection, or human-error overview, (2) system under consideration-human component only or both human and hardware and (3) type of task being performed-operational or maintenance work, continuous or discrete tasks, and full range of human behaviour or single functions like decision-making or signal detection. >

A Review of the Issues Involved in Quality Improvement

Abstract: A three‐year study, partly funded by the Quality, Design and Education Division of the Department of Trade and Industry, has been carried out on the general subject of quality improvement. As part of this work a literature survey of the English language papers was conducted on such issues as the effects of international competition, the nature of quality management, organisations and change, leadership, how companies set about quality improvement and supplier development. In order to examine topics pertinent to the research subject, the search covered not only the general literature on quality management but also the literature on corporate strategy, marketing, organisational psychology and operations management. The main findings from the literature search are presented and guidance is provided on some authoritative reading on quality improvement.

Sensitivity of the backscatter/extinction ratio to changes in aerosol properties: implications for lidar

Abstract: The lidar ratio is found to be sensitive in three distinct regions in a space defined by index of refraction and particle size. This implies that inversion of the lidar equation will be complicated if the parameters of the aerosol under study fall into one of these sensitive regions. The model used to explore this space covers the complex plane of refractive index bounded by real part 1–2 and imaginary part 0–∞ and mode particle size parameter bounded by 0.03–3000. Furthermore, the model is compared to a literature survey of lidar ratios.

Grievance initiation: A literature survey and suggestions for future research

Abstract: The correlates of grievance initiation are described within the context of categories of relevant factors suggested by the literature. The categories include environmental, management, union, union-management interaction, and employee factors. In the environmental category, the literature indicates that technology effects provide substantial promise for the explanation of grievances. Several important correlates of grievance activity are described in each of the other categories. Suggested methodological improvements for future research include expanded sets of control variables, multiple industry data sets, greater attention to grievance types, and the use of causal analytical techniques in longitudinal studies. Future research should provide a better understanding of the effects of several variables, including technology, methods of grievance resolution, workgroup cohesion, and fair representation requirements. It should also identify relationships that are specific to different issues.

Advanced extrauterine pregnancy: description of 38 cases with literature survey.

Abstract: An analysis is presented of 38 patients with advanced extrauterine pregnancy First three typical cases are described that emphasize the marked differentiation of clinical symptoms which these patients present to the doctor The first patient was referred for induction because of a suspected intrauterine death The second patient presented an intraligamentous pregnancy with a living fetus In the third case, the patient was admitted to hospital after 32 weeks of pregnancy because of a persistent oblique lie At 34 weeks, a normal living fetus was born In all three cases, ultrasound examination was able to visualize the separate uterus A literature survey is given with special attention to the specific "clinic" and the problems concerning diagnosis and treatment It is obvious that sonography is the most important diagnostic technique at present The decision to remove the placenta by means of a laparotomy is brought up for discussion

The importance of metallic elements in wine. A literature survey.

Abstract: A review of the current literature concerning the role played by metallic elements present in wine is presented. The aim is to show the importance of these elements in the entire wine-making process, mainly through their influence on the organoleptic properties of wine. The study takes into consideration the individual stages of the process such as fertilization, fermentation and aging and also deals with other interesting aspects related to hygiene and dietetic properties, as well as the possibility of differentiating wines according to their metal contents.

Prenatal diagnosis of distal arthrogryposis.

Abstract: We report the prenatal diagnosis of distal arthrogryposis type I by ultrasound at 18 wk gestation in a family with two other affected members (mother and sister of the fetus). The pregnancy was followed with serial ultrasounds, and the diagnosis was confirmed after birth. The clinical findings in all affected family members are described. A literature survey of prenatally diagnosed cases of multiple joint contractures is presented. These include cases with many different diagnoses. This is the first report of the prenatal diagnosis of distal arthrogryposis type I. It helps to illustrate the variability and prenatal natural history of the condition and the subtlety of the prenatal ultrasound findings.

New approaches to the use of pharmacokinetics in toxicology and drug development

Abstract: 1 The use of pharmacokinetics in toxicology, clinical pharmacology and in the individualization of dosage has been critically examined.2 In toxicity studies, doses are given to animals with the aim of achieving substantially higher plasma levels than the therapeutic level in man. However, small animals have faster metabolic rates, shorter life spans and drug clearance is many fold faster than in man, and this difference may not be compensated for by simply mg per kg dosing. Since toxicity still occurs at these lower levels, it begs the question whether small animals require such high doses to produce toxic effects.3 A literature survey revealed that only 5 to 31% of the papers studied attempt to relate activity with plasma levels. Examples are given of how such relationships can be used, as with p-fenfluramine, where by investigating individual responses using drug plasma levels as a probe, a greater understanding of eating disorders may be obtained. Also, with tertatolol its prolonged pharmacological act...

The role of the EEG in epilepsy of long duration.

Abstract: Summary: Although the electroencephalogram's (EEG's) relevance in the initial work-up of individuals with epilepsy is well-defined, its role in epilepsy of long duration remains uncertain. A literature survey revealed eight studies that had evaluated epileptiform patterns (EPs) in series of patients but none of these were derived from outpatients presenting for regular follow-up. Such EEG results are crucial for determining disability benefits that are often denied to people with normal records. We therefore randomly surveyed 100 adult outpatients attending the seizure follow-up clinic at Cook County Hospital. An EP was detected in 33 patients, 36 had normal records, and 31 had non-EP abnormalities. The, presence of an EP was significantly related to an etiology of head injury, duration of epilepsy, age of onset before age 20 years, and receiving more than one antiepileptic drug (AED). The presence of an EP did not correlate with seizure frequency, seizure type, or presence of a neurological deficit. A prior EEG increased the proportion with an EP only to 41%. The relatively low proportion of people who demonstrated an EP suggests that (a) the presence of an EP on an EEG should not be a factor in deciding about disability benefits for individuals with epilepsy, and (b) that use of an EP as an eligibility criterion for entry into a research series is likely to generate a select group of patients, thus making it difficult to generalize results. RESUME Bien que l'importance de l'EEG dans le bilan initial des patients epileptiques soit bien Etablie, le role de l'EEG dans 1'epilepsie au long cours reste incertain. Une revue de la literature a permis aux auteurs de rassembler 8 travaux etudiant les anomalies paroxystiques (AP) dans des series de patients, mais ceux-ci n'etaient pas regulierement suivis en consultation. Les resultants de tels EEG sont primordiaux pour les decisions de mise en invalidity, sou vent refused aux sujets qui presentent des traces normaux. Les auteurs ont done suivi 100 patients tirts au sort parmi les consultants de I'unite d'6pileptologie de l'hopital du comtE de Cook. Des AP ont 6li constat6es chez 33 patients, 36 presentant des traces normaux et 31 des anomalies non paroxystiques. La presence d'AP 6tait significativement corr616e a une etiologie de traumatisme cranien, a la durce de 1'epilepsie, a un age de debut de moins de 20 ans, et a un traitement antilp-ileptique par plus d'un medicament. La presence d'AP n'etait en revanche pas corre16e a la frequence des crises, au type de crises ou a l'existence d'un deficit neuroloogique. La notion d'un en-registrement EEG antdrieur ne porte la proportion de traces avec AP qu'a 41%. La proportion relativement basse de patients prtsentant des AP suggere que: (a) la presence d'AP sur l'EEG ne doit pas constituer un facteur de decision dans I'attribution d'une invalidity chez les patients Epileptiques; (b) I'utilisation de la constatation d'AP comme critere de selection d'une population de patients en vue d'une recherche risque d'entrainer un biais de selection, avec comme consequences des reserves sur la generalisation des rdsultats de telles etudes. RESUMEN A pesar de que la importancia de los EEGs en el estudio inicial de individuos con epilepsia esta bien definida, su valor en epilepsia de larga duration permanece incierto. Una revisidn de la literatura revela 8 estudios que han evaluado los patrones epileptiformes (EPs) en series de pacientes pero ninguno de estos trabajos se derivd de enfermos no hospitalizados que se presen-taban regularmente en clfnicas de seguimiento. Este tipo de EEGs resulta crucial para determinar los beneficios de las inca-pacidades que con frecuencia se niegan a personas con registros normales. Por esta razdn nemos revisado, aleatoriamente, 100 enfermos adultos que atndian clfnicas de seguimiento de ataques en el Hospital del Condado de Cook. En 33 pacientes se detecto un EP mientras que 36 trazados fueron normales y 31 tem'an anormalidades pero no del tipo EP. La presencia de un EP se relation^ significativamente con: etiologia de traumatismo cra-neal, duracion de la epilepsia, edad de comienzo antes de los 20 anos y con tratamiento de mas de una medication antiepileptica (AED). La presencia de un EP no se realaciono con la frecuencia de ataques, tipo de los mismos o la presencia de deficits neuro-logicos. Un EEG previo incrementa la proportion de un EP s61-amente en un 41%. La proporcidn relativamente baja de enfermos que demuestran un EP sugiere que: a) la presencia de un EP en un EEG no debe ser un factor que se utilice para decidir acerca de los beneficios de la incapacidad en individuos con epilepsia; b) la utilization de un EP como un criterio de election para entrar en series de investigation es muy posible que genere grupos de enfermos seleccionados por lo que resultaria dificil la generalizaci6n de los resultados. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Obwohl die Bedeutung des EEG's bei der initialen Behandlung von Personen mit epilepsie unumstritten ist, bleibt seine Rolle im Rahmen des Langzeitverlaufs der epilepsie ungewiB. Die Lit-eraturiibersicht erbrachte 8 Studien, die epileptische EEG-Muster von Patienten auswerteten (EPs), jedoch basierten sie nicht auf den iiblichen ambulanten Kontrolluntersuchungen. Solche EEG-Ergebnisse sind entscheidend, urn sie nutzvoll im Krankheitsverlauf anwenden zu konnen. Deshalb untersuchten wir randomisiert 100 erwachsene ambulante Patienten, die die Anfallsambulanz des Cook County Hospitals besuchen. Epileptische Potentiale (EP) boten 33 Patienten, ein normales EEG 36 Patienten, nicht-epileptische Befunde 31 Patienten. EPs waren haufig bei vorausgegangenem Schadelhirntrauma, langer Dauer der Epilepsie, Beginn vor dem 20. Lebensjahr und Einnahme mehrerer Antiepileptika vorhanden. Das Auftreten von EPs korrelierte nicht mit Anfallsfrequenz, Anfallstyp oder neurologi-schen Ausfallen. Unter Hinzunahme der Vor-EEGs erhohte sich der Anteil der EPs auf 41%. Aus der relativ geringen Anzahl Patienten mit EPs schlieBen wir (a) vorhandene EPs sollten kein Entscheidungsfaktor fur den Krankheitsverlauf von Anfallspa-tienten sein; (b) daB die Benutzung von EPs als Auswahlkrite-rium fur Aufnahme in Forschungsprojekte eine selektierte Gruppe von Patienten darstellt und somit eine Verallge-meinerung der Ergebnisse schwierig ist.

Sensors for ceramic components in advanced propulsion systems: Summary of literature survey and concept analysis, task 3 report

Abstract: The results of a literature survey and concept analysis related to sensing techniques for measuring of surface temperature, strain, and heat flux for (non-specific) ceramic materials exposed to elevated temperatures (to 2200 K) are summarized. Concepts capable of functioning in a gas turbine hot section environment are favored but others are reviewed also. Recommendation are made for sensor development in each of the three areas.

Survey on the Use of Pulse-Jet Fabric Filters

Abstract: Pulse-jet fabric filters rely on the filtration of dirty flue gas by the outside surface of the bags, which are then cleaned by a shock wave generated by an air pulse entering each bag from the top. As it travels down the length of the bag, the shock wave flexes the fabric and dislodges the dust cake. Enhancement of the pulse may be achieved by using a venturi, and cleaning may be on-line or off-line. This paper summarizes the results of an exhaustive study conducted for the Electric Power Research Institute to provide a convenient and versatile information base about the use of pulse-jet fabric filters on coal-fired boilers. Predominant features of the many pulse-jet installations identified by vendor survey and literature survey are shown in graphical and tabular form.

Pollen morphology in Tigridieae (Iridaceae)

Abstract: Summary. The pollen morphology of the New World tribe Tigridieae is examined in the context of a literature survey. Pollen is normally sulcate in subtribe Cipurinae (as in other Iridaceae) and bisulcate in subtribe Tigridiinae, with occasional exceptions. There is some variation in surface sculpturing between taxa, and within an anomalous species, Tigridia pavonia.

Group combustion of a cylindrical cloud of char/carbon particles

Abstract: Extensive experiments were carried out in the past in order to obtain kinetics data on the pyrolysis of coal particles and the char reactions. The literature survey distinctively reveals two kinds of studies: (i) Individual Particle Combustion (IPC) and (ii) Combustion of Particle Streams or Clouds. The experimental data obtained with particle streams are normally interpreted using IPC models with the a priori assumption that the cloud is dilute. But the term ''dilute'' is rarely quantified and justified considering the collective behavior of a cloud of particles. The group combustion model accounts for the reduction in burning rate due to the collective behavior of a large number of particles. While the spherical group combustion model may be employed for coal/char spray combustion modeling, the cylindrical group combustion model is more useful in interpreting the experimental data obtained with a monosized stream of particles. Hence a cylindrical group combustion model is presented here. As in the case of spherical group combustion models, there exist three modes of combustion: (i) Individual Particle Combustion (IPC), (ii) Group Combustion (GC), and (iii) Sheath Combustion (SC). Within the range of parameters studied, it appears that the cylindrical and spherical cloud combustion models yield similar resultsmore » on nondimensional cloud burning rates and on the combustion modes of a cloud of particles. The results from group theory are then used to identify the mode of combustion (IPC, GC, or SC) and to interpret the experimental data.« less

Acoustically excited heated jets. 1: Internal excitation

Abstract: The effects of relatively strong upstream acoustic excitation on the mixing of heated jets with the surrounding air are investigated. To determine the extent of the available information on experiments and theories dealing with acoustically excited heated jets, an extensive literature survey was carried out. The experimental program consisted of flow visualization and flowfield velocity and temperature measurements for a broad range of jet operating and flow excitation conditions. A 50.8-mm-diam nozzle was used for this purpose. Parallel to the experimental study, an existing theoretical model of excited jets was refined to include the region downstream of the jet potential core. Excellent agreement was found between theory and experiment in moderately heated jets. However, the theory has not yet been confirmed for highly heated jets. It was found that the sensitivity of heated jets to upstream acoustic excitation varies strongly with the jet operating conditions and that the threshold excitation level increases with increasing jet temperature. Furthermore, the preferential Strouhal number is found not to change significantly with a change of the jet operating conditions. Finally, the effects of the nozzle exit boundary layer thickness appear to be similar for both heated and unheated jets at low Mach numbers.

Bulge forming of tubular components.

Abstract: The bulge forming process is a method for shaping tubular components using an internal hydrostatic pressure combined with a compressive axial load. Initial investigations involved carrying out an extensive literature survey to determine the components which could be formed and the effects of using lubricants and different tube materials. Die-blocks were designed to produce tee pieces, cross joints and off-set joints, and electronic on-line instrumentation was incorporated so that the forming pressures and loads could be accurately monitored. A series of tests were carried out in the forming of: (1) tee pieces, cross joints and off-set joints from copper tubes of two different wall thicknesses, (2) tee pieces using different types of plungers, (3) tee pieces using die-blocks coated with various lubricants, (4) tee pieces from aluminium, copper and steel tubes, (5) tee pieces using die-blocks with various branch radii. From the resulting components, formed with various combinations of internal pressure and compressive axial load, the limits for a successful forming operation were established. Further analysis of these components was then undertaken to evaluate the effects of the internal pressure and axial load on the bulge height and the wall thickness in the deformation zone. From these results, which have been illustrated graphically, the greatest effect on the resulting bulge can be seen to be the compressive axial load. Theoretical analyses are presented, which predict the wall thickness distribution around the bulge zone and also the axial loads required in the forming process. Comparison of these predictions with the experimental results shows fairly good agreement.

Daytime running lights - a potent traffic safety measure?

Abstract: This report consists of a literature survey and an analysis of the effects of motor-vehicles equipped with daytime running lights (drl) on traffic accidents and driver behavior. The growing use of drl from the very beginning in the early 1960's to the present time is also reviewed. Finally, drl are evaluated as a traffic safety measure. (a)