Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 1990"

On the Dynamics of Cracked Rotors: A Literature Survey

Abstract: Propagating fatigue cracks can have detrimental effects on the reliability of rotating machinery. An early crack warning can considerably extend the durability of these very expensive machines, increasing their reliability at the same time. Vibration monitoring as a means of detecting crack initiation has been receiving much interest. A detailed study of the vibrational behavior of cracked rotating shafts, therefore, is an important problem for engineers working in the area of the dynamics of machines. This article presents a review of the field of the dynamics of cracked rotors, including the modeling of the cracked part of the structure and finding different detection procedures to diagnose fracture damage. The material should be helpful to scientists and researchers working in this area or planning to work in it in the future. Since the study of nonrotating, cracked structural elements obviously is relevant to the cracked rotor problem, the review can also be a basis for discussing the dynamics of cracked beams and columns.

Telerobotic response requirements

Abstract: The bandwidth and response characteristics required for effective telerobotic control are investigated. The definition of these requirements is based on surveying existing literature on teleoperation, robotics, and human factors to determine if sufficient knowledge in this area is available to adequately specify appropriate requirements. An idealized design goal based on the concept of telepresence is presented. To further clarify the response requirements, the control problem is divided into the two major components of teleoperation: the human operator and the telerobot. The literature survey showed that humans have asymmetrical input/output capabilities. It was also found that a human does not have one single relevant bandwidth, but rather that bandwidth is a function of the human's mode of operation. A survey was conducted in which 12 experts were queried to find a consensus based on experience. These results are presented and recommendations are derived. >

Applications of avidin-biotin technology: literature survey.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the results of a literature survey showing applications of avidin–biotin technology in tabular forms. One of the tables presents the experimental details from investigations that have used avidin columns for the isolation of target material. Native biotin-containing systems can be isolated directly on such columns. The isolation of other materials, such as membrane proteins and glycol-conjugates, is dependent on the mediation of a biotinylated binder. One of the problems in the use of avidin–biotin technology for isolation purposes is the difficulty encountered in eluting the bound material from the column. Other tables provide information relating to cytochemical localization investigations. These types of investigations usually involve the microscopic visualization of membrane-based sites mediated through the avidin–biotin interaction. In some cases, target sites have been directly biotinylated using group-specific biotinylating reagents. In others, biotinylated lectins, hormones, antibodies, and other binders were employed to mediate between the target molecule and the avidin-probe conjugate or complex.

Why is Japan's household saving rate so high? A literature survey☆

Abstract: This article surveys the literature on household saving in Japan and reviews the evidence concerning the various factors that have been suggested as possible causes of Japan's high and rising household saving rate. Conceptual differences and deficiencies, the age structure of the population (especially the low proportion of the aged), the bonus system, and the rapid rate of income growth are found to be among the most important factors. Another finding is that Japan's household saving rate is likely to continue its recent decline as many of the factors that helped raise it in the past become less applicable. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , March 1990, 4 (1), pp. 49–92. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, 6-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567, Japan, and National Bureau of Economic Research.

A literature survey of fixture- design automation

Abstract: This paper gives a review of fixture-design research, most of it done in the 1980s. The major topics of the review are the fixturing prbwiples (supporting, locating and clamping), automated fixture design (configuration, assembh' and verification), and fixture hardware design (dedicated. modular and electric/ magnetic types).

A literature survey of fixturedesign automation

Abstract: This paper gives a review of fixture-design research, most of it done in the 1980s. The major topics of the review are the fixturing principles (supporting, locating and clamping), automated fixture design (configuration, assembly and verification), and fixture hardware design (dedicated, modular and electric/magnetic types).

Antipredator mechanisms in arthropods: a twenty year literature survey.

Abstract: Sixteen ecological and entomological journals were surveyed from 1969-1989 for articles concerning defensive mechanisms in arthropods. Predators and prey are listed taxonomically by family, and grouped according to the specific defensive mechanism employed by the prey. A dichotomous categorization scheme is proposed which primarily reflects the hypothesized energetic costs of various antipredator mechanisms. In total, 354 papers were examined involving 555 potential or real predator/prey interactions. It is concluded that certain defensive mechanisms are prevalent in particular taxonomic groups as indicated by the literature. Several predator/prey pairs occur together in interactions more frequently than would be expected by chance (up to 39 times in one case). Most pairs (71 percent) occur together ten or fewer times. Thirty-four pairs (nine percent) occurred only once. It is questionable whether this phenomenon is an accurate representation of the natural distribution of defensive mechanisms in arthropods because of the potential and real bias involved in the investigative process. Many studies assume but do not demonstrate the efficacy of the alleged defensive mechanism. Of 555 real or potential interactions, a defensive function was demonstrated 354 times (64 percent). No defensive function was demonstrated 201 times (36 percent). It is suggested that whenever possible, future investigations incorporate tests of the hypothesized defensive function against sympatric, and therefore ecologically relevant predators.

Transport Properties of Fluid Oxygen

Abstract: Supplementing the recently completed IUPAC tables for the thermodynamic properties of oxygen, this paper presents a data evaluation of the transport properties, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. From a comprehensive literature survey the available data have been complied, and their quality was assessed. Selected measurements were correlated to generate skeleton tables of the most reliable data along the vapor‐liquid coexistence curve and for the fluid region at pressures from 0.1 to 100 MPa and at temperatures from 70 to 1400 K. The set of correlations which was developed includes residual concept formulations as well as transport equations of state. These allow the direct calculation of viscosities and thermal conductivities from pressure and temperature as input variables. The simplified crossover model was employed to represent the enhancement of the thermal conductivity in the critical region.

Afferent connections of the nucleus centralis amygdalae. A horseradish peroxidase study and literature survey.

Abstract: The central nucleus of the amygdala has been shown to be involved in cardiovascular regulation and the integration of arousal. In this study, the afferent input was investigated in cat by microinjecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the central nucleus and examining retrogradely-labelled cells in the brain. Retrograde labelling was found in the cortex next to the sulcus ectosylvius anterior, fissura lateralis Sylvii, sulcus rhinicus anterior and posterior, sulcus suprasylvius, and pyriform and entorhinal cortices as well as in the insula and claustrum. Each of the sub-nuclei of the amygdaloid complex exhibited retrogradely-labelled perikarya. Labelled cells were also found in the diagonal band of Broca, nucl. lateralis septi, and nucl. proprius striae terminalis (bed nucl. of stria terminalis). In the hypothalamus the area preoptica medialis and lateralis, nucl. dorsomedialis, paraventricularis, periventricularis, arcuatus and mammilaris medialis were labelled. The nucl. subthalamicus, zona incerta, peripeduncular system, substantia nigra, and nucl. interpeduncularis contained HRP-marked cells. In the thalamus labelled cells were observed in the nucl. reuniens, nucl. centroposterior lateralis, nucl. latero-posterior, nucl. posterior, nucl. centro-anterior, antero-dorsalis, antero-medialis, antero-lateralis, centrum mdianum, nucl. reticularis, nucl. rhomboideus, nucl. parafascicularis and subfascicularis. The area tegmentalis Tsai and the corpora geniculata also contained labelled cells. In the brain stem, HRP-marked cells could be detected in the brachium colliculi inferioris, aqueductal grey matter, locus coeruleus, nucl. parabrachialis, in various nuclei of the formatio reticularis, in the nucl. retrofascialis, nucl. solitarius, nucl. commissuralis, nucl. ambiguus and nucl. dorsalis n. vagi. The results were compared to other neuroanatomical studies and to functional studies of the amygdala.

Acute renal failure due to ciprofloxacin.

Abstract: • Acute renal failure developed in three patients within a few days of starting ciprofloxacin hydrochloride therapy. An allergic interstitial nephritis was suggested by fever and eosinophiluria in one patient and by erythema multiforme in another. A kidney biopsy specimen confirmed this diagnosis in one patient. Renal function Improved shortly after withdrawal of the drug in all three patients. Literature survey revealed an additional three patients with a similar complication. Allergic manifestations, such as fever or rash, were a feature in most reported cases. In view of this potential complication, renal function should be closely monitored in patients receiving ciprofloxacin therapy, especially if other potentially nephrotoxic drugs are prescribed concomitantly. ( Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:2187-2189)

Exercise and sport in mental health: a review of the literature.

Abstract: A literature survey was conducted of the most prominent psychological effects and therapeutic applications of physical activity in mental health. This paper primarily reviews the literature comparing therapeutic exercise and sport with more traditional therapies and activities. Commentary on research methods is also presented.

The effects of recycling on paper quality

Abstract: In this literature survey, the effect of recycling on the properties of fibres and on the paper made from those fibres, is discussed. Lost papermaking potential in a recycled pulp can be recovered to some extent by refining, by chemical additives, by furnish blending, and by separate treatment and recombination of pulp fractions. Each of these possibilites is reviewed. Overall, it is shown that our knowledge of the causes of recycling effects is still incomplete.

Neuropsychological Effect of Lead in Occupationally Exposed Workers: A Critical Review

Abstract: In their discussion of field testing of health effects of environmental and industrial toxins, Gullion and Eckerman make the following observations which can be applied to the current literature survey: "The general inattention to methodological consistency makes it difficult to integrate the research to date into a clear picture of what is known and not known about the effects of toxic substances on human behavior. In view of the variation in methods of subject selection, measurement, and statistical analysis, the completion of a series of studies of a particular toxic substance does not assure that there has been a concurrent accumulation of reliable knowledge about the effects of that substance. Apparent replications or failures to replicate a significant relationship must be evaluated carefully, since different studies may have measured different things in different populations." Therefore, the issue of psychological and neuropsychological effects of low-level lead exposure in adults remains to be resolved in the studies reviewed. The methodologies were so varied and the cultures in which the studies were conducted so diverse that it is impossible to generalize across findings. For example, studies were conducted in the U.S., Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Australia. Although, in some instances, equivalent versions of neuropsychological and psychological tests were used, this was generally not the case. Nevertheless, a few general statements can be made. Studies that have been carried out in recent years are beginning to pay attention to more methodology and therefore do a much better job of controlling for possible confounding variables. Also, their statistical methods are more sophisticated and reporting techniques are superior to the earlier investigations in this area. The issue of whether current blood lead levels or cumulative levels are preferable is still unresolved with regard to the relationship of neuropsychological impairment. In the area of psychosocial functioning, there appears to be at least some evidence to support the observation that increased irritability and fatigue may lead to the interpersonal problems noted in various studies. However, this observation may be related to other factors which have not been controlled for, such as the workers' attitudes toward their job, level of motivation, and overall level of mental health. With regard to neuropsychological functions, there is some suggestive preliminary evidence for subtle changes in the ability to process information quickly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The English Emblem: Bibliography of Secondary Literature

Abstract: The emblem is important as a tradition and as a mode of communication. This book is part of a series of illustrated bibliographic catalogues which documents printed books of the emblem tradition. Emblem books in the strictest sense as well as emblematically illustrated works are included, accompanied by theoretical discussions, which provide many examples of actual impresa. The series is supplemented by bibliographies of the secondary literature. The emblem and impresa were an integral part of English culture in the 16th and 17th century - not restricted to products of the printing press, but also the visual arts, education and social entertainment. This bibliography surveys and describes specialized bibliographies, library collections and articles on the emblem in all its manifestations. Following the literature survey is an alphabetical listing of English emblem authors which identifies the original emblematic work and any existing microforms, modern editions and reprints; critical reviews conclude each entry. Finally, brief information is provided on the emblem books themselves in "A Chronological List of First Editions of English Emblematic Works Published up to 1990".

The use of vegetation for traffic noise screening

Abstract: Noise barriers such as walls, fences or earth mounds are often used to reduce traffic noise pollution. An alternative, which is likely to be environmentally and aesthetically more pleasing, is a belt of vegetation. This report describes a literature survey to investigate the effectiveness of vegetation in reducing traffic noise annoyance, and a field study which measured traffic noise attenuation through five vegetation types up to a depth of 30 m. Both the literature and the field study found that foliage is important in reducing high frequencies (above 2000 Hz), while low frequencies (250 to 500 Hz) are attenuated by the absorbing qualities of the ground - qualities which may be enhanced by the plant root system and leaf litter. The maximum attenuation in the field study was measured through 30 m of dense spruce plantation. This gave a noise reduction 6 dB(A)L10 greater than the same depth of grassland. However, the effectiveness of the vegetation was greatest close to the road, and 10 m of vegetation gave a noise reduction 5 dB(A)L10 greater than grass, or 8 dB(A)L10 greater than the theoretical attenuation over a hard reflecting surface. Narrow belts of vegetation may therefore be worth considering for noise reduction purposes. (A)

Technological applications of solid state ionics

Abstract: Solid state ionics materials have been extensively developed during the last 10 years and theory and applications of solid electrolytes as well as insertion compounds have begun to converge into a coherent field. The solid state ionics technology is the result of progress in two categories of materials: superionic conductors and insertion compounds. A considerable effort has been undertaken these last few years to increase knowledge of these materials, and the most recent advances in this field are discussed with the related devices. This development has found applications in the domain of electrochemical devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, sensors and electrochemical measuring systems. This literature survey deals with applications of solid state ionics, including different groups of materials. The performance of these devices is discussed and foreseeable applications with the pertinent properties of the constituting materials are described. An overview of thin film technologies and microbatteries is also given.

The population dynamics of Chydoridae and Macrothricidae (Cladocera: Crustacea) from the River Thames, U.K.

Abstract: SUMMARY. 1 A study was made of the population dynamics of benthic cladocerans in the River Thames, U.K. These included three species of Chydoridae (Alona affinis Leydig, Disparalona rostrata (Koch 1841) and Leydigia leydigi Schodler) and one species of Macrothricidae Iliocryptus sordidus (Lievan). 2 The pattern of chydorid abundance was similar to that found in many lakes: a midsummer peak followed by a sharp decrease in numbers and subsequent low abundance. This was caused by a temporary decrease in natality, possibly due to food limitation, and a more permanent increase in mortality, thought to be due to predation. 3 Iliocryptus sordidus differed considerably from the chydorids, the major population peak occurring in the autumn. The lifestyle and adult size of Iliocryptus sordidus (Lievan) must render adults less vulnerable to invertebrate and fish fry predation. 4 A literature survey showed that the assemblage of species found in the unvegetated littoral of lakes and rivers included a taxocene of cladocerans.

Developments in Gold Leaching: A Literature Survey

Abstract: The gold industry has seen intense activity in the areas of exploration and metallurgy'in recent years. Many developments have taken piace through which ore bodies that were once considered uneconomical to exploit are becoming economical grade. Even the traditional cyanidation process has been modified during the course of time to make it more economical and efficient. Developments such as heap leaching, in-situ leaching, carbon-in-pulp (CIP), carbon-in-leach (CIL) resin-in-pulp (RIP), and pretreatment of refractory ores have already made an impact on gold industries. Research and development work is also being carried out on less toxic, more efficient lixiviants which may eventually replace the toxic cyanide, solving the disposal problem currently facing the industry. This paper aims at summarizing the developments in the extraction of gold using conventional, as well as unconventional, lixiviants. Some developments in the area of gold recovery from pregnant solutions have also been briefly discussed.

Sludge dewatering and drying in reed beds: an interesting solution? general investigation and first trials in france

Abstract: It is not easy to find a solution which allows good management of sludge at reasonable costs for small wastewater treatment plants using the activated sludge process in extended aeration, which are common in France. Normal sludge drying beds are very expensive in terms of operational costs, their use is more and more being abandoned in favour of direct agricultural use of the liquid sludge. However, this solution, although satisfactory, cannot be chosen in all cases and often requires the construction of large storage tanks at high costs. A literature survey had shown that planting reeds on drying beds with sufficiently high free boards could be an interesting solution which combines both low investment and operational costs. A trial has been started in summer 1989 in France, using three experimental beds of 20 m2 each. Two beds are designed in the traditional way, one of them is planted and the other one is an unplanted control bed. The third bed is also planted, but Bioterra blocks are used for drainage and aeration from below. In six months the planted beds have received about 15 kg of dry matter m–2 and the control bed has received 6.5 kg of dry matter m–2 during the three and a half winter months.

Pre‐Filtration of Very Highly Turbid Waters Using Pebble Matrix Filtration

Abstract: As A SOLUTION to very high turbidity problems associated with slow sand filters, a new pretreatment method has been developed at University College, London. Initial experiments with a model using a bed of fine sand (effective diameter d. = 0.32 mm) demonstrated that maximum loadings on slow sand filters should not exceed 25 mg/1 at a filtration velocity of 0.2 m/h for satisfactory run times (approximately 5 weeks). However, a literature survey revealed that many tropical rivers may carry several hundred (or even a few thousand) milligrammes per litre of suspended solids during monssoon periods. A need for pretreatment methods is therefore obvious. A novel process, called pebble matrix filtration, can protect slow sand filters by reducing the suspended-solids concentration of monsoon river waters (containing up to 5000 mg/1) to below 25 mg/1. The paper briefly describes the principles lying behind the treatment process of pebble matrix filtration, and suitable operational parameters are given at flow rates of 0.72–1.56 m/h for tested suspended-solids concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/1 kaolin clay in London tap water, with achieved run times of up to 116 h to head losses not exceeding 1.5 m. Filter cleaning is described by a method called ‘drainage and backwash’.

Investigation of three patients with the "ring syndrome", including familial transmission of ring 5, and estimation of reproductive risks

Abstract: We report three cases of ring chromosome 5 [r(5)], two familial (mother and daughter) and one sporadic. The phenotype resembled that of the “ring syndrome” with prenatal onset of short stature, growth retardation, mild facial dysmorphism and normal psychomotor development. Extended metaphase and prometaphase chromosome preparations using G-, R- and Q-banding and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) failed to demonstrate deletion in the ring 5. Flow karyotype using the FACS cell sorter and peak area analysis showed the r(5) to be in the same position as the normal chromosome 5. The deletion that is presumably associated with ring formation appears to involve less that one megabase of DNA. In the “complex” rings, high resolution SEM showed fragile sites at the 5q34 and 5q35 region with frequent deletions at that site. A literature survey suggests that when a parent carries a ring chromosome about 80% of recognised pregnancies result in live birth. Of these, about half have a normal phenotype and karyotype, and half inherit the parental ring; about half of those acquiring the ring (20%) show significant mental retardation.

Closure development for high-level nuclear waste containers for the tuff repository; Phase 1, Final report

Abstract: This report summarizes Phase 1 activities for closure development of the high-level nuclear waste package task for the tuff repository. Work was conducted under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Contract 9172105, administered through the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), as part of the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP), funded through the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM). The goal of this phase was to select five closure processes for further evaluation in later phases of the program. A decision tree methodology was utilized to perform an objective evaluation of 15 potential closure processes. Information was gathered via a literature survey, industrial contacts, and discussions with project team members, other experts in the field, and the LLNL waste package task staff. The five processes selected were friction welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and plasma arc welding. These are felt to represent the best combination of weldment material properties and process performance in a remote, radioactive environment. Conceptual designs have been generated for these processes to illustrate how they would be implemented in practice. Homopolar resistance welding was included in the Phase 1 analysis, and developments in this process will be monitored via literature in Phases 2 and 3. Work was conducted in accordance with the YMP Quality Assurance Program. 223 refs., 20 figs., 9 tabs.

Structure and the aging process of dry archaeological wood

Abstract: A literature survey is provided then the results of recent studies on the effect of ageing on the structure of dry archaeological wood. Various insects cause major structural breakdown in dry wood, but enclosure of wood or the presence of toxic extractives in wood appear to have protected many artifacts from attack by insects. Under dry conditions, the effect of age on wood structure appear to be minimal up to an age of 4400 years. Structural changes are observed only at the ultrasctructural level when using trasmission electron microscopy. Delaminations in the middle lamella region or in the secondary cell walls are the most commonly reported phenomena. Fissures and loosening of fibres have also been observed.

Stippled epiphyses in fetal alcohol syndrome

Abstract: We report on punctate epiphyseal calcifications (stippled epiphyses) in the fetal alcohol syndrome and present the differential diagnosis of chondrodysplasia punctata. A literature survey shows that epiphyseal calcifications accompanying alcoholic embryopathy are regularly located in the lower limbs and rarely found in the upper extremities.

The numerical simulation of nonlinear gravity waves

Abstract: In this paper some numerical results are presented on the simulation of nonlinear gravity waves in three dimensions travelling over the free surface of an inviscid, incompressible fluid. The fully nonlinear, time-dependent dynamic and kinematic conditions are used at the free surface to describe the wave motion. The numerical model uses a boundary integral equation method for discretization in space, and an ODE-solver (4th order Runge-Kutta) for the development in time. A literature survey of numerical solution procedures is presented, followed by a systematic description of the numerical procedure. Some theoretical results for linearized systems are given as well as test results of a nonlinear problem. The scheme is shown to be stable and accurate, and interesting cross-wave phenomena are found in the nonlinear problem.