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Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 1991"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, evolutionary games are introduced as models for repeated anonymous strategic interaction: actions (or behaviors) which are more "fit" given the current distribution of behaviors, tend over time to displace less fit behaviors.
Abstract: Evolutionary games are introduced as models for repeated anonymous strategic interaction: actions (or behaviors) which are more "fit," given the current distribution of behaviors, tend over time to displace less fit behaviors. Cone fields characterize the continuous-time processes compatible with a given fitness (or payoff) function. For large classes of dynamics, it is shown that all stable steady states are Nash equilibria and that all Nash equilibria are steady states. The biologists' evolutionarily stable strategy condition is shown to be less closely related to the dynamic equilibria. Economic examples and a literature survey are also provided. Copyright 1991 by The Econometric Society.

1,244 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
07 Feb 1991-Copeia
TL;DR: New data on the genders of young turtles from eggs incubated at controlled temperatures demonstrate temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in 17 species surveyed for the first time and corroborate TSD in another 11 species, inviting four possible explanations for various aspects of sex determination in reptiles.
Abstract: New data on the genders of young turtles from eggs incubated at controlled temperatures demonstrate temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in 17 species surveyed for the first time and corroborate TSD in another 11 species. The well-known pattern of males from cool temperatures and females from warm ones (=Pattern Ia) occurs in eight species and may occur in seven more. A pattern of cool females, intermediate males, and warm females (=Pattern II) occurs in ten species. Data on three species surveyed for the first time are compatible with genetic sex determination (GSD). Within Clemmys, C. guttata has TSD; C. insculpta, GSD. Comparisons among phylogenetic sister groups suggest at least four independent losses of TSD in turtles. Large variation in extent of sexual differentiation at hatching among TSD species vs GSD species obscures any evidence that either system provides earlier or more complete differentiation. Pattern Ia occurs mainly in species in which adult females average larger than adult males; Pattern II occurs mainly in species with females smaller than males or in which body size is not dimorphic. Among TSD reptiles generally, the smaller gender typically arises at the coolest incubation temperatures. The new data, together with a literature survey, invite four possible explanations for various aspects of sex determination in reptiles: phylogenetic inertia, temperature-dependent differential fitness, sib-avoidance, and group-structured adaptation in sex ratios. Key demographic features from the literature include a high incidence of unisexuality within clutches and a predominance of female biases in sex ratios of hatchlings but not in those of adults. Each of these explanations remains partly but not fully plausible. Explanations for the patterns of sex determination may ultimately require a combination of hypotheses.

339 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the femoral-tibial bearing surfaces are modeled with a wide variety of kinematic conditions, including various degrees of rolling and sliding, and a test machine is constructed to reproduce these conditions, applied to spherical-ended metal 'femoral' components acting on a flat polyethylene 'tibular' plateau.
Abstract: From a literature survey, it was evident that a wide variety of kinematic conditions occur at the femoral-tibial bearing surfaces, including various degrees of rolling and sliding. A test machine was constructed to reproduce these conditions, applied to spherical-ended metal 'femoral' components acting on a flat polyethylene 'tibial' plateau. The load was cyclic at 2.2 kN for 10 million cycles with distilled water lubricant. For cyclic load only, a shiny depression was formed. With oscillating and sliding superimposed, there was severe surface and subsurface cracking resulting in high wear. When rolling motion was applied, a shiny wear track was formed with minimal cracking and wear. Such surface phenomena were observed in retrieved knee specimens, probably reflecting the kinematics associated with the knee. Low-conformity components inserted with high ligamentous laxity are susceptible to anteroposterior sliding and hence high wear. More-conforming components are less susceptible to wear because they limit sliding as well as reduce contact stresses.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Nd and Hf-isotope data for oceanic volcanics and island arc basalts are presented in order to further examine the correlation between the two isotopic systems, determine 176Hf/177Hf of the mantle components as described by Zindler and Hart (1986) [1], and assess the origin of HFSE depletions in calc-alkaline volcanics.

227 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer assisted search was conducted to update and consolidate available information relevant to the atmospheric chemistry of Hg, a computer-assisted search was undertaken of the primary scientific literature published during the last ten years.
Abstract: Mercury is released into the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources. Once in the air, Hg species will be dispersed, chemically and physically transformed, and transported over varying distances (regional, continental and global scales) while concurrently being subjected to removal processes. Modeling of the aerial transport and deposition of Hg to receptor sites offers an attractive approach for integrating existing experimental data and represents an important tool for advancing our understanding of environmental Hg pollution. Comprehensive modeling efforts of the atmospheric pathways and fate of this heavy metal require knowledge of its atmospheric chemistry. To update and consolidate available information relevant to the atmospheric chemistry of Hg, a computer-assisted search was undertaken of the primary scientific literature published during the last ten years. Selected results from this literature survey are presented in this paper.

198 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of developments in the assessment of quality of life (QOL) in clinical trials over the last decade from the viewpoint of clinical biostatistics is intended, with critical conclusions outlined and suggestions for further research given.
Abstract: This paper is intended as an overview of developments in the assessment of quality of life (QOL) in clinical trials over the last decade from the viewpoint of clinical biostatistics. In the first part we deal with aspects of obtaining adequate measurements of quality of life. A literature survey shows that a large number of quite heterogeneous measurement approaches for use in clinical trials exist, a substantial percentage of which cannot be regarded as sufficient for their actual measuring purpose. In the second part we review statistical methods applied to and adapted for the analysis of QOL data. Underlying the analysis should be the assumption of QOL as a stochastic process. Applied analysis procedures are again investigated in a literature survey. Finally, critical conclusions are outlined and suggestions for further research are given.

155 citations


Book
31 Aug 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the properties of powders and their properties, including their properties in terms of particle size distribution, elasticity, mass balance, and coordination number.
Abstract: 1 General Introduction.- 1.1 Powders: what are they?.- 1.2 Powder behavior.- 1.3 Powders in industry.- 1.4 Powder operations.- 1.5 Origin and production of powders.- 1.6 About this book.- 2 Particle and Powder Characteristics.- 2.1 Characterization of single particles.- 2.2 Particle size distribution.- 2.3 The powder packing.- 2.4 The coordination number.- 3 Mechanics of Powders at Rest.- 3.1 The stress tensor.- 3.2 Two-dimensional system.- 3.3 Stress analysis of three-dimensional systems.- 3.4 The yield locus.- 3.5 The angle of repose.- 3.6 The free arch.- 3.7 Incipient fluidization.- 4 Theoretical Derivation of Interparticle Forces.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Hamaker theory.- 4.3 Effect of particle deformation.- 4.4 Effect of gas adsorption.- 4.5 Practical implications.- 4.5.1 Powder cohesion.- 4.5.2 Powder elasticity.- 5 Two-phase Systems. The Equations of Motion.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Averaging of variables.- 5.3 The mass balances.- 5.4 The momentum balances.- 5.4.1 Momentum balance of the solid phase.- 5.4.2 Momentum balance of the continuous phase.- 5.5 Constitutive equations.- 5.5.1 Re ?c, Rc and Rd.- 5.5.2 Re Fs.- 5.5.3 Re ?.- 5.6 The buoyancy.- 6 Stability and Perturbations.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Continuity waves.- 6.3 The continuity shock wave.- 6.4 Stability of a homogeneous gas-fluidized bed.- 6.5 Other theories.- 6.6 Channelling.- 7 Experiments with Homogeneous Fluidization.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Description of apparatus.- 7.3 Experimental procedure.- 7.4 Experimental results.- 7.5 The effect of gravity.- 7.5.1 Description of experiments.- 7.6 Discussion and conclusion.- 8 A Model of Expanded Powders.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The relation between elasticity and porosity.- 8.3 The coordination number.- 8.4 The relation between cohesion and elasticity.- 9 Rheology of Fluidized Powders.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Literature survey.- 9.3 Description of the apparatus.- 9.4 Measurements.- 9.5 Conditions for stable powder flow.- 9.6 Evaluation of the measurements.- 9.7 Correlation of the wall velocity.- 9.8 Conclusions.- 10 Fluidization in Practice.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The freely bubbling bed.- 10.2.1 The collapse experiment.- 10.2.2 The bubble frequency.- 10.3 Single bubbles.- 10.3.1 The rising velocity of a bubble.- 10.3.2 Gas exchange with the dense phase.- 10.4 The bubble-cloud mechanism.- 10.5 General proof of cloud mechanism.- 10.6 Correlation with interparticle forces.- 10.7 Overall circulation.- 10.7.1 The momentum equations.- 10.7.2 Derivation of the circulation pattern.- 10.7.3 Discussion.- 11 Handling of Powders.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.1.1 Experiments in a sand-glass.- 11.1.2 Experiments in a two-dimensional rotating Drum.- 11.1.3 Criterion for fluid dynamic gas-solid interaction.- 11.1.4 Conclusions.- 11.2 Milling experiments.- 11.2.1 The milling model.- 11.2.2 Milling results.- 11.2.3 Visual observation.- 11.2.4 Scaling-up.- 11.3 Mixing and segregation.- 11.3.1 Experiments.

150 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fathead minnow was the most resistant species in practically all the available comparisons and no dependence of the selective toxicity on the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the chemicals could be observed.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most important autopsy findings in this case were severe pseudomembranous inflammation of the trachea and the bronchial tubes, and chemical proof of the poison (mustard gas) was established.
Abstract: In 1984 and 1985, a total of eleven Iranian patients were transferred to hospitals in Munich, Germany, after a reported gas attack in the Iran-Iraq war. The initial symptoms and pretreatment in Teheran, Iran, as well as the admittance examination data, the clinical courses of the patients, and the clinical laboratory data in Germany, are reported. The main injuries were to the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory tract. One patient stopped breathing suddenly on the third day of treatment (eight days after the exposure). A large piece of mucous membrane blocking a bronchus was removed during an immediate bronchoscopy, but attempts at resuscitation failed. The most important autopsy findings in this case were severe pseudomembranous inflammation of the trachea and the bronchial tubes. The histological findings are reported. Chemical proof of the poison (mustard gas) was established. A review of the history of chemical warfare, the physical and chemical properties of mustard gas, and a literature survey of clinical findings (including, especially, experiences from World Wars I and II) contribute to the understanding of the actual cases.

92 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the lifting mechanisms of coflow jet diffusion flames have been studied based on the three-component laser-Doppler velocimetry measurement with conditional seeding under near-limit conditions.
Abstract: The lifting mechanisms of methane/air coflow jet diffusion flames have been studied based on the three-component laser-Doppler velocimetry measurement with conditional seeding under near-limit conditions. Three distinct types of flame lifting behaviors were observed, i.e., (1) the lifting according to the flame-base stability mechanism previously proposed, (2) the lifting following the local extinction of the flame zone near the break-point, occasionally associated with metastable split flames, and (3) the lifting following the longitudinal oscillatory movement of the flame base. The first type was observed for a fuel tube lip thickness less than the minimum quenching distance of the methane/air mixture; the latter two types for a greater lip thickness. The conditional LDV measurement has revealed that the local extinction occurs as a result of the interaction between shear-generated large-scale vortices and the flame zone, which is formed in the intermittent boundary region of the turbulent jet fluid and the engulfed external fluid. The abrupt changes in the flow pattern in the recirculation zone in the fuel-tube wake, when approaching to the lifting limit, suggest that the unstable flame-base movement is presumably due to the lean-limit extinction of the reactions in the flame-holding zone. Four major lifting criteria are proposed based on the present observations and a literature survey, and a critical assessment is made to clarify the effects of burner configurations and fuel types.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A rare case of splenic epidermoid cyst (SEC) of the pancreas discovered in a 32‐year‐old Japanese female is reported and discussed in comparison with other types of epidermist cyst including lymphoepithelial cyst and dermoid Cyst in the Pancreas.
Abstract: A rare case of splenic epidermoid cyst (SEC) of the pancreas discovered in a 32-year-old Japanese female is reported. The lesion, 5 x 6 cm in size including caseous material and serous fluid in the lumen, was discovered by ultrasonography and computed tomography at the tail of the pancreas and was easily removed. Histopathologically, the cystic wall consisted of three components: the inside was lined by mature squamous epithelium with keratinization, the middle layer consisted of splenic pulp with a sinus structure, and the peripheral layer was dense fibrous connective tissue in which some involutional pancreatic ducts and islets were recognized. The literature about SEC of the pancreas is discussed in comparison with other types of epidermoid cyst including lymphoepithelial cyst and dermoid cyst in the pancreas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The modelling concludes that the advantage to be gained from feeding on early host stages and ovipositing in late ones is likely to be associated with: 1) reduced handling times when feeding onEarly stage hosts; 2) reduced wastage of progeny from mortality factors other than host-feeding by the parent parasitoid, achieved by confining oviposition to late host stages.
Abstract: Until now, mathematical models of parasitoid-host interactions have not incorporated the tendency for destructively host-feeding parasitoids to partition their feeding and oviposition behaviour in relation to different host stages. A literature survey reveals a trend for female parasitoids to feed preferentially or exclusively on earlier host stages and to oviposit preferentially or exclusively in/or later ones. We explore the relative advantages to host-feeding parasitoids of a number of possible host stage selection strategies. We develop hypotheses, formalizing and testing them using modifications to our earlier simulation model of host-feeding strategies (Jervis and Kidd, 1986). We conclude from our modelling that the advantage to be gained from feeding on early host stages and ovipositing in late ones is likely to be associated with: 1) reduced handling times when feeding on early stage hosts; 2) reduced wastage of progeny from mortality factors other than host-feeding by the parent parasitoid, achieved by confining oviposition to late host stages; and 3) reduced probability of progeny mortality resulting from the parent's host-feeding activities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of a literature survey of the characteristics of high-speed protocols, new protocol architectures, and implementation techniques for these protocols are presented and specific design techniques suggested are discussed, covering connection management data transfer, buffer management, and functionality.
Abstract: The results of a literature survey of the characteristics of high-speed protocols, new protocol architectures, and implementation techniques for these protocols are presented. A general description of transport protocol services is followed by a small sample of gigabit applications that might utilize a high-speed network. The applications considered are distributed processing, full-motion video, video-on-demand, and computer imaging. The problems with current transport protocols and protocol architectures are examined. General concepts for high-speed protocols and protocol architectures are presented. Specific design techniques suggested for high-speed protocols and the potential impacts of each are discussed, covering connection management data transfer, buffer management, and functionality. >

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thirty-eight plants are listed, which are used by traditional healers in the central and southern parts of Somalia, and the botanical name with synonyms, collection number, vernacular name, medicinal use, preparation of remedy and dosage are listed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is clarified that actinic damage does not accelerate the malignant transformation of porokeratosis skin lesions while ionizing radiation probably does and the clinical characteristics of malignant-skintumor-associated porokersatosis may provide useful information to help the understanding of this cancer-prone genodermatosis.
Abstract: A survey of the past 20 years of Japanese literature revealed 198 porokeratosis patients, 23 of whom developed squamous cell carcinomas, Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ), and/or basal cell carcinomas on the porokeratosis skin lesions (11.6%). Malignant transformation was not found in the 55 patients of actinic-type porokeratosis. Fifty-six malignant-skin-tumor-associated porokeratosis patients, including the above 23 and those reported in other literature, were further analyzed. Thirty-nine percent of the patients developed multiple tumors. Malignant transformation often occurred after skin lesions were treated with ionizing radiation therapy. Large or coalescing skin lesions were frequently a source of malignancy development. The average age of patients when malignant skin tumors developed was 60 years; the average latency period was 36.7 years. Linear-type porokeratosis, where porokeratosis skin lesions develop at an early age, had a much longer latency period of 48.9 years, while the localized type, which develops skin lesions later and has a higher malignant transformation rate, had a shorter latency period of 22.2 years. Our results have confirmed the cancer-prone nature of porokeratosis and clarified that actinic damage does not accelerate the malignant transformation of porokeratosis skin lesions while ionizing radiation probably does. The clinical characteristics of malignant-skintumor-associated porokeratosis may provide us with useful information to help our understanding of this cancer-prone genodermatosis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recommendations are for more lateral insertions of percutaneously placed catheters and if the pinched‐off sign is seen, then said catheter should be followed radiologically and probably should not remain in situ for longer than 6 months.
Abstract: Percutaneously inserted indwelling subclavian vein silastic catheters have revolutionized the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Complications associated with insertion of such lines have always included bleeding, pneumothorax, haemothorax, arterial cannulation, and catheter displacement. Recently a patient receiving 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid for 11 months for small bowel carcinoma experienced a catheter fracture with distal segment embolization in the right atrium. A literature survey revealed 13 cases where mechanical shearing forces on the catheter caused by compression of the catheter between the clavicle and first rib were thought to be the cause for this complication. Interestingly all cases involved patients receiving chemotherapy. Radiologically, potential candidates for catheter fracture can be identified by the pinched-off sign with bending and pinching of the catheter at the thoracic inlet. Recommendations are for more lateral insertions of such percutaneously placed catheters and if the pinched-off sign is seen, then said catheters should be followed radiologically and probably should not remain in situ for longer than 6 months.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of sheet-forming methods and mechanisms for continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics is presented, where a constitutive model for the highly anisotropic behavior of the composite at forming temperature is examined.
Abstract: A literature survey is presented on sheet-forming methods and mechanisms for continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics. The diaphragm forming process is shown to be one of the more promising fabrication routes for complex-curvature structures. The primary deformation mechanisms involved in the sheet-forming processes are identified and discussed. Earlier approaches to develop mathematical models either have been kinematically based or have treated only one of the primary deformation mechanisms. A promising constitutive model for the highly anisotropic behavior of the composite at forming temperature is examined. The composite sheet is assumed to behave as a transversely isotropic Newtonian fluid that is both incompressible and inextensible in the fiber direction. The second section of the paper treats the experimental development of the polymeric diaphragm forming process for thermoplastic composites. The viscoelastic properties of the diaphragm material are characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis. The rate sensitivity of the phenomenon of shear-buckling during forming of certain cross-ply and quasi-isotropic composite laminates is investigated, using a shallow female mold. Finally, the interface condition between the diaphragm and the composite during forming is examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectra of 33 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured and a PAH gas-phase infrared spectral library was created to include these 33 PAHs for the identification and isomeric differentiation of PAH-containing environmental samples.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the hydrogen-induced amorphization behavior in RM2 (R=rare earth, M = Ni, Fe, Co) Laves phases is classified into two groups according to whether a crystalline hydride phase appears during the transition to an amorphous state or not.
Abstract: From a literature survey, the hydrogen-induced amorphization behaviour in RM2 (R=rare earth, M = Ni, Fe, Co) Laves phases is classified into two groups according to whether a crystalline hydride phase appears during the transition to an amorphous state or not. The major factor that determines the presence or non-presence of the crystalline metal hydrides is related to the stability of the compound, which can be estimated by the heat of formation (δHf) or the decomposition temperature of the compound itself. The crystalline metal hydrides are found only in the compounds with high stability. It is proposed that the mechanism for the two types of amorphization is related to the degree of lattice expansion with hydrogen absorption, which is a function of the elastic modulus of the compounds. To explain the dependence of the elastic modulus of the compound on the two types of amorphization behaviour, the concept of a nucleation barrier for amorphization is adopted. Compounds with a large lattice expan...

13 May 1991
TL;DR: A literature survey was conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to collect details on traditional African natural resource management, to investigate the survival of traditional techniques and to evaluate their potential for the development process as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In adapting to a harsh and variable physical environment, the African pastoralist has developed principles and strategies for managing natural resources. Recently the pastoralist has had to face new external pressures, such as crop expansion into high quality rangelands, nationalisation of land by governments, population increase, forceful sedentarisation, and indiscriminate water development. These problems have been compounded by a relentless series of droughts. These external pressures have contributed to pasture shortages, land degradation, and socio-economic disintegration. Although many pastoralists are changing their ways (for example diversifying into crop cultivation, sending relatives off for urban wages, or engaging in commerce and trade) many continue to manage their livestock in the old way. But in many areas their traditional system of management is no longer able to cope with the shortage of pasture and instead is adding to the problem of land degradation. In addition, traditional management knowledge is gradually being lost as more of the younger generation of pastoralists are attracted to urban areas. Yet the traditional system had developed an intimate knowledge of the environment and many successful techniques that could still be of use today. A literature survey was commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to collect details on traditional African natural resource management, to investigate the survival of traditional techniques and to evaluate their potential for the development process. The study collected information on: (i) pastoral knowledge of the physical environment (e.g. names of plants and soil types), (ii) daily natural resource management techniques (e.g. which type of tree or pasture to use, when and why), (iii) the social control and organization of daily management (e.g. communal grazing controls), and (iv) the socio-political structure of resource management (e.g. resource tenure issues). This article covers only daily range, water, and herd management techniques and the social control of daily management.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that there exists good correlation between survival of experimental animals and the rest AChE activity in the pontomedullar part of the brain, and the detoxication of sarin and soman was demonstrated.
Abstract: Literature survey dealing with cholinesterases and effects of highly toxic organophosphorus compounds suitable for use as chemical weapons is given in introductory part of this work. There are nerve paralytical agents (NPA)--sarin, soman, VX and a model compound O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methyl-phosphonothioate (EDMM). On the base of described scheme of intoxication with NPA, inhibition effect on cholinesterases, preferably on AChE as the most important factor involved in the mechanism of acute intoxication with NPA was studied. Intoxication of mice or rats with sarin and soman (2 x LD50) showed that time course of poisoning is faster than that for VX or EDMM. Inhibition of AChE in the blood was in good correlation with symptoms of intoxication and also with inhibition of AChE in the brain. The differences between inhibition effect of soman preferably uniform character of inhibition in the brain parts) and sarin (selective inhibition in the brain parts, with maximum in the frontal cortex and pontomedullar area) were observed. This selectivity was most marked for VX and EDMM intoxication (maximal inhibition in the part of the pontomedullar area containing reticular formation). The dose causing inhibition effect in the brain was assessed to be about 1% of the dose administered. The study of the effect of antidotal therapy (combination of atropine and reactivator) in vivo showed in mice and rats intoxicated with sarin non-uniform increase of AChE activity in the pontomedullar part depending on the dose and type of reactivator. The most marked effect was observed for methoxime. It was demonstrated that there exists good correlation between survival of experimental animals and the rest AChE activity in the pontomedullar part of the brain. AChE activity level critical for survival or death of the organism poisoned with NPA was assessed from these experiments; it was about 1-5% of normal values. By means of original method allowing continual monitoring of AChE activity in the blood, similar AChE reactivation was demonstrated, with highest effect for trimedoxime and methoxime. Using continual determination of the blood AChE activity following sarin, soman, VX and EDMM intoxication demonstrated that only a part of the dose administered caused inhibition effect in the blood; this part was determined to be practically 100% (i. v. administration); for other routes of administration this ratio was as follows: 50-80% (i. m.), 20-40% (i. p.), 6-16% (p. o.) and 1-5% (p. c.), respectively. Using this continual monitoring, the detoxication of sarin and soman was demonstrated. Detoxication of VX and EDMM was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clostridium butyricum LMG 1213t 1 was able to grow on d -xylose and l -arabinose in a minimal medium and it is proposed that this was caused by an additional ATP expenditure for the active transport of d - xylose across the cell membrane.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The literature on the application of the slurry technique to biological materials is reviewed in this article, where the most frequently employed atomization method for slurry analysis in biological materials was electrothermal atomization using either graphite tube or platform atomizers.
Abstract: The literature on the application of the slurry technique to biological materials is reviewed. It is obvious from the various applications that the most frequently employed atomization method for slurry analysis in biological materials is electrothermal atomization using either graphite tube or platform atomizers. The slurry technique is particularly useful when certified reference materials are not available and when the standard addition method is to be avoided. The literature survey revealed that this technique compares favourably with other methods for the determination of trace metals in biological materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The different measures of ejaculate quality in mammals have been improved simultaneously, apparently by a common selective force, and positive relations between ejaculate parameters are predicted.
Abstract: Different measures of ejaculate characteristics, such as ejaculate volume, proportion of normal sperm, proportion of motile sperm, and total number of sperm per ejaculate, are directly related to the probability of fertilization both when females copulate with a single male and particularly with multiple males. Selection will therefore favour the evolution of ejaculate characteristics which enhance the probability of fertilization, and I predict positive relations between ejaculate parameters. I used a literature survey of mammalian ejaculate parameters to test this prediction. The data set was corrected for similarity between taxa which resulted from common ancestry, and was reduced to statistically independent standardized linear contrasts. The number of sperm per ejaculate and ejaculate volume were positively related to body mass, but when the confounding effect of body mass was controlled for, all four ejaculate characteristics showed positive relations, and five out of six were statistically significant. This suggests that the different measures of ejaculate quality in mammals have been improved simultaneously, apparently by a common selective force.

MonographDOI
01 Sep 1991
TL;DR: This research presents a probabilistic analysis of the response of the Southern Ocean to high-resolutionresolutionresolution X-ray diffraction analysis to locate the signature of Resolution Tournaisian insulators, a type ofghostly substance found in the North Atlantic Ocean that is difficult to detect with the naked eye.
Abstract: Funding was provided by Grant No. N00014-91-C6007 from the Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory to the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that there is no scientific justification for a total or partial ban of PVC, and PVC will remain a fact of life as a cheap, versatile, high-performance and well-investigated plastic material for medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Abstract: In this report the state of the art with respect to PVC as pharmaceutical packaging material is described. A general introduction into the applications of PVC is followed by a description of its production process. The metabolic effects of the monomer of PVC, vinyl chloride and of the most commonly used plasticizer diethylhexylphthalate are mentioned. Special attention is given to the pharmaceutical properties of plasticized PVC bags in comparison to other plastics and the environmental aspects of waste PVC disposal. Although there are emotional and political queries regarding the future use of PVC as a (pharmaceutical) packaging material, we conclude that there is no scientific justification for a total or partial ban of PVC. PVC will remain a fact of life as a cheap, versatile, high-performance and well-investigated plastic material for medical and pharmaceutical applications, to be replaced by newer plastics only for certain well-defined indications where the requirements of the plastic to be used are so specific that it will economically and technically be justified to use another polymer. Community and hospital pharmacists have to be prepared for a role in intake of waste plastic disposables, probably against deposit money, in order to fulfil the logistics needed for recycling.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of stable ternary compounds is accessible via two routes: the reaction of Si with an intermetallic compound or reaction of a metal with a silicide.
Abstract: The reactions in both metal‐metal‐Si (M‐M‐Si) and metal‐boron‐Si (M‐Bi‐Si) are discussed in terms of compound formation, solid solubility, and thermodynamical equilibrium. In M‐M‐Si systems, the formation of stable ternary compounds is accessible via two routes: the reaction of Si with an intermetallic compound or the reaction of a metal with a silicide. From a literature survey, it is apparent that only a minority of systems contain ternary phases with high heats of formation, a condition necessary to avoid phase separation into binary phases. For alloys or bilayers interactions with Si, intermetallic compound formation is rare, probably because of the identity of the moving species and the energetically more favorable M‐Si bonding. Physical parameters affecting stability and solubility of silicides are the differences in metallic radii, electronegativity and number of valence electrons. For structures consisting of a thin silicide film on B‐doped Si, we show that part of the stability predictions based ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective is to summarize the published data obtained with a recently developed tester strain suitable for the detection of chromosomal malsegregation in yeast to make recommendations for standardization of methods and protocols for screening purposes.
Abstract: Our objective is to summarize the published data obtained with a recently developed tester strain suitable for the detection of chromosomal malsegregation in yeast. Results from 25 papers were reviewed in which numerical data for 111 chemicals tested in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D61.M are reported (a total of 316 independent tests; 279 acceptable, 37 not meeting our criteria). Of the 111 compounds analyzed 43 compounds are positive for chromosomal malsegregation, 56 compounds are negative and 12 compounds do not meet our criteria for acceptance (inconclusive). Of the 43 compounds judged positive 5 (acetone, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, ethylacetate and propionitrile) were only positive using a cold interruption protocol. Recommendations are made for standardization of methods and protocols for screening purposes. Finally, a comparison with in vitro tubulin assembly data using mammalian tubulin is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of 75 randomized trials published in 1986 in the Annals of Internal Medicine, American Journal of Medicine, and New England Journal of medicine was carried out by two observers using predetermined criteria about the importance of health status as an outcome measurement and the quality-of-health status measurement that was used as discussed by the authors.