Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 1996"

The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey

Abstract: The dielectric properties of tissues have been extracted from the literature of the past five decades and presented in a graphical format. The purpose is to assess the current state of knowledge, expose the gaps there are and provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of corresponding data from an on-going measurement programme.

Lot sizing and scheduling: Survey and extensions

Abstract: This contribution summarizes recent work in the field of lot sizing and scheduling. The objective is not to give a comprehensive literature survey, but to explain differences of formal models and to provide some first readings recommendations. Our focus is on capacitated, dynamic, and deterministic cases. To underscore the importance of the research efforts, current practice is described and its shortcomings are exposed. Mathematical programming models where the planning horizon is subdivided into several discrete periods are given for both, approaches that are well-established and approaches which may represent tomorrow's state of the art. Two research directions are discussed in more detail: Continuous time models and multi-level lot sizing and scheduling. The paper concludes with some advice for future research activities.

The possible impact of uveitis in blindness: a literature survey.

Abstract: The inflammatory process of the uvea is called uveitis and may cause sight threatening damage to the eye. The aetiological factor in about 30% of the cases of uveitis is unknown. If established clinical entities without known cause, such as Fuchs' uveitis, are included, no aetiological agent or association with systemic disease can be identified in about 50% of cases.' Uveitis may be induced by infection, autoimmune disease, trauma, or malignancy. It is recommended that the different forms of uveitis should be classified according to their anatomical localisationanterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis."3 The uvea plays an important role in the ocular immunological defence mechanisms. Immunologically speaking the eye has a deviant and privileged position because of the blood-retina barrier, absence of lymphatic drainage, and a special feature called the anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID). These special defence mechanisms contribute to the preservation of vision.4 If these defence mechanisms fail, intraocular inflammation

Cuticular water permeability and its physiological significance

Abstract: Cuticles act as solution-diffusion membranes for water transport. Diffusion in pores does not contribute to cuticular transpiration. An extensive literature survey of cuticular permeances (P) and minimum leaf conductances (g(min)) to water is presented. The two variables cannot be distinguished with most experimental techniques. Results from different experiments are in good agreement with each other for some species, for example, Fagus sylvatica L., but not for others, such as Picea abies (L.) Karst. In a data set of 313 values of P or g(min) from 200 species, distributions of results obtained with different techniques were found to differ significantly. Likely reasons include water loss from incompletely closed or incompletely sealed stomata, and the dependence of P on moisture content of the cuticle and on storage time of isolated cuticles. Contrasting evidence for an interaction between cuticular transpiration and stomatal sensitivity to air humidity is presented. The occurrence of unusually high g(min) in trees growing at the alpine treeline and its physiological significance are discussed. It is shown that g(min) is of little value as a predictor for drought resistance of crops, with the possible exception of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Possible water uptake from fog or dew across cuticles is considered briefly.

On expectations and the monetary stakes in ultimatum games

Abstract: In an ultimatum game, player 1 makes an offer of $X from a total of $M to player 2. If player 2 accepts the offer, then player 1 is paid $(M-X) and player 2 receives $X; if player 2 rejects the offer, each gets zero. In the ultimatum game experiments reported in the literature,M is typically not more than $10 (see Forsythe, Horowitz, Savin and Sefton, 1994, hereafter FHSS; Hoffman, McCabe, Shachat and Smith, 1994, hereafter HMSS, and the literature cited therein). We report new results for 50 bargaining pairs in whichM=$100, and compare them with previous outcomes from 48 pairs withM=$10. The need for an examination of the effect of increased stakes on ultimatum bargaining is suggested by a literature survey of the effect of varying the stakes in a wide variety of decision making and market experiments over the last 33 years (Smith and Walker, 1993b). Many cases were found in which the predictions of theory were improved when the monetary rewards were increased. There were also cases in which the level of monetary rewards had no effect on the results. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the stakes question on a case by case basis. The previously reported effect of instructional changes, which define different institutional contexts, on ultimatum game outcomes, and the effect of stakes reported here, suggest a game formulation that explains changes in the behavior of both players as a result of changes in the instructional treatments. We formulate such a model and indicate how it might be further tested.

Effect of age on MAC in humans: a meta-analysis.

Abstract: It is well known that MAC, the minimum alveolar concentration required to prevent movement in response to surgical incision in 50% of patients, decreases with age. Regression analysis showed that data for humans derived from a comprehensive literature survey were consistent, for age > 1 yr, with log10 MAC decreasing with increasing age at the same rate for all inhaled anaesthetics; approximately equivalent to 6% change per decade of age. With some slight reservation on differences between data from different institutions, the present data for humans are consistent (for age > 1 yr), with the equation MAC = a x 10bx where x = difference in age (in years) from 40, b = -0.00269 (95% confidence limits (CL) -0.0030, -0.0024) and a = MAC at age 40 yr, which, for anaesthetics currently in use clinically, is given by: halothane, 0.75%; isoflurane, 1.17%; enflurane, 1.63%; sevoflurane, 1.80%; desflurane 6.6%; nitrous oxide, 104%; with 95% CL of approximately +/- 7% (+/- 10% for desflurane, +/- 17% for enflurane).

Competitive ability: Definitions, contingency and correlated traits

Abstract: Although the relationship between individual plant traits and competitive success in communities is an essential component of comprehensive models of the role of competition in structuring plant communities, three obstacles have stymied efforts to empirically examine such relationships. First, definitions of competitive ability are often inconsistent among bodies of theory and between theoretical predictions and empirical research. Much of the theoretical literature is for populations and often at equilibrium, while experimental work has been largely on individuals and short term. This situation is likely to continue, except for a few model systems, and therefore it is critical that individual-level surrogates for population level phenomena be found. I suggest that competitive response of seedlings to established vegetation may be an effective surrogate for estimating competitive success of populations at equilibrium and that competitive response of individuals with more similar-sized neighbours may be an effective surrogate for competitive success of populations earlier in succession or in non-equilibrium systems. Second, competitive ability may be contingent on many factors, such that it may not be an identifiable characteristic of any particular taxon and thus no broadly applicable relationships between traits and competitive ability may exist. However, a literature survey shows that both competitive response and competitive effect are generally, but not always, consistent regardless of identity of competing species, making the search for relationships with traits reasonable, at least within environments. Among environments, both competitive effect and competitive response are consistent in only about half the studies, making it unreasonable to assume a priori that competitive hierarchies will be similar under different conditions. The third obstacle is logistical; competitive ability is necessarily measured experimentally, and preferably in the field, making it difficult to obtain sufficient sample sizes (numbers of taxa) for rigorous analysis of relationships with traits. I suggest several simplifying assumptions and experimental approaches that could enable much more efficient assaying of competitive abilities of many species.

Robot Evidence Grids.

Abstract: : The evidence grid representation was formulated at the CMU Mobile Robot Laboratory in 1983 to turn wide angle range measurements from cheap robot-mounted sonar sensors into detailed spatial maps. It accumulates diffuse evidence about the of a grid of small volumes of nearby space from individual sensor readings into increasingly confident and detailed maps of a robot's surroundings. It worked surprisingly well in the first implementation for sonar navigation in cluttered rooms. In the past decade its use has been extended to range measurements from stereoscopic vision and other sensors, sonar in very difficult specular environments, and other contexts. The most dramatic extension yet, from 2D grid maps with thousands of cells to 3D with millions, is underway. This paper presents the mathematical and probabilistic framework we now use for evidence grids. It gives the history of the grid representation, and its relation to other spatial modeling approaches. It discusses earlier formations and their limitations, and documents several extensions. A list of open issues and research topics is then presented, followed by a literature survey.

Ecosystem‐specific patterns in the relationship between zooplankton and POM or microplankton del13C

Abstract: Measurements of plankton δ 13 C from 28 temperate lakes show that zooplankton are depleted in 13 C relative to smaller planktonic size fractions. A broad literature survey indicates that this is a general pattern in lakes but not in marine and estuarine plankton communities, where zooplankton are generally enriched in 13 C relative to particulate organic matter (POM) or micro-plankton. Marine plankton thus conform to the assumptions that pelagic food webs are essentially driven by phytoplankton and that POM or small planktonic size classes largely reflect algal carbon, which is transferred to zooplankton with a slight enrichment in 13 C. The plankton of lakes and possibly of estuaries, however, do not conform to this expectation. We show that there is a continuum in the δ 13 C differences between POM and zooplankton from open ocean to coastal areas and estuaries and that a similar pattern occurs from unproductive to highly productive lakes. These differences probably reflect both the degree in POM dilution by nonalgal sources of organic carbon and depth-related changes in the isotopic signature of phytoplankton in lakes and suggest systematic differences in organic carbon flow pathways among aquatic ecosystems.

A Literature survey on planning and control of warehousing systems

Abstract: We present a literature survey on methods and techniques for the planning and control of warehousing systems. Planning refers to management decisions that affect the intermediate term (one or multiple months), such as inventory management and storage location assignment. Control refers to the operational decisions that affect the short term (hours, day), such as routing, sequencing, scheduling and order-batching. Prior to the literature survey, we give an introduction into warehousing systems and a classification of warehouse management problems.

Linkage of an American pedigree with palmoplantar keratoderma and malignancy (palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type III) to 17q24. Literature survey and proposed updated classification of the keratodermas.

Abstract: Objectives: To determine linkage in a pedigree with palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Design: A large American pedigree was studied and the clinical phenotype was described. Linkage analysis was performed using genomic DNA from key individuals. Setting: A community-based family study. Patients: The family pedigree was expanded from a single index case. Main Outcome Measures: To demonstrate linkage and the relative risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in this pedigree. Results: Focal PPK was inherited as an autosomal dominant with variable expression, but signs were not limited to the palmoplantar epidermis. The generalized nature of this pattern of PPK was highlighted by the perifollicular papules and oral hyperkeratosis. Affected individuals (125 individuals) in 7 generations were identified, with 17 affected individuals having associated cancer. Seven of the 8 squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus occurred in smokers. Other tumors were seen in nonsmokers, but these were not significantly increased. The combined male-female expected incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and esophagus was 0.21; observed, 8 (relative risk of 38; P D17S1603. Conclusion: The distinctive clinical phenotype in this family suggests a new classification for PPKs, in particular a reappraisal of the phenotype as a focal PPK. A very similar phenotype is found in patients with keratin K16 gene mutations. (Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:640-651)

Fluid-structure interaction in liquid- filled pipe systems : a review

Abstract: A review of literature on transient phenomena in liquid-filled pipe systems is presented . Waterhammer , cavitation , structural dynamics and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are the subjects dealt with . The emphasis is on the history of FSI research in the time-domain . Waterhammer is the most probable cause for the transient vibration of liquid-filled pipe systems . When correctly modelling the liquid and pipe vibrations , FSI must be taken into account . The development of adequate mathematical models and their validation by physical experiments is surveyed . ÷ 1996 Academic Press Limited W HEN STARTING HIS RESEARCH ON FLUID-STRUCTURE interaction (FSI) in liquid-filled pipe systems in 1986 , the author found the literature survey by Wiggert (1986) very helpful . This paper is an extension of Wiggert’s survey . Its aim is twofold : (i) to be a starting-point for researchers new in the field and (ii) to be a state-of-the-art record of relevant contributions to the subject . The emphasis of the present review is on transient phenomena and , consequently , time-domain analyses . FSI is presented as an extension of conventional waterhammer theory , as in Skalak’s (1956) classical article . FSI , and some practical sources of excitation , are shown schematically in Figure 1 . Pipe systems experience severe dynamic forces during a waterhammer event . When these forces make the system move , significant FSI may occur , so that liquid and pipe systems cannot be treated separately in a theoretical analysis : interaction mechanisms have to be taken into account . In the majority of the analyses reviewed , the pipes are slender , thin-walled , straight , prismatic and of circular cross-section . The liquid and the pipe-wall material are assumed linearly elastic and cavitation is assumed not to occur . The theories developed are valid for long (compared to the pipe diameter) wavelength , acoustical (convective velocities neglected) phenomena . Important dimensionless parameters in FSI analyses are (i) the Poisson ratio , (ii) the ratio of pipe radius to pipe-wall thickness , (iii) the ratio of liquid mass density to pipe-wall mass density , and (iv) the ratio of liquid bulk modulus to pipe-wall Young’s modulus . When the hydraulic and structural mass and elasticity , and hence the propagation speeds of pressure and stress waves , are of the same order of magnitude , FSI is likely to be of importance , provided that the transient excitation is suf ficiently rapid . FSI is usually of no importance in gas-filled pipes because the mass density and elasticity (bulk) modulus of gases are negligible compared to those of solid pipes . A classification of one-dimensional FSI models according to their basic equations , written as a hyperbolic set of first-order partial dif ferential equations , is often made . The two-equation (one-mode) model refers to classical waterhammer theory , where the liquid pressure and velocity are the only two unknowns . The four-equation (two-mode)

Efficacy of insulin and sulfonylurea combination therapy in type II diabetes. A meta-analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled trials.

Abstract: Background: Numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy of the combination therapy of insulin and sulfonylurea in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus. However, two recent meta-analyses of randomized trials during the last decade provided inconsistent conclusions and failed to resolve the controversy. Objective: To assess the efficacy of insulin and sulfonylurea combination therapy in type II diabetes mellitus by performing meta-analysis of only the controlled studies selected according to specific strict criteria. Methods: A computerized literature survey was conducted using the MEDLINE database from January 1980 through March 1992 with the search headings of "sulfonylurea" and "insulin" and "combination therapy in diabetes mellitus." A manual search was also performed using references from each retrieved report. Case reports, review articles, editorials, and citations reported in non— English-language journals without English translations were excluded. Forty-three citations were obtained. Four strict inclusion criteria were used to select studies: randomized, placebo-controlled trials (oral agent plus insulin vs placebo plus insulin); homogeneous target population (subjects with type II diabetes); intervention using the same sulfonylurea agent in a combination therapy; and uniform outcome measures to evaluate efficacy such as body weight; values for serum glucose, glycohemoglobin, and C peptide; daily insulin dosage; and lipid concentrations. More stringent qualitative subcriteria were then used to eliminate bias in the final unanimous selection by two blinded reviewers. Data were pooled and analyzed using Student's t test and Winer's combined test. Results: Sixteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Metabolic control improved with the combination therapy as reflected by a significant lowering of fasting serum glucose values (P Conclusions: Combination therapy with insulin and sulfonylurea may be a more appropriate and a suitable option to insulin monotherapy in subjects with non—insulin-dependent diabetes in whom primary or secondary failure to sulfonylurea developed. It may also be a more cost-effective way of long-term management in this group of subjects, especially in the elderly. (Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:259-264)

The bulk aerodynamic formulation over heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract: This interpretative literature survey examines problems with application of the bulk aerodynamic method to spatially averaged fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces. This task is approached by tying together concepts from a diverse range of recent studies on subgrid parameterization, the roughness sublayer, the roll of large “inactive” boundary-layer eddies, internal boundary-layer growth, the equilibrium sublayer, footprint theory and the blending height. Although these concepts are not completely compatible, qualitative scaling arguments based on these concepts lead to a tentative unified picture of the qualitative influence of surface heterogeneity for a wide spectrum of spatial scales.

Caesium‐137 soil sampling and inventory variability in reference locations: A literature survey

Abstract: Soil sampling design, the number of samples collected and the lateral variation of caesium-137 ( 137 Cs) in uneroded reference locations were extracted from previously published work. The focus was on published work which used 137 Cs reference inventory (Bq m -2 ) for qualitative or quantitative estimation of sediment redistribution (SRD) within the landscape. The objective of this study was to address one of the methodological concerns facing the 137 Cs technique - that is, the lack of a rigorous statistical treatment of reference locations. The limited attention paid to the reference location is not justified as 'true' estimates of SRD are based on the assumption of an unbiased, independent, random probability sample estimate, commonly the arithmetic mean. Results from the literature survey indicated that only 11% of the reference locations sampled for 137 Cs expressly stated that a probability sampling design was used (transect or systematic-aligned grid). The remaining locations were generally sampled using a non-probability based design, more commonly known as haphazard sampling. Of the 75 reference study areas identified only 40 provided enough information to determine the dispersion around the mean, and from this the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for all available data. The median CV was 19.3%, with 95% confidence limits of 13.0-23.4%, indicating that approximately 11 random, independent samples would generally be necessary to adequately quantify the reference 137 Cs area activity with an allowable error of 10% at 90% confidence. Further analysis indicated that only one-third of the studies sampled a sufficient number of 137 Cs reference locations. This value would actually be lower as sampling frameworks were based on non-probability sampling procedures. For 137 Cs reference locations it is recommended that a probability sampling design be utilized, preferably the systematic-aligned grid method, and as a minimum first-order estimate about 11 samples should be collected for inventory estimates.

The Principles and Applications of Ammonia Leaching of Metals—A Review

Abstract: An extensive literature survey on the principles and applications of ammonia leaching processes in hydrometallurgy is presented in this paper. The combination of ammonia anal ammonium salts is known to be a powerful lixiviant used in hydrometallurgical processes. Many metals can be extracted using the mixture of ammonia/ammonium. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the dissolution of various metals in ammonia/ammonium salts have been reviewed. The solubility, volatility, and complexation ability of various metals with ammonia have been reviewed and discussed. Eh-pH diagrams of various metal-ammonia-water systems are presented. Also presented is a comprehensive literature survey on the leaching behavior of metals in ammoniacal solutions. The metals considered in this paper are copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium, silver, gold and palladium.

A bibliographical study of Western publications (1800-1985) on traditional Chinese science

Abstract: This bibliographical study is designed to: (i) identify Western- language works published between 1800 and 1985 that deal specifically with traditional Chinese science and are written by those best described as representatives or members of academic, scholarly, professional, and similar communities from a West European country, America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; (ii) provide a profile of these Western contributions through a systematic description of the works and the study trends that they demonstrate; (iii) review bibliographic access to and control of these publications; (iv) organise this body of material into a classified bibliography. There are two parts to this bibliographical study. PART I is the main text or literature survey. It consists of ten chapters: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional Chinese Science - General Works; 3. Traditional Chinese Science - Fundamental Concepts; Philosophy; Social and Cultural Relations; 4. Mathematics; 5. Astronomy; 6. Earth Sciences; 7. Physics; 8. Alchemy; Early Chemistry; 9. Biology; 10. Conclusion. The eight subject chapters outline titles concerned in a roughly chronological order starting with the earliest works, and give an indication of the shapes and contours Western interests in the areas had assumed. Additionally, they review the level of activity of various countries and the professional training and specialisations of those responsible for the studies, address the forms which these publications have taken, and examine bibliographic provision and control. PART II is made up of two classified bibliographies. The first contains all the works covered by the main survey; the second is a supplementary bibliography of other titles relevant to the subject. The study is meant to be of interest to scholars, students and librarians with or without prior knowledge of traditional Chinese science. It is also hoped that the broad overview will persuade those in the field to pay closer attention to historiographical issues and bibliographic concerns.

Noctilucent clouds and the thermal structure near the Arctic mesopause in summer

Abstract: In the summers of 1993 and 1994 a series of meteorological rockets and sounding rockets were launched from the Andoya Rocket Range (69°N) during the SCALE and ECHO campaigns in order to investigate the state of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (SCALE = “SCAttering Layer Experiment”; ECHO indicates that radar and lidar echoes are investigated). At the same location a Rayleigh lidar was operational during these campaigns and searched for enhanced backscatter signals from the upper mesosphere indicative of the presence of noctilucent clouds (NLC). In five cases the lidar detected a NLC and the atmospheric temperature profile was obtained simultaneously by in situ techniques. A literature survey shows that there are only three more cases of unambiguous and simultaneous observations of NLC temperature and altitude. The temperature profiles obtained during SCALE and ECHO are as expected for the high-latitude summer season: The mean mesopause temperature is 135 K at an altitude of 87.5 km. The variability of the temperatures is smaller above ∼84 km altitude than below. The mean temperature below the mesopause shows a remarkable repeatability ever since the first measurements 30 years ago; at the lower edge of the NLC heights (82 km) it is again and again observed to be in the range 150 ± 2 K and the variability within each data set is only a few Kelvins. Such an “equithermal submesopause” in summer puts a serious constraint on any model prediction of secular changes of temperatures in the upper mesosphere. The mean altitude of the NLCs as determined from our lidar measurements is 83.1 km which is surprisingly close to the very first height determinations more than 100 years ago. It is conceivable that this repeatability in altitude reflects a similar repeatability of the thermal structure. There is no apparent correlation between the conditions at the mesopause and the occurrence of NLCs at lower altitudes. The physical reason behind this is presumably related to the fact that the wind direction changes at ∼87 km height, which implies that the air masses observed above the rocket site near mesopause altitudes have been advected from different locations than those at NLC heights. The NLCs are always located below the mesopause, and the temperature in the NLC layer is observed to be lower than 154 K. Our results are compatible with the idea that NLCs consist of ice particles which start to nucleate around the mesopause, sediment to lower altitudes while growing, become observable by the lidar and/or by the naked eye, and finally evaporate once they approach the higher temperatures around 82 km.

Catheter fracture: a rare complication of totally implantable subclavian venous access devices.

Abstract: Catheter fracture represents a rare problem among non-infectious complications following the insertion of totally implantable long-term central venous access systems for the application of chemotherapeutic agents. A literature survey revealed a total incidence of catheter fractures of 0-2.1%. Imminent catheter fracture can be identified radiologically, using different degrees of catheter narrowing between the clavicle and the first rib, called pinch-off sign. Two cases of catheter fracture are described and potential causes are discussed. Recommendations to avoid the pinch-off sign with the subsequent risk of catheter fracture and migration include a more lateral and direct puncture of the subclavian vein. In case of catheter narrowing in the clavicular-first rib angle, patients should be followed carefully by chest X-rays every 4 weeks. Whenever possible, the system should be removed within 6 months following insertion.

The importance of evolutionary constraints in ecological time scales

Abstract: The importance of constraints, defined as factors that retard or prevent a population from reaching its immediate adaptive peak on an ecological time scale is analysed. This is done by means of simple quantitative genetic models, which if anything underestimate the importance of constraints. The results show that even in the simplest case the response to selection will not generally be in the same direction as the selection vector, i.e. the direction to the nearest optimum. Adding complexity identifies cases where selection may lead the population in suboptimal directions. It is concluded that information about univariate genetic variances is not sufficient to predict evolutionary responses and may even be misleading. However, genetic covariances are not always acting as constraints, but can under certain circumstances promote evolution towards the nearest optimum. This can be understood by a spectral decomposition of the genetic variance—covariance matrix, where it is shown that the eigenvector associated with the largest amount of variance will to various degrees determine the outcome of selection. A literature survey of the pattern of character covariation in morphological characters in natural populations shows a wide variety of correlation patterns, but quite often shows a high level of covariance between traits. This suggests that constraints to short-term evolution may be more common than generally appreciated.

Expatriate acculturation in Arab Gulf countries

Abstract: Recent events in the Gulf have increased interest in the number, occupations and living conditions of the expatriates in the six Arab Gulf countries who constitute a significant proportion of the world’s migrant workforce. Their excessive dependence on expatriate labour is justly regarded by Gulf countries as a major problem which has broad and deep economic, political and cultural impacts. Argues that despite measures adopted by these countries to increase the indigenous share of the local labour market, dependence on foreign labour is expected to continue in the forseeable future at least. Contends, therefore, that more attention should be paid to help expatriates achieve a greater degree of acculturation. Explains that a literature survey shows that acculturation is influenced by four variables: cultural differences; expatriates’ rights and duties in the host country; work climate; and living conditions. Available information on Gulf countries indicates that the impact of these variables depends to some extent on the nationality of the expatriate. Suggests a number of measures to facilitate expatriate acculturation.

Beyond microfoundations : post Walrasian macroeconomics

Abstract: About the authors Preface 1. Overview David Colander Part I. The Post-Walrasian Macroeconomic Vision: 2. Taking markets seriously: groundwork for a post-Walrasian macroeconomics Robert Clower and Peter Howitt 3. Towards a not-too-rational macroeconomics Axel Leijonhufvud 4. The macrofoundations of micro David Colander Part II. The Underpinnings of Post-Walrasian Macroeconomics: 5. The evolution of macroeconomics: the origins of post-Walrasian economics Perry Mehrling 6. Chaos theory and post-Walrasian macroeconomics J. Barkley Rosser Jr 7. Marshallian general equilibrium analysis David Colander Part III. Modelling a Post-Walrasian Economy: 8. Heterogeneity, aggregation and a meaningful macroeconomics Robert J. Martel 9. Walras, complexity and post-Walrasian macroeconomics David M. Reaume 10. Team coordination problems and macroeconomic models John Bryant 11. 'Competitive' market disequilibrium: a post-Walrasian analysis of investment John Bryant Part IV. New Structuralist Macroeconomics vs. Post-Walrasian Macroeconomics: 12. Endogenizing the natural rate of unemployment: Phelps's structural slumps and the post-Walrasian framework Hans van Ees and Harry Garretsen 13. Post-Walrasian macroeconomic policy David Colander and Hans van Ees Part V. Appendix: Literature Survey: An annotated bibliography on the (macro)foundation of Post-Walrasian economics Hans van Ees and Harry Garretsen Name index Subject index.

Techniques for developing child dummy protection reference values

Abstract: The purpose of this report is to present background information and techniques for developing protection reference values (PRV) to use with child dummies in out-of-position (OOP) child/air bag interaction testing. Biomechanics experts agree that OOP PRV in the literature should not apply to frontal belt-restrained child occupants (using child restraints or belts). However, given the very limited amount of data available, all sources of information were used to extract child injury PRV. An important point of distinction is the difference between injury criteria and protection reference values. Injury criteria apply to humans, while PRV apply to crash test dummies. If dummies were perfectly biofidelic, the injury criteria and PRV would be the same. Since dummies only approximate human response to varying degrees, PRV are usually different from injury criteria. In addition, PRV developed for a particular dummy in a particular situation may or may not apply to other dummies of that size, nor to other impact conditions. The dummies' structures particularly emphasize their different responses to direct and indirect loading. This report summarizes the literature on injury criteria and protection reference values as it pertains to children. As the first part of the background section, child anatomy and physiology are examined with respect to impact injuries (Burdi et al., 1969, Eichelberger, 1993). Epidemiology on the types of injuries that children receive in automotive accidents is also reviewed. In addition, data on how human tissue mechanical properties vary with age are presented. The characteristics and capabilities of different child dummies are documented as well. The next section assesses injury and PRV development techniques. A literature review on how these techniques have been applied to children follows. Data from regular test programs using child dummies are included for comparison. The last sections employ different scaling techniques to estimate PRV for child dummies. These, together with values from the literature survey, are summarized and presented as proposed reference values.

Advanced catalysts and nanostructured materials : modern synthetic methods

Abstract: J.C. Vartull, C.T. Kresge, W.J. Ruth, S.B. Mccullen, J.S. Beck, K.D. Schmitt, M.E. Leonowicz, J.D. Lutner, and E.W. Sheppard, Designed Synthesis of Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Systems Using Surfactant Directing Agents: Introduction. Experimental. Results and Discussion. J.B. Miller and E.I. Ko, The Role of Prehydolysis in the Preparation of Zirconia-Silica Aerogels: Introduction. Methods. Results and Discussion. F. Cavani, A. Colombo, F. Giuntoli,F. Trifiro, P. Vazquez, and P. Venturoli, The Chemistry of Preparation of V-P Mixed Oxides: Effect of The Preparation Parameters On The Catalytic Performance in n-Buntane and n-Pentane Selective Oxidation: Introduction. Literature Survey. Results and Discussion. G. Centi, M. Marella, L. Meregalli, S. Perathoner, M. Tomaselli, and T. La Torretta, Gel Supported Precipitation: An Advanced Method for The Synthesis of Pure and Mixed-Oxide Spheres for Catalytic Applications: Introduction.Brief Survey On The Industrial Preparation Methods of Oxide Carriers for Catalytic Applications. Gel Support Precipitation (GSP) Method. Properties of Oxides Prepared by The GSP Method. Experimental and Apparatus Section. Conclusions. References. T.R.Felthouse, D.A. Berkel, S.R. Jost, E.L. McGrew, and A. Vavere, Platinum-Catalyzed Sulfur Dioxide Oxidation Revisited: Assembly of Acid and Sintering Resistant Honeycomb Washcoat and Catalytically Active Phase Using Sols of Silica, Zirconia, and Platinum: Introduction. Literature Survey. Experimental Section. Results and Discussion. Honeycomb Composition. Conclusions. References. D.R. Milburn, B.D. Adkins, D.E. Sparks, R. Srinivasan, and B.H. Davis, Applications of Supercritical Drying inCatalyst Preparation: Introduction. Results. Conclusions. References. G. Strukul, M. Signoretto, F. Pinna, A. Benedetti, G. Cerrato, and C. Morterra, Aerogel Synthesis as an Improved Method for the Preparation of Platinum Promoted Zirconia-Sulfate Catalysts: Introduction. Scope and Applications. Synthesis. Analytical Properties. Structure. Nature of The Active Sites. Catalytic Activity. Conclusion. References. H. Binnemann and W. Broux, Surfactant Stabilized Nanosized Colloidal Metals and Alloys as Catalyst Precursors: Introduction. Survey and Key to the Literature. Results and Discussion. Nanometal Powders from Organosols. Colloidal Alloyed Metals. Catalytic Applications. Experimental. References. K.S. Suslick, T. Hyeon, M. Fang, and A.A. Cichowlas, Sonochemical Preparation of Nanostructured Catalysts: Introduction. Literature Survey. Results and Discussion. Experimental Details. Conclusions. References. G.W. Busser, J.G. Van Ommen, J.A. Lercher, Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Stabilized Rhodium Particles: Introduction. Experimental. Results. Discussion. Conclusions. References. J.Y. Ying, and A. Tschipe, Gas Phase Synthesis of Nonstoichiometric Nanocrystalline Catalysts: Introduction. Gas Phase Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials. Nonstoichiometric Nanocrystalline Oxides for Catalytic Oxidation. Summary. References. D.W. Matson, J.C. Linehan, J.G. Darab, M.F. Buehler, M.R. Phelps, G.G. Neuenschwander, A Flow-Through Hydrothermal Method for the Synthesis of Active Nanocrystalline Catalysts: Introduction. The RTDS Powder Synthesis Method and Apparatus. RTDS Products. Summary. References. W.R. Moser, J.E. Sunstrom IV, and B. Marshik-Guerts, The Synthesis of Nanostructure, Pure Phase Catalysts by Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Introduction. High Shear Hydrodynamic Cavitation Equipment. Catalyst Synthesis. Summary and Conclusions. References. M.C. Lovallo and Michael T. Sapatsis, Nanocrystalline Zeolites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications with Emphasis On Zeolite L Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite Nanoparticles. Applications with Emphasis on Seeded Growth and Film Formation from Zeolite L Nanoclusters. Conclusions and Directions for Further Development.. References. A. Clearfield, Preparation of Pillared Clays and their Catalytic Properties: Introduction. Description of Smectites. The Pillaring Process: Use of the A113 Keggin Ion. Characterization and Properties of A113 Pillared Products. Pilcs Containing Non-Alumina Pillars. Catalytic Properties of Pilcs. Conclusion. References. J. Bonardet, K. Carr, J. Fraissard, G.B. Mcgarvey, J. McMonagle, M. Seay, and J. B. Moffat, Microporous Metal-Oxygen Cluster Compounds (Heteropoly Oxometalates): Synthetic Variables, Nature and Source of the Porosity, Catalytic Applications and Shape Selectivity: Introduction. Historical Background. Structure. Synthesis. Bulk and Surface Properties. Microporosity. References. S. Soled, S. Miseo, G.B. McVicker, J.E. Baumgartner, W.E. Gates, A. Gutierrez, and J. Paes, Preparation of Bulk and Supported Heteropolyacid Salts: Introduction. Experimental. Results and Discussion. Summary. References.J.S. Yoo, J.A. Donohue, C. Choi-Feng, Preparation of Fe/Mo/Molecular Sieves by Chemical Vaper Deposition: Introduction. Experimental. Results and Discussions. Conclusions. References. M. Baerns, S. Termath, and M. Reiche, Chemical Vapor-Phase Deposition and Decomposition Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxide Catalysts in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor: State of the Art. Preparation of Catalysts by Chemical Vapor-Phase Deposition and Decomposition on Support Materials in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor. Introduction. Results. Conclusions. References. A. Wold, Y.-M. Gao, D. Miller, R. Kershaw, and K. Dwight, Synthesis of Catalytic Materials by Spray Pyrolysis: Introduction. Experimental. Results and Discussion. References. P.F. Miquel and J.L. Katz, Formation of Nanostructured Vo-Based Catalysts in Flames: Introduction. Literature Survey. Experimental Setup. 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Metal speciation in biological fluids : a review

Abstract: The literature on the speciation of metal ions in biological fluids is comprehensively reviewed. Critical examination on this subject reveals that major work has been done in blood and urine. Speciation in materials like milk has not yet been widely studied. On the other hand, only few references could be found on sweat, saliva, cell lysate, cerebrospinal, seminal, tear and bronchoalveolar fluids. The topics studied for these fluids were mainly the speciation of arsenic, mercury, aluminium and selenium. Work on the speciation of other elements like zinc, chromium, cadmium, lead, copper, iron etc. have also been carried out in such matrices. The present literature survey includes also a critical comment about the sampling and storage of the fluids, general methodologies and analytical details of the developed methods for studying such metal ion speciation.

Ejaculation induced by penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injuries the importance of the vibratory amplitude

Abstract: There are approximately 65 new cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) in Denmark every year. Seventy-five percent of the SCI cases occur in males and the vast majority are in young individuals. The number of SCI men at the age of 18–50 years is estimated at 1200. The major part of these SCI men suffer from ejaculatory dysfunction and if ejaculation is possible the semen quality is very poor (I). In a literature survey (II), including 2527 SCI men, the frequency of ejaculation without therapeutic assistance range from 0–55% (median 15%).