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Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 2012"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A state-of-the-art literature survey is conducted to taxonomize the research on TOPSIS applications and methodologies and suggests a framework for future attempts in this area for academic researchers and practitioners.
Abstract: Multi-Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) or Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods have received much attention from researchers and practitioners in evaluating, assessing and ranking alternatives across diverse industries. Among numerous MCDA/MCDM methods developed to solve real-world decision problems, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) continues to work satisfactorily across different application areas. In this paper, we conduct a state-of-the-art literature survey to taxonomize the research on TOPSIS applications and methodologies. The classification scheme for this review contains 266 scholarly papers from 103 journals since the year 2000, separated into nine application areas: (1) Supply Chain Management and Logistics, (2) Design, Engineering and Manufacturing Systems, (3) Business and Marketing Management, (4) Health, Safety and Environment Management, (5) Human Resources Management, (6) Energy Management, (7) Chemical Engineering, (8) Water Resources Management and (9) Other topics. Scholarly papers in the TOPSIS discipline are further interpreted based on (1) publication year, (2) publication journal, (3) authors' nationality and (4) other methods combined or compared with TOPSIS. We end our review paper with recommendations for future research in TOPSIS decision-making that is both forward-looking and practically oriented. This paper provides useful insights into the TOPSIS method and suggests a framework for future attempts in this area for academic researchers and practitioners.

1,571 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recently accumulated experimental evidence for aurophilic interactions in and between molecular gold(I) compounds and the results of pertinent theoretical calculations are reviewed and new experimental and theoretical findings are related to earlier observations.
Abstract: Recently accumulated experimental evidence for aurophilic interactions in and between molecular gold(I) compounds and the results of pertinent theoretical calculations are reviewed for the period from 2007 to mid-2011. The influence of the intra- and intermolecular bonding contacts between the closed-shell metal centres, Au–Au, on the molecular and crystal structures, and the consequences of these effects for the chemical and physical properties of gold compounds are summarized for the various classes of mono- and polynuclear systems. The literature survey builds on the contents of previous reviews and relates new experimental and theoretical findings to earlier observations (353 references).

862 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed kinetic study of antioxidants has been performed and comprehensive results in terms of effective concentration which scavenges 50% radical (EC 50 ), antioxidant reducing power (ARP), stoichiometry and second order rate constant (k 2 ) values have been reported with DPPH assay.

754 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reflects on the combined experience of conducting twenty-one design studies, conducts an extensive literature survey of related methodological approaches that involve a significant amount of qualitative field work, and compares design study methodology to that of ethnography, grounded theory, and action research.
Abstract: Design studies are an increasingly popular form of problem-driven visualization research, yet there is little guidance available about how to do them effectively. In this paper we reflect on our combined experience of conducting twenty-one design studies, as well as reading and reviewing many more, and on an extensive literature review of other field work methods and methodologies. Based on this foundation we provide definitions, propose a methodological framework, and provide practical guidance for conducting design studies. We define a design study as a project in which visualization researchers analyze a specific real-world problem faced by domain experts, design a visualization system that supports solving this problem, validate the design, and reflect about lessons learned in order to refine visualization design guidelines. We characterize two axes - a task clarity axis from fuzzy to crisp and an information location axis from the domain expert's head to the computer - and use these axes to reason about design study contributions, their suitability, and uniqueness from other approaches. The proposed methodological framework consists of 9 stages: learn, winnow, cast, discover, design, implement, deploy, reflect, and write. For each stage we provide practical guidance and outline potential pitfalls. We also conducted an extensive literature survey of related methodological approaches that involve a significant amount of qualitative field work, and compare design study methodology to that of ethnography, grounded theory, and action research.

704 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the optical properties of AuNPs is presented, followed by a more detailed literature survey, and some technical issues that remain to be solved in order to move the technique forward.
Abstract: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are some of the most extensively studied nanomaterials. Because of their unique optical, chemical, electrical, and catalytic properties, AuNPs have attracted enormous amount of interest for applications in biological and chemical detection and analysis. The purpose of this critical review is to provide the readers with an update on the recent developments in the field of AuNPs for sensing applications based on their optical properties. An overview of the optical properties of AuNPs is presented first, followed by a more detailed literature survey. As the last part of this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, briefly discuss their commercialization status, and some technical issues that remain to be solved in order to move the technique forward (151 references).

606 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that different social science methodologies, such as psychology, cognitive science and human behavior might implement DMT, as an alternative to the methodologies already on offer, and the direction of any future developments in DMT methodologies and applications is discussed.
Abstract: In order to determine how data mining techniques (DMT) and their applications have developed, during the past decade, this paper reviews data mining techniques and their applications and development, through a survey of literature and the classification of articles, from 2000 to 2011. Keyword indices and article abstracts were used to identify 216 articles concerning DMT applications, from 159 academic journals (retrieved from five online databases), this paper surveys and classifies DMT, with respect to the following three areas: knowledge types, analysis types, and architecture types, together with their applications in different research and practical domains. A discussion deals with the direction of any future developments in DMT methodologies and applications: (1) DMT is finding increasing applications in expertise orientation and the development of applications for DMT is a problem-oriented domain. (2) It is suggested that different social science methodologies, such as psychology, cognitive science and human behavior might implement DMT, as an alternative to the methodologies already on offer. (3) The ability to continually change and acquire new understanding is a driving force for the application of DMT and this will allow many new future applications.

563 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive literature review of the latest research and development in the field of microgrid as a promising power system, which shows a broad overview on the worldwide research trend on microgrid which is most significant topic at present.
Abstract: The concept of integration of distributed energy resources for formation of microgrid will be most significant in near future. The latest research and development in the field of microgrid as a promising power system through a comprehensive literature review is presented in this paper. It shows a broad overview on the worldwide research trend on microgrid which is most significant topic at present. This literature survey reveals that integration of distributed energy resources, operation, control, power quality issues and stability of microgrid system should be explored to implement microgrid successfully in real power scenario.

431 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an exhaustive review of research studies and activities in the inkjet printing of conductive materials, and provide a detailed literature survey of research carried out in inkjet printings.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an exhaustive review of research studies and activities in the inkjet printing of conductive materials.Design/methodology/approach – This paper gives a detailed literature survey of research carried out in inkjet printing of conductive materials.Findings – This article explains the inkjet printing process and the various types of conductive inks. It then examines the various factors that affect the quality of inkjet printed interconnects such as printing parameters, materials and substrate treatments. Methods of characterising both the inkjet printing process and the electrical properties of printed conductive materials are also presented. Finally relevant applications of this technology are described.Originality/value – Inkjet printing is currently one of the cheapest direct write techniques for manufacturing. The use of this technique in electronic manufacturing, where interconnects and other conductive features are required is an area of increasing rele...

379 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the current state of RFID applications in different industries and its impact on business operations is provided and extensive literature survey is provided to develop a framework for future research areas in this field.
Abstract: Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an emerging technology that is increasingly being used in supply chain management RFID technology plays an important role in supporting logistics and supply chain processes because of their ability to identify, trace and track information throughout the supply chain The technology can provide suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers precise real time information about the products This accurate knowledge of the inventory would result in lower labor cost, simplified business processes and improved supply chain efficiency If properly used, it has the potential to cut ordering lead time and cost on inventory control, increase the accuracy of inventory information, help avoid stockouts and boost the number of inventory turns In this paper, we provide an overview of the current state of RFID applications in different industries and its impact on business operations We provide extensive literature survey and develop a framework for future research areas in this field

365 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review chiefly focused on in vivo practical utilization of plant volatile oils and components in food model-system as natural anti- Salmonella agents and provides the informative literature data on antibacterial efficacy of plant essential oils (PEOs) and their volatiles.

354 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various types of attacks and countermeasures related to trust schemes in WSNs are categorized, the development of trust mechanisms are provided, a short summarization of classical trust methodologies are given and an open field and future direction with trust mechanisms in W SNs is provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis based on evolved typologies indicates a growth of SCRM from a nascent to a fairly established activity over the past decade and will encourage new research techniques with a view to managing the risks in the globalized supply chain environment.
Abstract: Purpose – This paper examines supply chain risk management (SCRM) from a holistic systems thinking perspective by considering the different typologies that have evolved as a result of earlier research. The purpose of this paper is to identify important strategic changes in the field and to outline future requirements and research opportunities in SCRM.Design/methodology/approach – The systematic literature review (SLR) methodology employed by this research was used to evaluate and categorise a literature survey of quality articles published over a period of ten years (2000‐2010). Additionally, the findings from the SLR have been strengthened through cross validation against results obtained from an associated text mining activity.Findings – The SLR methodology has provided a rich, unbiased and holistic picture of the advances in the field of SCRM. Consequently, important new research areas have been identified based on a multi‐perspective descriptive and thematic data analysis. In addition, the analysis, ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this literature survey, different aspects of dynamics of two-phase flow in porous media are discussed and dynamic pore-network models are reviewed under different classifications; structure, computational algorithm, and local rules and applications.
Abstract: In this literature survey, different aspects of dynamics of two-phase flow in porous media are discussed. This review is based on the results of developed dynamic pore-network models and their applications. Thus, those concepts of dynamics of two-phase systems are addressed that have been already discussed in previous studies. Since it is not always possible to study different aspects of laboratory experiments, dynamic pore-network models were developed to gain new insights into the process. This characteristic is the major advantage of pore-network models, which give a better understanding of the physics of a process at pore scale as well as at the scale of representative elementary volume. Dynamic pore-network models are reviewed under different classifications; structure, computational algorithm, and local rules and applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A detailed literature survey on the various modifications of the carbon nanostructures for nanocomposite preparation focusing upon the works published in the last decade is presented in this article.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine that includes the abilities to predict joint reactions, muscle forces, and muscle activation patterns is described in this paper and can be integrated with existing OpenSim models to build more comprehensive models of the human body.
Abstract: A new musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine is described in this paper. This model features a rigid pelvis and sacrum, the five lumbar vertebrae, and a rigid torso consisting of a lumped thoracic spine and ribcage. The motion of the individual lumbar vertebrae was defined as a fraction of the net lumbar movement about the three rotational degrees of freedom: flexion–extension lateral bending, and axial rotation. Additionally, the eight main muscle groups of the lumbar spine were incorporated using 238 muscle fascicles with prescriptions for the parameters in the Hill-type muscle models obtained with the help of an extensive literature survey. The features of the model include the abilities to predict joint reactions, muscle forces, and muscle activation patterns. To illustrate the capabilities of the model and validate its physiological similarity, the model’s predictions for the moment arms of the muscles are shown for a range of flexion–extension motions of the lower back. The model uses the OpenSim platform and is freely available on https://www.simtk.org/home/lumbarspine to other spinal researchers interested in analyzing the kinematics of the spine. The model can also be integrated with existing OpenSim models to build more comprehensive models of the human body.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross analysis of some existing methods capable of building up a residential electric load curve is proposed, based on a bloc diagram representing its architecture with focus on the mathematical model chosen.
Abstract: Due to the growth of electric end-uses, the management of the variations in time of the electric power demand has become essential, especially in the residential sector. According to this issue, the anticipation of the power demand is of great interest. This implies a better knowledge of the electric load curve of the household stock. Papers about understanding and forecasting energy demand are numerous but studies on building's load curves are rare. In this paper we propose a cross analysis of some existing methods capable of building up a residential electric load curve. Two main types of load curve models have been identified in the literature: top-down and bottom-up methods. Even if the review presents two existing top-down approaches, the authors focused the further analysis on bottom-up models. For each of them we first identify its functional characteristics: finality and scope, input data required, output format, modeled appliances and end-uses covered, generation of the diversity and validation of the model. Secondly, we establish a bloc diagram representing its architecture with focus on the mathematical model chosen. Finally, the authors list the limits of the model in view of the criteria needed to build up an ideal, bottom-up and technically explicit load curve model for the residential sector. A cross reading of the different methodologies is proposed through a global table that characterizes and sums up the analyzed models. Moreover, a graphical representation of the models studied is proposed, according to three criteria (range of application, modelling of the diversity, time scale accuracy) that allows us to compare them “at a glance”. To conclude, an identification of the gaps among existing models is proposed. It consists of listing the end-uses, the appliances and other behavioural correlations which may affect the load curve and that are not included in the reviewed methodologies and need further research.

Book
22 Jul 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the literature on the theory of friction laws and their application to the virtual work of a rigid body system, including the following: 1.1 Friction Laws and Inertia Terms.
Abstract: 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Friction Laws.- 1.2 Literature Survey.- 1.3 Subjects and Contents.- 2. Fundamental Concepts.- 2.1 Internal and External Forces.- 2.2 The Law of Interaction.- 2.3 The Dynamic Equilibrium.- 2.4 The Virtual Work of a Dynamic System.- 2.5 Resultant Force and Inertia Terms.- 3. Rigid Body Systems.- 3.1 Preliminaries on the Vector Product.- 3.2 Rigid Body Kinematics.- 3.3 Rigid Body Kinetics.- 3.4 The Dynamic Equilibrium of a Rigid Body.- 3.5 The Virtual Work of a Rigid Body System.- 3.6 Classical Bilateral Constraints.- 3.7 Generalized Coordinates.- 4. Motion and Discontinuity Events.- 4.1 Preliminaries on Integration of Functions.- 4.2 Displacements, Velocities, and Accelerations.- 4.3 Restriction to Finite Numbers of Discontinuities.- 5. Displacement and Velocity Potentials.- 5.1 Directional Newton-Euler Equations.- 5.2 Set-Valued Force Laws.- 5.3 Scalar Potential Functions.- 5.4 On the Modeling of Force Laws.- 6. Representation of Scalar Force Laws.- 6.1 Decomposition into Unilateral Primitives.- 6.2 Variational Formulations and Upper Subderivatives.- 6.3 The Convex Case: Conjugate Potentials and Duality.- 6.4 Force Elements in Engineering Dynamics.- 7. Force Laws on Different Kinematic Levels.- 7.1 Continuity Properties of the Trajectories.- 7.2 Displacement Force Laws on Acceleration Level.- 7.3 Velocity Force Laws on Acceleration Level.- 8. Index Sets and LCP-Formulation.- 8.1 Index Sets.- 8.2 Formulation on Different Kinematic Levels.- 8.3 The Linear Complementarity Problem.- 8.4 The Dual Principle of Least Constraints.- 9. Principles in Dynamics.- 9.1 The Principle of Least Constraints.- 9.2 The Principle of Gauss.- 9.3 The Principle of Jourdain.- 9.4 The Principle of d'Alembert/Lagrange.- 9.5 Remarks on d'Alembert/Lagrange's Principle.- 10. Spatial Coulomb Friction.- 10.1 Geometry of Surfaces.- 10.2 Contact Kinematics.- 10.3 Kinetics.- 10.4 Contact Laws.- 10.5 Sliding Contacts.- 10.6 Friction Pyramid for Rolling Contacts.- 10.7 Friction Cones and NCP Formulations.- 10.8 A Differentiable NCP for Rolling Contacts.- 10.9 Example and Remarks.- 11. Velocity Jumps due to C0-Constraints.- 11.1 On Impacts in Mechanical Systems.- 11.2 Mechanical Model and Problem.- 11.3 Bilaterally Constrained Motion.- 11.4 Velocity Jump by Time-Scaling.- 11.5 Velocity Jump by Reflection.- 11.6 Reflections and Collisions - Remarks.- 12. Electropneumatic Drilling Machine.- 12.1 Mechanical Model.- 12.2 Simulations.- 13. Percussion Drilling Machine.- 13.1 Mechanical Model of the Drilling Machine.- 13.2 Mathematical Model for Non-Contact.- 13.3 The Contact Model.- 13.4 State Transitions.- 13.5 Results.- 14. Turbine Blade Damper.- 14.1 The Damper Model and the Non-Contact Case.- 14.2 Contact Kinematics of the Damping Device.- 14.3 Numerical Results.- 15. Concluding Remarks.- References.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In experienced hands, the morbidity of stent-supported coiling is somewhat higher compared with “traditional” coiling, and execution of the procedure appears improved with experience.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stent-supported aneurysm coiling has been utilized with increasing frequency over the past few years, particularly for addressing treatment of complex and wide-neck aneurysms. A sizable body of literature describing various experiences with stent-supported coiling now exists. The purpose of this research was to carry out a comprehensive literature survey of stent-supported aneurysm coiling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of papers reporting results with stent-assisted aneurysm coiling through January 2011 was conducted to identify the prevalence of stent-related and other complications, occlusion rates, and clinical and angiographic follow-up data. RESULTS: Thirty-nine articles with 1517 patients met inclusion criteria for initial analysis, follow-up analysis, or both. Overall, 9% of cases were confounded by a technical stent-related issue, including 4% failure of deployment. The overall procedure complication rate was 19%, with periprocedural mortality of 2.1%. Approximately 45% of aneurysms were completely occluded at first treatment session, increasing to 61% on follow-up. Approximately 3.5% in-stent stenosis and 0.6% stent occlusion were observed at angiographic follow-up. Delayed stroke or transient ischemic attack was reported in 3% of subjects. Within a subset of articles, the incidence of stent-related issues in the first 10 patients was significantly higher than in subsequent subjects, supporting the notion of a procedural “learning curve.” CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, the morbidity of stent-supported coiling is somewhat higher compared with “traditional” coiling. As might be expected, execution of the procedure appears improved with experience. Complete occlusion rates remain somewhat low. More and longer term angiographic follow-up information is needed to understand delayed stent-related issues and to better define the durability of treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the technical, physiological, and efficacy aspects of the novel pulmonary route of drug targeting based on the method of extensive literature survey on the topics covering all the aspects discussed in the present subject.
Abstract: Because of limitations associated with the conventional treatment of various chronic diseases a growing attention has been given to the development of targeted drug delivery systems. Pulmonary route of drug delivery gaining much importance in the present day research field as it enables to target the drug delivery directly to lung both for local and systemic treatment. Over the last 2 decades, the systemic absorption of a broad range of therapeutics after pulmonary application has been demonstrated in animals as well as in humans. This review was prepared with an aim to discuss the technical, physiological, and efficacy aspects of the novel pulmonary route of drug targeting. The review also focuses on the mechanisms of pulmonary drug administration along with compatibility of the excipients employed, devices used, and techniques of particulate dosage production. This review was prepared based on the method of extensive literature survey on the topics covering all the aspects discussed in the present subject. Hence, the better understanding of complexes and challenges facing the development of pulmonary drug delivery system offer an opportunity to the pharmaceutical scientist in minimizing the clinical and technical gaps.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of research on lean production (LP) since the concept was developed at the end of the 1980s with the aim of developing a model that permits an extended and comprehensive understanding of LP.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of research on lean production (LP) since the concept was developed at the end of the 1980s with the aim of developing a model that permits an extended and comprehensive understanding of LP.Design/methodology/approach – A literature survey of peer reviewed journal articles and paradigmatic books with managerial impact is employed as the research methodology.Findings – The findings derived from the evaluation of the publications analysed have led to the creation of an extended model of LP. Specifically, two new groups of factors to be taken into account in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of LP are presented. Apart from internal aspects at the shop floor level and value chain elements, the model provided includes work organisation and the impact that the geographical context has on LP. In addition, the critical assessment of publications has allowed a number of specific aspects to be identified for which there is no empirical evide...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a comprehensive bibliographic survey on the aggregator role in the power system operation and electricity market, which covers 59 references divided in journal, conference proceedings, thesis, research papers, and technical reports published after 1994.
Abstract: SUMMARY The foreseeable increase in the use of electric vehicles (EV) led to the discussion on intermediate entities that could help manage a great number of EV. An aggregation agent for electric vehicles is a commercial middleman between a system operator (SO) and plug-in EV. From the SO perspective, the aggregator is seen as a large source of generation or load, which could provide ancillary services such as spinning and regulating reserve. Generally, these services will be provided in the day-ahead and intraday electricity markets. In addition, the aggregator also participates in the electricity market with supply and demand energy bids. This paper provides a comprehensive bibliographic survey on the aggregator role in the power system operation and electricity market. The scope of the survey covers 59 references divided in journal, conference proceedings, thesis, research papers, and technical reports published after 1994. These papers are put into several technical categories: electricity market and EV technical and economic issues; aggregation agent concept, role and business model; algorithms for EV management as a load/resource. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature survey and attribute-based bibliography of the current state of the art in robotic middleware design is presented to assist roboticmiddleware researchers in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches and their appropriateness for their applications.
Abstract: Autonomous robots are complex systems that require the interaction between numerous heterogeneous components (software and hardware). Because of the increase in complexity of robotic applications and the diverse range of hardware, robotic middleware is designed to manage the complexity and heterogeneity of the hardware and applications, promote the integration of new technologies, simplify software design, hide the complexity of low-level communication and the sensor heterogeneity of the sensors, improve software quality, reuse robotic software infrastructure across multiple research efforts, and to reduce production costs. This paper presents a literature survey and attribute-based bibliography of the current state of the art in robotic middleware design. The main aim of the survey is to assist robotic middleware researchers in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches and their appropriateness for their applications. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive set of appropriate bibliographic references that are classified based on middleware attributes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper covers the studies relevant to neuroprotective activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, also known as “Gotu Kola,” which has been used traditionally as brain tonic in ayurvedic medicine.
Abstract: This paper covers the studies relevant to neuroprotective activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, also known as "Gotu Kola." The plant is native to the Southeast Asia and has been used traditionally as brain tonic in ayurvedic medicine. The neuroprotective effect of C. asiatica has been searched using the key words "Centella, Centella asiatica, gotu kola, Asiatic pennywort, neuroprotection, and memory" through the electronic databases including Sciencedirect, Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. According to the literature survey, C. asiatica (gotu kola) has been reported to have a comprehensive neuroprotection by different modes of action such as enzyme inhibition, prevention of amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease, dopamine neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease, and decreasing oxidative stress. Therefore, C. asiatica could be suggested to be a desired phytopharmaceutical with neuroprotective effect emerged from traditional medicine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature survey on this topic has revealed the importance of biochemical approaches for handling the transformation of dyes to smaller, and more environmentally friendlier molecules as discussed by the authors, and various enzymes, microorganisms and other species studied for this purpose have been isolated from different matrices, such as soil and plants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of magnetic NDT technologies is presented, which includes magnetic flux leakage (MFL), magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN), and recently developed metal magnetic memory (MMM).

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the most important topologies of multilevel inverters, including diode-clamped inverter (neutral-point clamped), capacitor-capped, and cascaded multi-level with separate dc sources.
Abstract: Multilevel inverters have been attracting in favor of academia as well as industry in the recent decade for high-power and medium-voltage energy control. In addition, they can synthesize switched waveforms with lower levels of harmonic distortion than an equivalently rated two-level converter. The multilevel concept is used to decrease the harmonic distortion in the output waveform without decreasing the inverter power output. This paper presents the most important topologies like diode-clamped inverter (neutral- point clamped), capacitor-clamped (flying capacitor), and cascaded multilevel with separate dc sources. This paper also presents the most relevant modulation methods developed for this family of converters: multilevel sinusoidal pulse width modulation, multilevel selective harmonic elimination, and space-vector modulation. Authors strongly believe that this survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the relevant references in the field of topologies and modulation strategies of multilevel inverter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review deals with the challenges and achievements of controlled release, multiparticulate, prodrug and drug conjugate systems of MTX.
Abstract: Introduction: Uses of methotrexate (MTX) are well established for the treatment of various types of malignancy, psoriasis, rheumatological diseases and the medical termination of pregnancy. Formulation and targeting approaches for MTX with controlled release carriers, multiparticulate systems, prodrug and drug conjugates have been found to improve bioavailability, reduce adverse effects and maximize clinical efficacy, compared with conventional methods. Areas covered: This exhaustive literature survey on different electronic databases covers drug delivery and clinical trials on MTX. This review deals with the challenges and achievements of controlled release, multiparticulate, prodrug and drug conjugate systems of MTX. Expert opinion: Therapeutic drug monitoring of MTX is crucial to attain a good efficacy. In spite of the advantages of multiparticulate, prodrug and drug conjugates, clinical applications of such formulations of MTX are still under infancy. These drug delivery systems require the special at...

Proceedings ArticleDOI
04 Jun 2012
TL;DR: An overview of study types, paradigms, and methods for evaluation both in the lab and in the real world is provided and a set of guidelines for researchers and practitioners alike to be applied when evaluating public displays are provided.
Abstract: After years in the lab, interactive public displays are finding their way into public spaces, shop windows, and public institutions They are equipped with a multitude of sensors as well as (multi-) touch surfaces allowing not only the audience to be sensed, but also their effectiveness to be measured The lack of generally accepted design guidelines for public displays and the fact that there are many different objectives (eg, increasing attention, optimizing interaction times, finding the best interaction technique) make it a challenging task to pick the most suitable evaluation method Based on a literature survey and our own experiences, this paper provides an overview of study types, paradigms, and methods for evaluation both in the lab and in the real world Following a discussion of design challenges, we provide a set of guidelines for researchers and practitioners alike to be applied when evaluating public displays

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature survey on the recent developments related to experimental and modeling studies of transient luminous events (TLEs) in the middle atmosphere termed elves, sprites and jets that are produced in association with thunderstorm activity at tropospheric altitudes is presented in this paper.
Abstract: This paper presents a literature survey on the recent developments related to experimental and modeling studies of transient luminous events (TLEs) in the middle atmosphere termed elves, sprites and jets that are produced in association with thunderstorm activity at tropospheric altitudes. The primary emphasis is placed on publications that appeared in refereed literature starting from year 2008 and up to the present date. The survey covers general phenomenology of TLEs and their relationships to characteristics of individual thunderstorms and lightning, physical mechanisms and modeling of TLEs, past, present and future orbital observations of TLEs, and their chemical, energetic and electric effects on local and global scales.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of the literature identified 16 animal and plant systems where divergent thermal adaptation may underlie (partial) reproductive isolation between populations or may allow the stable coexistence of sibling taxa and highlights the dearth of studies that investigate similar incipient species along the continuum from initial divergence to full reproductive isolation.
Abstract: Ecological speciation is defined as the emergence of reproductive isolation as a direct or indirect consequence of divergent ecological adaptation. Several empirical examples of ecological speciation have been reported in the literature which very often involve adaptation to biotic resources. In this review, we investigate whether adaptation to different thermal habitats could also promote speciation and try to assess the importance of such processes in nature. Our survey of the literature identified 16 animal and plant systems where divergent thermal adaptation may underlie (partial) reproductive isolation between populations or may allow the stable coexistence of sibling taxa. In many of the systems, the differentially adapted populations have a parapatric distribution along an environmental gradient. Isolation often involves extrinsic selection against locally maladapted parental or hybrid genotypes, and additional pre- or postzygotic barriers may be important. Together, the identified examples strongly suggest that divergent selection between thermal environments is often strong enough to maintain a bimodal genotype distribution upon secondary contact. What is less clear from the available data is whether it can also be strong enough to allow ecological speciation in the face of gene flow through reinforcement-like processes. It is possible that intrinsic features of thermal gradients or the genetic basis of thermal adaptation make such reinforcement-like processes unlikely but it is equally possible that pertinent systems are understudied. Overall, our literature survey highlights (once again) the dearth of studies that investigate similar incipient species along the continuum from initial divergence to full reproductive isolation and studies that investigate all possible reproductive barriers in a given system.