Literature survey

About: Literature survey is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15372 publications have been published within this topic receiving 459196 citations.

Exercise and outdoor ambient air pollution

Abstract: Objectives—To establish by literature survey: (a) levels at which air pollutants are considered damaging to human health and to exercisers in particular; (b) the current ambient levels experienced in the United Kingdom; (c) whether athletes are especially at risk. Methods—Six major urban air pollutants were examined: carbon monoxide (CO); nitrogen oxides (NOX); ozone (O3); particulate matter (PM10); sulphur dioxide (SO2); volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Results—CO is detrimental to athletic performance. NO2 is of concern to human health, but outdoor levels are low. O3 poses a potentially serious risk to exercising athletes. Decrements in lung function result from exposure, and there is evidence that athletic performance may be affected. Detrimental effects may occur at low ambient levels, but there is no scientific consensus on this matter. PM10 is causing concern in the scientific community. Blood lead accumulation during exercise indicates that personal exposure to toxic compounds associated with PM10 may be magnified. Generally, outdoor ambient levels of SO2 are too low to cause a problem to the athlete, except the asthmatic athlete. The few studies on exposure of exercisers to VOCs are reviewed. Conclusions—Athletes and exercisers should avoid exercising by the road side even though levels of the more noxious air pollutants have been controlled in the United Kingdom. O3 is particularly damaging to athletes; it reaches its highest concentrations on hot bright days in rural areas. Key Words: exercise; air pollution

Seeding the survey and analysis of research literature with text mining

Abstract: Text mining is a semi-automated process of extracting knowledge from a large amount of unstructured data. Given that the amount of unstructured data being generated and stored is increasing rapidly, the need for automated means to process it is also increasing. In this study, we present, discuss and evaluate the techniques used to perform text mining on collections of textual information. A case study is presented using text mining to identify clusters and trends of related research topics from three major journals in the management information systems field. Based on the findings of this case study, it is proposed that this type of analysis could potentially be valuable for researchers in any field.

Ecosystem‐specific patterns in the relationship between zooplankton and POM or microplankton del13C

Abstract: Measurements of plankton δ 13 C from 28 temperate lakes show that zooplankton are depleted in 13 C relative to smaller planktonic size fractions. A broad literature survey indicates that this is a general pattern in lakes but not in marine and estuarine plankton communities, where zooplankton are generally enriched in 13 C relative to particulate organic matter (POM) or micro-plankton. Marine plankton thus conform to the assumptions that pelagic food webs are essentially driven by phytoplankton and that POM or small planktonic size classes largely reflect algal carbon, which is transferred to zooplankton with a slight enrichment in 13 C. The plankton of lakes and possibly of estuaries, however, do not conform to this expectation. We show that there is a continuum in the δ 13 C differences between POM and zooplankton from open ocean to coastal areas and estuaries and that a similar pattern occurs from unproductive to highly productive lakes. These differences probably reflect both the degree in POM dilution by nonalgal sources of organic carbon and depth-related changes in the isotopic signature of phytoplankton in lakes and suggest systematic differences in organic carbon flow pathways among aquatic ecosystems.