Literature survey

About: Literature survey is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15372 publications have been published within this topic receiving 459196 citations.

Variation in measured values of photosynthetic quantum yield in ecophysiological studies

Abstract: Photosynthetic efficiency is often quantified as the light-limited, maximum quantum yield in eco- physiological studies. Four published comparative stud- ies report that photosynthetic efficiency varies little among plant species of widely diverse origins, and that quantum yields were near the maximum theoretically at- tainable value. However, many other published studies contradict this conclusion, reporting quantum yields as low as 30% of those found in the comparative studies. These studies have created the impression that certain plants, particularly wild plants growing outdoors, may have intrinsically low photosynthetic efficiencies. To in- vestigate the validity of these differing interpretations, we compiled quantum yield data from a survey of 30 published studies and compared those with data from the two most comprehensive comparative quantum yield studies. We also included quantum yield observations that we made on ten species. While our data confirm the results of the comparative studies indicating that maxi- mum quantum yield is high and invariant, the literature survey data showed a wide range of quantum yield val- ues. To investigate whether low quantum yield values could be caused by data collection and analysis tech- niques, we analyzed photosynthetic light-response data. Substantial underestimation of quantum yield could re- sult from including in the calculation data extending be- yond the linear region of the photosynthetic light re- sponse. In some cases quantum yield measurements can be influenced by changing levels of intercellular CO 2 during measurements. We conclude that many quantum yield values reported in the literature are affected by one or more of these errors, and the intrinsic efficiency of photosynthesis is mostly invariant among C 3 plants. This emphasizes the importance of the measurement and data analysis protocols in obtaining accurate and reliable quantum yield data.

Unstable Operation of Photovoltaic Inverter From Field Experiences

Abstract: This letter presents records of unstable operations in grid-connected photovoltaic generation plants. The instabilities involve a wide range of frequencies from tens to thousands of Hertz. Possible causes of the instabilities are discussed based on the literature survey. This letter suggests new industry standards or grid codes for photovoltaic generation integration should consider such practical challenges.

A taxonomy of cyber-harms: Defining the impacts of cyber-attacks and understanding how they propagate

Abstract: Technological advances have resulted in organisations digitalizing many parts of their operations. The threat landscape of cyber-attacks is rapidly changing and the potential impact of such attacks is uncertain, because there is a lack of effective metrics, tools and frameworks to understand and assess the harm organisations face from cyber-attacks. In this paper, we reflect on the literature on harm, and how it has been conceptualised in disciplines such as criminology and economics, and investigate how other notions such as risk and impact relate to harm. Based on an extensive literature survey and on reviewing news articles and databases reporting cyber-incidents, cybercrimes, hacks and other attacks, we identify various types of harm and create a taxonomy of cyber-harms encountered by organisations. This taxonomy comprises five broad themes: physical or digital harm; economic harm; psychological harm; reputational harm; and social and societal harm. In each of these themes we present several cyber-harms that can result from cyber-attacks. To provide initial indications about how these different types of harm are connected and how cyber-harm in general may propagate, this article also analyses and draws insight from four real-world case studies, involving Sony (2011 and 2014), JPMorgan and Ashley Madison. We conclude by arguing for the need for analytical tools for organisational cyber-harm, which can be based on a taxonomy such as the one we propose here. These would allow organisations to identify corporate assets, link these to different types of cyber-harm, measure those harms and, finally, consider the security controls needed for the treatment of harm.

Review of the applications of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to the analysis of biological samples

Abstract: Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has received significant attention over the last 10 years and has been widely used for the analysis of biological samples. The technique allows the determination of elements and isotopes in biological tissues and related materials with a spatial resolution typically ranging from 10 to 100 μm. When compared to other techniques usually employed to obtain bioimages, the greater advantage of LA-ICP-MS is its higher sensitivity. The literature survey over the last 10 years concerning the use of LA-ICP-MS for biological tissue analysis is reviewed in this article. Instrumentation, strategies of calibration for quantitative analysis, challenges and recent advances in this field are discussed. Applications of the isotope ratio (IR), including tracer experiments, and isotope dilution (ID), are reviewed for biological samples (briefly for proteins, in order to show the utility of LA-ICP-MS). Bioimaging methods, studies and applications for animal and plants tissues are emphasized, demonstrating the importance of bioimaging of metals and metalloids in biomedical research, bioaccumulation and bioavailability studies for ecological and toxicological risk assessment in humans, animals and plants. The usefulness of the IR associated with bioimaging for predicting geographical origin, habitat, movement of subjects, diet and lifestyle are also demonstrated.

Human factors of transitions in automated driving: A general framework and literature survey

Abstract: The topic of transitions in automated driving is becoming important now that cars are automated to ever greater extents. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to support and align human factors research on transitions in automated driving. Driving states are defined based on the allocation of primary driving tasks (i.e., lateral control, longitudinal control, and monitoring) between the driver and the automation. A transition in automated driving is defined as the process during which the human-automation system changes from one driving state to another, with transitions of monitoring activity and transitions of control being among the possibilities. Based on ‘Is the transition required?’, ‘Who initiates the transition?’, and ‘Who is in control after the transition?’, we define six types of control transitions between the driver and automation: (1) Optional Driver-Initiated Driver-in-Control, (2) Mandatory Driver-Initiated Driver-in-Control, (3) Optional Driver-Initiated Automation-in-Control, (4) Mandatory Driver-Initiated Automation-in-Control, (5) Automation-Initiated Driver-in-Control, and (6) Automation-Initiated Automation-in-Control. Use cases per transition type are introduced. Finally, we interpret previous experimental studies on transitions using our framework and identify areas for future research. We conclude that our framework of driving states and transitions is an important complement to the levels of automation proposed by transportation agencies, because it describes what the driver and automation are doing, rather than should be doing, at a moment of time.