scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Topic

Literature survey

About: Literature survey is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15372 publications have been published within this topic receiving 459196 citations.


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that both climate change and alien species will ultimately lead to the creation of novel communities, and certain interactions may no longer occur while there will also be potential for the emergence of new relationships.
Abstract: Global change may substantially affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning but little is known about its effects on essential biotic interactions. Since different environmental drivers rarely act in isolation it is important to consider interactive effects. Here, we focus on how two key drivers of anthropogenic environmental change, climate change and the introduction of alien species, affect plant-pollinator interactions. Based on a literature survey we identify climatically sensitive aspects of species interactions, assess potential effects of climate change on these mechanisms, and derive hypotheses that may form the basis of future research. We find that both climate change and alien species will ultimately lead to the creation of novel communities. In these communities certain interactions may no longer occur while there will also be potential for the emergence of new relationships. Alien species can both partly compensate for the often negative effects of climate change but also amplify them in some cases. Since potential positive effects are often restricted to generalist interactions among species, climate change and alien species in combination can result in significant threats to more specialist interactions involving native species.

317 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive literature survey of public policy implementation research and suggest that the time is long overdue for efforts to synthesize research results in a more rigorous scientific manner than has hitherto been done.
Abstract: Despite several decades of research on public policy implementation we know surprisingly little, not only about cumulative research results, but also about several other key aspects of this research field. This article tries to amend these deficiencies by presenting the results of a comprehensive literature survey. Its main purpose is to challenge, revise, and supplement some conventional wisdom about implementation research. A second motivation is to lay the foundation for and initiate a much needed synthesis of empirical research results. The main results are: The overall volume of publications on policy implementation has not stagnated or declined dramatically since the mid 1980s as is commonly asserted. On the contrary, it has continued to grow exponentially through the 1990s and into the twenty-first century. Even more surprising is that a large number of publications are located outside the core fields. Hence, the literature is substantially larger and more multidisciplinary than most commentators realize. Doctoral dissertations are the most ignored, but probably the richest, largest, and best source of empirical research results. Tracing the origin as well as the location of the disciplinary and geographical cradle of implementation studies must also be readjusted significantly. The ethnocentric bias of this research field toward the Western hemisphere has been, and still is, strong and some policy sectors are given much more attention than others. Although positive in many ways, the predominant multidisciplinary character of implementation research still poses some serious problems with respect to theory development. Thus, I discuss whether a resurgence of interest in policy implementation among policy scholars may already be occurring. Finally, I suggest that the time is long overdue for efforts to synthesize research results in a more rigorous scientific manner than has hitherto been done.

317 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates across Africa from 1980 onwards supports the idea of highly heterogeneous risk at the continental, regional and country levels.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa from 1980 onwards. It first describes how the annual EIR data were collated, summarized, geo-referenced and staged for public access on the internet. Problems of data standardization, reporting accuracy and the subsequent publishing of information on the internet follow. The review was conducted primarily to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of malaria exposure in Africa and supports the idea of highly heterogeneous risk at the continental, regional and country levels. The implications for malaria control of the significant spatial (and seasonal) variation in exposure to infected mosquito bites are discussed.

316 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Regression analysis showed that data for humans derived from a comprehensive literature survey were consistent, for age > 1 yr, with log10 MAC decreasing with increasing age at the same rate for all inhaled anaesthetics; approximately equivalent to 6% change per decade of age.
Abstract: It is well known that MAC, the minimum alveolar concentration required to prevent movement in response to surgical incision in 50% of patients, decreases with age. Regression analysis showed that data for humans derived from a comprehensive literature survey were consistent, for age > 1 yr, with log10 MAC decreasing with increasing age at the same rate for all inhaled anaesthetics; approximately equivalent to 6% change per decade of age. With some slight reservation on differences between data from different institutions, the present data for humans are consistent (for age > 1 yr), with the equation MAC = a x 10bx where x = difference in age (in years) from 40, b = -0.00269 (95% confidence limits (CL) -0.0030, -0.0024) and a = MAC at age 40 yr, which, for anaesthetics currently in use clinically, is given by: halothane, 0.75%; isoflurane, 1.17%; enflurane, 1.63%; sevoflurane, 1.80%; desflurane 6.6%; nitrous oxide, 104%; with 95% CL of approximately +/- 7% (+/- 10% for desflurane, +/- 17% for enflurane).

315 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the conduction of electricity in organic solids, especially the parameters required for metallic electron flow and the phenomena responsible for its permanent interruption or perpetual flow are discussed in detail.
Abstract: The conduction of electricity in organic solids, especially the parameters required for metallic electron flow and the phenomena responsible for its permanent interruption or perpetual flow are discussed in detail. Specifically, the permanent interruption, termed metal-to-insulator transition, or perpetual flow, termed metal-to-superconductor, are discussed as exhibited by tetrathiofulvalene (TTF), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), tetraselenafulvalene (TTMTSF), and salts of each of these compounds. A rather extensive literature survey is included with 60 references being cited.

314 citations


Network Information
Related Topics (5)
Software
130.5K papers, 2M citations
75% related
Regression analysis
31K papers, 1.7M citations
74% related
Sustainability
129.3K papers, 2.5M citations
73% related
The Internet
213.2K papers, 3.8M citations
73% related
Sustainable development
101.4K papers, 1.5M citations
72% related
Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202239
2021987
2020987
2019816
2018799
2017870