Literature survey

About: Literature survey is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15372 publications have been published within this topic receiving 459196 citations.

Cost of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis across the world

Abstract: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a modality is underutilized in most parts of the world today despite several advantages including the possibility of it being offered in the remotest of locations and being significantly more affordable than haemodialysis (HD) in most cases. In this article, we will compare the cost of HD and PD in several countries to demonstrate that PD is less than, or at least as expensive as, HD. A thorough literature survey of EMBASE and PUBMED was conducted; 78 articles which compared the annual PD and annual HD costs were finally selected. Careful attention was paid to the methodology followed by each study and the year it was published in. Our final calculations included 46 countries (20 developed and 26 developing). We found that the cost of HD was between 1.25 and 2.35 times the cost of PD in 22 countries (17 developed and 5 developing), between 0.90 and 1.25 times the cost of PD in 15 countries (2 developed and 13 developing), and between 0.22 and 0.90 times the cost of PD in 9 countries (1 developed and 8 developing). From our analysis, it is evident that most developed countries can provide PD at a lesser expense to the healthcare system than HD. The evidence on developing countries is more mixed, but in most cases PD can be provided at a similar cost where economies of scale have been achieved, either by local production or by low import duties on PD equipment.

Surface Heterogeneity and Vertical Structure of the Boundary Layer

Abstract: The concepts of vertical structure of the boundary layer over homogeneous surfaces are discussed, including the roughness sublayer, surface layer (inertial layer) and outer layer. As an interpretive literature survey, the vertical depth of the influence of surface heterogeneity, relative to such vertical structure, is examined in terms of blending height theory, convective boundary-layer scaling and internal boundary-layer theory. These concepts are examined with data over different surface types. The rich variety of types of surface heterogeneity and background flow preclude description of their influence on the boundary layer by one single approach. Nonetheless, new scaling arguments offer promise for convective conditions. Internal boundary layers are found to form only in certain situations and even then may exhibit more diffuse vertical structure compared to the textbook internal boundary layer. New scaling arguments are developed to describe the potential for internal boundary-layer development in flow of warm air over a cooler surface. These arguments explain some aspects of the observations but remain incomplete.

A survey of evaluation techniques used in augmented reality studies

Abstract: In this paper we report on an initial survey of user evaluation techniques used in Augmented Reality (AR) research. To identify all papers which include AR evaluations we reviewed research publications between the years 1993 and 2007 from online databases of selected scientific publishers. Starting with a total of 6071 publications we filtered the articles in several steps which resulted in 165 AR related publications with user evaluations. These publications were classified in two different ways: according to the evaluation type used following an earlier literature survey classification scheme; and according to the evaluation methods or approach used. We present the results of out literature survey, provide a comprehensive list of references of the selected publications, and discuss some possible research opportunities for future work. Keywords: Augmented Reality, user evaluation, evaluation methods. This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for non-profit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of