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Showing papers on "Longitude published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a second-order auto-regressive (AR) model is used to detect horizontal wave propagation in the presence of dissipation, and the covariance matrices are computed at each 5° latitude by 10° longitude location from approximately 30°S − 60°N at depths of 0m, 200m, 400m from temperature anomalies about the mean annual cycle for the 13 years from 1979-1991.

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Wideband ionospheric scintillation model (WBMOD) to calculate the S 4 on a two-way channel, where the data from three additional stations (Ascension Island, in the South Atlantic Ocean, Huancayo, Peru, and Manila, Phillipines; data collected under the auspices of the USAF Phillips Laboratory Geophysics Directorate) were used to provide a greater diversity in both latitude and longitude.
Abstract: One of the main limitations of the modeling work that went into the equatorial section of the Wideband ionospheric scintillation model (WBMOD) was that the data set used in the modeling was limited to two stations near the dip equator (Ancon, Peru, and Kwajalein Island, in the North Pacific Ocean) at two fixed local times (nominally 1000 and 2200). Over the past year this section of the WBMOD model has been replaced by a model developed using data from three additional stations (Ascension Island, in the South Atlantic Ocean, Huancayo, Peru, and Manila, Phillipines; data collected under the auspices of the USAF Phillips Laboratory Geophysics Directorate) which provide a greater diversity in both latitude and longitude, as well as cover the entire day. The new model includes variations with latitude, local time, longitude, season, solar epoch, and geomagnetic activity levels. The way in which the irregularity strength parameter C k L is modeled has also been changed. The new model provides the variation of the full probability distribution function (PDF) of log(C k L) rather than simply the average of log(C k L). This permits the user to specify a threshold on scintillation level, and the model will calculate the percent of the time that scintillation will exceed that level in the user-specified scenario. It will also permit calculation of scintillation levels at a user-specified percentile. A final improvement to the WBMOD model is the implementation of a new theory for calculating S 4 on a two-way channel

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the response of the equatorial isonospheric heights and ionization anomaly to disturbance electric fields, identified as a direct penetration electric field associated with IMF B, changes and development of the ring current (especially the asymmetric component), and that produced by a disturbance zonal neutral wind are analyzed.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple model of wind forcing of the Atlantic from the African coast to Bermuda uses the Levitus mean density data to estimate the long Rossby wave speed as a function of longitude as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Bermuda tide gauge record extends back to the early 1930s. That sea level fluctuations there are highly coherent with dynamic height from hydrographic data has two interesting implications. First, it should contain information about the low-frequency circulation of the Atlantic. Furthermore, because dynamic height contains information on heat storage, it might, on the limited timescales accessible in the record, also contain clues about climate. A simple model of wind forcing of the Atlantic from the African coast to Bermuda uses the Levitus mean density data to estimate the long Rossby wave speed as a function of longitude. Sea level and thermocline variability estimated this way are in remarkably good agreement with observations at periods of more than a few years duration. The peak-to-peak sea level signal is ∼18 cm, which is nearly 25% of the slope across the Gulf Stream at this latitude. The model results suggest that the variability is largest somewhat to the east of Bermuda; fluctuatio...

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply a mechanistic ozone transport model to investigate the extent to which the geographic dependence of total ozone trends in January can be explained as being due to decadal changes in the amplitudes and phases of stationary planetary waves.
Abstract: At northern midlatitudes, total ozone trends are largest in winter when the longitudinal distribution of ozone is highly asymmetric owing to dynamical forcing by stationary, planetary-scale waves. A distinct longitude dependence of these midlatitude trends for the 1979 to 1991 time period has previously been derived statistically from Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer data. Here we apply a mechanistic ozone transport model to investigate the extent to which the geographic dependence of total ozone trends in January can be explained as being due to decadal changes in the amplitudes and phases of stationary planetary waves. Results indicate that most or all of the statistically derived geographic dependence can be explained in this manner. In support of the mechanistic model calculations, lower stratospheric geopotential height differences or anomalies between groups of Januaries near the end of the 1980s and near the beginning of the 1980s are inversely correlated with the geographic distribution of ozone trends. The observed decadal changes in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric stationary wave properties are most probably a consequence of decadal climate variability in the troposphere.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Southern Polar Front (SPF) as discussed by the authors is a branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) that lies 6° south of the Polar Front at 88°W and 3° north of the Continental Water Boundary.
Abstract: A front at 67°S in the Bellingshausen Sea at 85°W is shown to be part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the southernmost zone of concentrated eastward transport at that longitude. The front lies 6° south of the Polar Front at 88°W and 3° north of the Continental Water Boundary. The front is continuous to the east through Drake Passage where it forms a southern branch of the Polar Front, for which reason we have named it the Southern Polar Front. Data from a towed profiling CTD were able to distinguish the Polar Front from the Southern Polar Front, even though they were only 0.5° apart. Thus the width of the ACC south of the Polar Front varied considerably. About a third of the transport of the ACC also lay south of the Polar Front, with 15 Sv carried by the Southern Polar Front alone at 85°W. Distinguishing features of the Southern Polar Front were a water mass boundary associated with a zone of concentrated baroclinic flow and a surface salinity minimum. These features also have been found at the Greenwich Meridian at 53°S, so the Southern Polar Front can be traced round at least a quarter of the globe. To the west of the Bellingshausen Sea both Eltanin data and the Fine Resolution Antarctic Model show that the AAC is at its narrowest at 145°W, where its southern boundaries lie as far north as 56°S. At this longitude the ACC meets the topographic barrier of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. To conserve potential vorticity the current is forced to make a southward loop as it crosses the ridge and the current broadens dramatically. The flow remains broad until forced to sharpen by the constriction of Drake Passage. A similar broadening of the ACC is seen where it crosses the Southwest Indian Ridge south of Africa at 30°E. Here it remains broad until it encounters the Kerguelen Plateau. Thus the eastern boundaries of both the Weddell and Ross Gyres are determined by where the ACC crosses midocean ridges.

64 citations


01 Jun 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors interpret the expansion coefficients in terms of a best-fit ellipsoid displaced with respect to the center of mass in the equatorial plane, and conclude that Mercury's crustal thickness is in the range from 100 to 300 km.
Abstract: If Mercury's radius is expanded in Legendre functions to the second degree and order, the systematic error in radar ranging can be reduced significantly. We interpret the expansion coefficients in terms of a best-fit ellipsoid displaced with respect to the center of mass in the equatorial plane. The ellipsoid's principal axes are rotated in the equatorial plane such that the long axis is aligned with cartographic longitude 15.3 deg +/- 2.9 deg (west). The pole location is consistent with the IAU pole, normal to Mercury's orbital plane. There is a significant equatorial ellipticity (a - b)/a = (540 +/- 54) x 10(exp -6). The center of figure is offset from the center of mass (C.F.-C.M.) by 640 +/- 78 m in the equatorial plane in the direction of cartographic longitude 319.5 deg +/- 6.9 deg. The magnitude of the equatorial center of figure offset implies an excess crustal thickness of 12 km or less, comparable to the Moon's excess. By comparing the equatorial ellipticity with the Mariner 10 gravity coefficient C(sub 22) and assuming Airy isostatic compensation, we conclude that Mercury's crustal thickness is in the range from 100 to 300 km.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the interplanetary phenomena (energetic particles, solar wind plasma, and magnetic field) seen at Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 8 (IMP 8) and at International Cometary Explorer (ICE), located 65 deg west of IMP 8, during the period October 19-31, 1989, when neutron monitors observed three ground level events originating in one active region when it was in the longitude range E09 deg to W57 deg.
Abstract: We describe the interplanetary phenomena (energetic particles, solar wind plasma, and magnetic field) seen at Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 8 (IMP 8) and at International Cometary Explorer (ICE), located 65 deg west of IMP 8, during the period October 19-31, 1989, when neutron monitors observed three ground level events originating in one active region when it was in the longitude range E09 deg to W57 deg. At least four shocks, associated with energetic particle enhancements, which can be attributed to a sequence of coronal mass ejections from the same active region, were seen at both spacecraft. An additional shock was observed only at ICE late in this period when the active region was behind the west limb. Considering all the data (which unfortunately suffer from large gaps), it appears that the ejecta associated with the shocks were detected only when the spacecraft and solar source longitude were separated by less than 50 deg. The shocks extended over a greater range of longitudes. The cosmic ray record at Earth is consistent with this picture such that only the first two shock-associated cosmic ray decreases had the signature expected for intercepting ejecta material. This same time period was also examined by Bavassano et al. (1994). However, we do not agree with their conclusion that 'magnetic clouds' extending at least 75 deg from the source longitude were present.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A map of the current sheet in heliographic latitude and Carrington longitude reveals two folds corresponding to four magnetic sectors, associated with a pair of asymmetrically placed polar coronal holes whereas the other two sectors coincided with a near-equatorial coronal hole on opposite sides of the equator as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The rapid crossing of the solar equatorial region by Ulysses as it returned from the south pole resulted in 7 crossings of the heliospheric current sheet between 10°S and 20°N and 10 distinct solar wind interaction regions between 18°S and 22°N. Both the extent of the current sheet and the latitude interval containing the interaction regions are a factor of ≈ 2 less than were observed by Ulysses when it left the equatorial region in 1993. A map of the current sheet in heliographic latitude and Carrington longitude reveals two folds corresponding to 4 magnetic sectors. The coronal holes associated with the sectors, the interaction regions and high-speed streams have been identified. Two sectors were associated with a pair of asymmetrically-placed polar coronal holes whereas the other two sectors coincided with a pair of near-equatorial coronal holes on opposite sides of the equator.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: San Marco D electric field measurements have been averaged in terms of their equivalent ion drift to produce an average pattern of equatorial zonal and vertical ion drifts. Variations with season, solar activity, Kp, lunar phase and longitude have been analyzed. Similarities and some differences from previous Jicamarca, DE 2 and AE-E results are seen. Confirmation is given of the dominance of the F region dynamo in the 1900-2100 local time region. The daytime zonal ion drift is larger for high F10.7 values than that for low values. There is little variation between high and low values of Kp. Superrotation is evident in this data set and is larger at equinox compared to solstice. At the June solstice there are significant differences between the average ion drifts in the longitude sector where the geomagnetic equator is north of the geographic equator (Indian sector) and the sector where the geomagnetic equator is south of the geographic equator (Peruvian sector). The daytime upward velocity is larger in the Indian sector than in the Peruvian sector, and it reverses later in the evening in the Indian sector. Daytime westward zonal velocities are larger and the nighttime eastward velocities are smaller in the Indian sector. A presunrise enhancement is seen in the downward velocity in the Indian sector but not in the Peruvian sector. Significant variations are also seen with the phase of the moon. In light of current theory, the lunar variations suggest a complex interaction of E and F region dynamo sources with conductivity, changing in phase and character with latitude.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The night-time Winter Anomaly (NWA) is a regular phenomenon at the mid-latitude ionosphere in the American and Asian longitude sectors under low solar activity conditions as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a heat anomaly transport in the upper ocean mixed layer in the Kuroshio extension region and the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific is described, where an inversion technique is applied to the stochastic partial differential equation for the heat anomaly balance of advection, diffusion, sub-linearizing feedback, and atmospheric forcing.
Abstract: We describe a heat anomaly transport in the upper ocean mixed layer in the Kuroshio extension region and the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific. Emphasis is on behavior in the cool season December-March) during the Asian Winter Monsoon. The heat anomaly transport is estimated by applying an inversion technique to the stochastic partial differential equation for the heat anomaly balance of advection, diffusion, subilizing feedback, and atmospheric forcing. The inversion consists of (1) derivation of statistical parametric model from the heat anomaly balance equation; (2) fitting the derived statistical model to the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly covariances; and (3) calculation of the heat anomaly net advection velocity, horizontal diffusion coefficient, feedback factor and atmospheric forcing correlation from the parameters of the evaluated statistical model. The inversion was applied to the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set Compressed Marine Reports SST data averaged at 1 o latitude ×2 o longitude boxes on a 10-day mean basis from 1965 to 1990. The estimates of the net advection velocity are consistent in magnitude and direction with the general circulation in the surface layer of the Northwest Pacific in winter. SST anomalies are transported to the west at ∼0.15 m s -1 in the northern part of the North Equatorial Current. Between 21 o and 29 o N in the recirculating region, SST anomalies propagate westward with the mean velocity less than 0.1 m s -1 . South and east of Honshu the observed pattern of the SST anomaly transport agrees broadly with the circulations of the Kuroshio current and its extension and the Oyashio current. South of Honshu, the eastward transport is about 200-300 km wide; its absolute velocity is up to 0.2 m s -1 . One branch of the uansport separates from the coast near the large meander path of the Kuroshio current and follows the east-southeast direction. The second separation from the coast occurs south of Hokkaido. Over the analysis domain the estimates of the diffusion coefficient are in the range of 3×10 3 to 6x10 3 m 2 s -1 . The h igher values of the diffusion coefficient confirm the enhancement of the mesoscale eddy processes near the subtropical convergence zone. The analysis supports Hasselmann's (1976) theory in which generation of midlatitude SST anomalies lasting the dominant timescale of atmospheric processes is primarily attributed to the short period stochastic weather forcing. However, the analysis indicates that the inertia of SST anomalies to ther memory of earlier winds can not be neglected in the vicinity of the western boundary and in the tropics

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the strength of the Sq current system is measured by taking the difference between magnetic variations on either side of the current system focus, which is carried out for several longitude sectors.
Abstract: The strength of the Sq current system is measured by taking the difference between magnetic variations on either side of the current system focus. This is carried out for several longitude sectors. A distinct semiannual variation is sometimes found but its incidence varies with longitude, local time and hemisphere. Other semiannual effects in the ionosphere are reviewed and the possibility of a diurnal modulation of the strength of the 12-h tide is suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of examples of anomalous enhancements of eastward electric fields near sunrise in the equatorial ionospheric F-region were reported, which correspond to vertical plasma drifts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, longitudinal differences in total electron content (TEC) in summer in the northern equatorial-anomaly region are studied using observations from Wuhan (an east-Asian longitude station) and Palehua (a mid-Pacific longitude stations), and values from the Sheffield University Plasmasphere-Ionosphere Model.

Patent
31 Oct 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to enable a person who has visited a site to awaken his memory obtained when he visited the site and, at the same time, another person who is not familiar with the site to previously image the atmosphere of the site by recording the picture information of the circumferential scenery of the present location and sound information and reproducing the information by displaying the information together with a map.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable a person who has visited a site to awaken his memory obtained when he visited the site and, at the same time, another person who is not familiar with the site to previously image the atmosphere of the site by recording the picture information of the circumferential scenery of the present location and sound information and reproducing the information by displaying the information together with a map. CONSTITUTION:A GPS receiver 2 calculates the latitude and longitude of the present location on the bacis of signals from GSP satellites received through an antenna l and outputs the calculated latitude and longitude to a central arithmetic section 7. When the operator of an electronic map device takes the circumferential scenery of the present location with a camera 4, the taken picture information is transmitted to the section 7. Upon receiving the picture information, the section 7 obtains the latitude and longitude of the present location from the receiver 2 and the azimuth to the object from a gyrocompass 3 and records the information in a memory 6 by correlating the information with the latitude, longitude, and azimuth. When sounds are recorded with a microphone 5. In addition, the sound information is transmitted to the section 7 and the section 7 records the information in the memory 6 as a set of the information the latitude and longitude from the receiver 2.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1995
TL;DR: In this article, a spatial integration filtering method is applied to process 4.5 years of Geosat altimeter sea level anomalies (SLA) recorded from 1 April 1985 to 17 September 1989.
Abstract: A spatial integration filtering method is applied to process 4.5 years of Geosat altimeter sea level anomalies(SLA) recorded from 1 April 1985 to 17 September 1989. The integral limits are chosen as ±1.5° latitude centered at the equator and ±4° longitude centered at the each central longitude. These limits are chosen in order to eliminate the random noise and to enhance the equatorially trapped wave signals. The spatial-integration-filtered SLA time series show periodical signals with different time scales. Processing the SLA time series with a Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) yields the time-frequency spectra of the SLA which show a frequency spectral splitting-combining phenomenon in the periods during and after the 1986–1987 El Ninio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Analysis of non-linear wave-wave interaction indicates that this phenomenon results from amplitude modulation of the short period oscillations in the 60–100 day band by a long period oscillation with a period of about 500 days. The wave components of the short period oscillations are further analysed using the equatorial wave modes to fit the meridional distribution of the SLA. The results indicate that the downwelling Kelvin wave mode before and during the peak phase of 1986–1987 ENSO and the upwelling Kelvin wave mode during the 1988 La Nina are the dominant components. The first and second Rossby wave modes play important roles for entire time series and occasionally become the dominant components. The mean phase speed of Kelvin wave mode during the 1986–1987 ENSO is 3.0 m s−1 which is 25% higher than those in non-ENSO periods.

Patent
31 Aug 1995
TL;DR: A character string of n characters for the longitude and a second character string for the latitude of a particular location, each of the characters in each string being selected from one of a number of possible characters.
Abstract: The present invention provides for a Natural Area Coding System based upon the natural coordinates of longitude and latitude. The system comprises a character string of n characters for the longitude and a second character string of n characters for the latitude of a particular location, each of the characters in each of the strings being selected from one of a number of possible characters. The natural area code can be obtained generally using the above algorithm where Longitude=180+Longitude East OR 180-Longitude West, or Longitude=Longitude East OR 360-Longitude West, or Longitude=180+Longitude West OR 180-Longitude East, or Longitude=Longitude West OR 360-Longitude East, and Latitude=90+Latitude North OR 90-Latitude South, or Latitude=90+Latitude South OR 90-Latitude North, F($(1,3)$) = Nearest whole number of ($(1,3)$) with x0=y0=0.5 OR Integer part of ($(1,3)$) with x0=y0=0, (a) sums the terms only when q>1, otherwise equals to zero. A is the number of characters in the character set. n and m are the number of characters in the longitude and latitude character string respectively. The resultant code will be X1X2X3...Xn Y1Y2...Ym, where X1,X2,...,Xn are the natural area code symbols corresponding to the integers x1,x2,...,xn, similarly for Y1,Y2,...,Ym. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, m and n are 4 and A is 30 using the ten digits, 0 to 9 and the capital consonants of the English letters as the character set, resulting in an 8-character code for each ara of the earth smaller than 50 meters in longitudinal direction and 25 meters in latitudinal direction for the whole world.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study was made of the dynamics of the main ionospheric trough in the northern and southern hemispheres using data of ion density winter measurements on the Kosmos-900 satellite from 1977 to 1979.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a coupled general circulation model (CGCM) is developed with its characteristics different from other CGCMs such as the unified vertical coordinates and subtraction of the standard stratification for both atmosphere and ocean, available energy consideration, and so on.
Abstract: On the basis of Zeng's theoretical design, a coupled general circulation model (CGCM) is developed with its characteristics different from other CGCMs such as the unified vertical coordinates and subtraction of the standard stratification for both atmosphere and ocean, available energy consideration, and so on. The oceanic component is a free surface tropical Pacific Ocean GCM between 30°N and 30°S with horizontal grid spacing of 1° in latitude and 2° in longitude, and with 14 vertical layers. The atmospheric component is a global GCM with low—resolution of 4° in latitude and 5° in longitude, and two layers of equal mass in the vertical between the surface and 200 hPa. The atmospheric GCM includes comprehensive physical processes. The coupled model is subjected to seasonally-varying cycle. Several coupling experiments, ranging from straight forward coupling without flux correction to one with flux correction, and to so—called predictor—corrector monthly coupling (PCMC), are conducted to show the existence and final controlling of the climate drift in the coupled system. After removing the climate drift with the PCMC scheme, the coupled model is integrated for more than twenty years. The results show reasonable simulations of the annual mean and its seasonal cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The model also produces the coherent interannual variations of the climate system, manifesting the observed El Nino / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

23 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) acquired data as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) in 1994 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) acquired data as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) in 1994. Flights occurred over the northern study area (NSA) in the region of 56 degrees north latitude and 98.5 degrees west longitude and over the southern study area (SSA) at 54 degrees north latitude and 105 degrees west longitude. These data will be used to directly derive spectral properties of the surface and atmosphere and to provide supporting data for other instruments, models, and experiments in support of the BOREAS objectives. We present a preliminary evaluation of the AVIRIS data collected in BOREAS in terms of the AVIRIS-derived parameters: water vapor, leaf water, and apparent spectral reflectance.

Patent
30 Apr 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, an autonomous on-board satellite control system is proposed to achieve autonomous orientation control and autonomous determination of the satellite's altitude and location in relation to the Earth's longitude and latitude grid.
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/RU93/00262 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 23, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 23, 1995 PCT Filed Nov. 10, 1993 PCT Pub. No. WO94/18073 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 18, 1994An autonomous on-board satellite control system is to achieve autonomous orientation control and autonomous determination of the satellite's altitude and location in relation to the Earth's longitude and latitude grid. This is done with the aid of the following elements: an Earth sensor (1), a Pole-star sensor (2), a computer (4), a timing device (6) and actuator units (7). The system also includes a navigational star sensor (3) and a storage device (5), while the computer is designed so as to facilitate supplementary determinations. The orientation of the satellite is controlled by superimposing the general sensory plane (16) of the sensors (1 and 2) with the plane of the angle "center of Earth-satellite-Pole star" which defines latitude. The geovertical (11) rotates about a line to the Pole star (12) as the satellite (8) moves in its orbit (9) and this is equivalent to the revolution of the stars in the field of vision of the sensors (2 and 3). The rotation of the plan containing the lines to the stars (12 and 18) is measured in relation to a reference line (19) whose longitude and angular parameter ("B") are kept in the storage device (5). Inertial longitude is calculated as the sum of the angle of measurement and the right ascension of the Pole star as the base longitude and is converted to the geocentric longitude. The altitude of the plan (16) to the latitudinal plane is calculated as the product of the polar distance of the Pole star and the sine of the angle of measurement, while its development ( gamma ) when in misalignment with the longitudinal axis (17) is calculated as the product of the angular dimension of the Earth's radius, the sine of the angle is equal to the difference in longitudes of a target point (20) and the point below the satellite and the cosine of the latitude angle.

01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: A detailed paleomagnetic record of the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity reversal is recorded in clay sediment samples taken from North Pacific Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 145-884C.
Abstract: A highly detailed paleomagnetic record of the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity reversal is recorded in clay sediment samples taken from North Pacific Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 145-884C. In this study, I analyzed 81 1-cm3 samples, taken over -75 cm of core and representing about 16 k.y. of deposition time. Normalized intensity vs. depth plots indicate that at least 7 cycles of substantial intensity fluctuation describe the transition period, with the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) moving from high southern to high northern latitudes entirely within the fourth observed cycle. Transitional poles associated with earlier and later intensity lows, as well as the poles that describe the actual VGP reversal path, are distributed in close proximity to the 270° longitudinal meridian. This preference for the longitudinal band, which includes North America, also extends to the higher latitude reversed poles that precede the polarity transition. Because the sampling site is -90° from this preferred longitude, the significance of Hole 884C's VGP confinement remains obscure. However, these results are in general agreement with the high sedimentation rate reversal record obtained earlier from Hole 792A (ODP Leg 126), drilled about 3500 km to the southwest. These conformable directional and intensity results suggest that the field maintained a dipole configuration, perhaps with the addition of a strong secondary equatorial dipole, throughout most of the transition period.


Patent
01 Jun 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer receives the latitude, the longitude and the height data of own antenna on the earth from a GPS receiver and receives the coordinates of an opposite antenna at the same time, and the corresponding data inputted from the own antenna and the opposite antenna are converted into the rectangular coordinates.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To make it possible to establish the direction of an antenna quickly by receiving the radio wave from a navigation satellite, and detecting the latitudes and the longitudes of two facing antennas based on the radio wave. CONSTITUTION: A computer receives the latitude, the longitude and the height data of own antenna on the earth from a GPS receiver and receives the latitude, the longitude and the height data of an opposite antenna at the same time. Then, the respective data inputted from the own antenna and the opposite antenna are converted into the rectangular coordinates. For example, the position of a relay vehicle is made to be a point A, and the position of a home office is made to be a point B. The polar coordinates of the points A and B are converted into the polar coordinates, respectively, and the distance between the point A and the point B is obtained. Then, the external shape surrounded by the latitude line and the longitude line of the point A and the latitude line and the longitude line of the point B is regarded as the retancle, and the distances (a), (b) and (c) of the sides of the rectangle are computed. An interior angle θ of the rectangle is computed by a cosine theorem. Furthermore, interior angles θA and θB are obtained. An azimuth angle αA when the point B is observed from the point A and an azimuth angle αB when the point A is observed from the point B are operated. COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO

Patent
12 May 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, a display system for displaying a plurality of meteorological data of different attributes is proposed. But the system is not suitable for display of large numbers of data points.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a display system which makes it possible to synthetically display a plurality of meteorological data of different attributes by converting respective meteorological data into specific coordinate systems to be unified in a system which displays a plurality of meteorological data of different attributes. CONSTITUTION:An input display request 8 is judged by a data attribution judgment part 1 and, if necessary, converted into a longitude/latitude coordinate data by a longitude/latitude coordinate conversion part 2, and the longitude/ latitude coordinate data is converted into display XY coordinates by a display coordinate conversion part 3 and displayed on a display 7 as a display data 9.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
22 May 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, a transformation of unit vectors between Cartesian earth centered and local north, east, and up coordinates is presented to simplify derivations on an ellipsoid Earth.
Abstract: A transformation of unit vectors between Cartesian earth centered and local north, east, and up coordinates is presented to simplify derivations on an ellipsoid Earth. The unit vector relationships an used to simplify the derivation of a transformation for sending track files from a sensor platform (latitude, longitude) with local Cartesian coordinates (Xs-East, Ys-North, Zs-Up) to a receiving platform (latitude', longitude') with local Cartesian coordinates (Xr-East, Yr-North, Zr-Up). Zero altitude for both coordinate systems is taken to be sea level. Tracks may be ballistic, air, surface and/or subsurface.


Journal ArticleDOI
M.J. Laird1
TL;DR: In this article, the propagation of a ducted whistler-mode wave is considered for the case in which the wave normal has an azimuthal component, and a simple analysis enables the wavelength and relative amplitude of the oscillation to be estimated in terms of the density enhancement and the azIMuthal width of the duct.

Patent
27 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to prevent the effect of errors due to an omission or a deformation at the time of measurement and reduce the calculation quantity required for processing by developing a 3D surface shape into a longitude/latitude plane with the distance between a reference point in an object and the surface, and grasping the two-dimensional feature.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the effect of errors due to an omission or a deformation at the time of measurement and reduce the calculation quantity required for processing by developing a three-dimensional surface shape into a longitude/latitude plane with the distance between a reference point in an object and the surface, and grasping the two-dimensional feature CONSTITUTION:When this method is to be applied to the sorting of vehicle types in the traffic flow, for example, the three-dimensional shape data obtained by the measurement of an object are inputted, and the reference point (center of gravity) in the inputted three-dimensional shape is obtained The distance from the obtained reference point to the surface of the object is obtained, the surface shape is developed into a two-dimensional plane spread on the latitude/longitude axes of the direction vector, the ridge line of the developed data is tracked, and the change on the longitude/ latitude plane, ie, the ridge line shape, is extracted as the function of the longitude/ latitude The similarity to a ridge line shape group extracted in the same method in advance is obtained, and this vehicle type is judged to be the same as the vehicle type of a known three-dimensional shape having high similarity The effect of errors due to an omission or a deformation at the time of measurement is prevented, and similarity can be judged by calculations of a smaller scale