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Longitude

About: Longitude is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2260 publications have been published within this topic receiving 54988 citations. The topic is also known as: angle of longitude.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the longitude effect at the equator was much less than expected on the basis of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole and the longitudes effect at intermediate northern latitudes.
Abstract: Results are presented of cosmic ray measurements taken at sea level during 1954–55 from the Arctic to the Antarctic The equipment consisted of a neutron monitor and a meson telescope Latitude effects of 177 for the nucleonic component and 115 for the meson component were measured The longitude effect at the equator was much less than expected on the basis of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole and the longitude effect at intermediate northern latitudes shows that the longitude of the effective eccentric dipole is considerably west of that of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole In a previous paper by the same authors, the positions of the equatorial minima were combined with other published cosmic ray measurements to calculate a new cosmic ray geomagnetic equator In this paper new coordinates are derived on the assumption that these equatorial coordinates apply to a new eccentric dipole, and, therefore, that the equatorial coordinates may be extended to high latitudes When the complete results are plotte

87 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, subsurface temperature data have been collected in the western North Atlantic Ocean using expendable bathythermographs between 1966 and 1995, and the data were averaged by month onto a 2° of latitude by 4° of longitude grid.
Abstract: Between 1966 and 1995, subsurface temperature data have been collected in the western North Atlantic Ocean using expendable bathythermographs. Data coverage is sparse in both time and space, but evidence for decadal variability in the upper 400 m of the water column is found. The data were averaged by month onto a 2° of latitude by 4° of longitude grid. Thirty-one quadrangles in the region bounded by 17°N and 43°N and 78°W and 66°W have sufficient data to provide consistent results. Anomaly time series at 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 m were estimated by subtracting a mean monthly climatology. The individual records were detrended and filtered to highlight the longer-period signals. The analysis resulted in 25-year records (1969–1993) for study. Within the thermocline of the subtropical gyre and the Gulf Stream at 100 and 200 m, periods of predominately positive temperature anomaly end in 1971, 1982, and 1990, while periods of negative anomaly end in 1976 and 1985. Only the events ending in 1971, 1976, and 1990 are in the majority of the records at 300 and 400 m. Most of the events also appear in the sea surface temperature (SST) records but are somewhat masked by significant noise at the surface. Meridional-vertical temperature sections through the subtropical gyre show that transitions from negative to positive anomaly events are characterized by a deepening of the isotherms throughout the section and transitions from positive to negative events by a rising of the isotherms. Significant lateral migration of the axis of the Gulf Stream, although possibly masked by the 2° averaging, is not necessary to explain either type of event. The transitions in the SST and 100-m temperature time series occur at essentially the same time as the transitions in an index of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) that has also been detrended (i.e., 1971, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988). The 1971, 1976, and 1988 NAO events are also observed at 300 and 400 m as described earlier. Periods of positive subsurface temperature anomaly are coincidental with periods of positive NAO index, and periods of negative subsurface temperature anomaly are coincidental with periods of negative NAO index. Thus earlier results showing connections between the NAO and western Atlantic SST at decadal timescales are now extended to at least 400 m in the water column. Trends were computed from the individual 25-year records. The trends at all depths are predominately negative north of 38°N and positive south of 38°N. Inferences from the horizontal distribution of the trends and results from earlier studies suggest that the 1969–1993 period may be a phase of a 30- to 50-year signal observed in the northern Atlantic since the beginning of the century.

86 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the tropical Pacific expendable bathythermograph (XBT) ship-of-opportunity tracks to determine statistical parameters required for optimal interpolation.

85 citations

Patent
18 Jun 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a trace display for a navigation system is provided to make it easy to grasp the change in altitude traces of a mobile body from a starting point to an end point.
Abstract: A trace display apparatus for a navigation system is provided to make it easy to grasp the change in altitude traces of a mobile body from a starting point to an end point. The apparatus receives radio waves from GPS artificial satellites to measure the spatial position of the mobile body. The three-dimensional data (latitude, longitude and altitude) of a measuring point on the traces are calculated by a processing device and then stored in a storage device. The moving traces of an automobile are obtained by displaying the map data and the two-dimensional position data (latitude and longitude) from the starting point to the end point out of the stored three-dimensional data. The altitudes in the data for the measuring points and the distances from the starting point to measuring points, which are calculated from the latitude, and longitude, are indicated on a graph. Adjacent measuring points on the graph are connected to each other by a straight line, whereby the change in altitude is able to be displayed continuously.

85 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the locations of the geomagnetic pole over the past 10,000 years have been calculated by averaging the VGP positions obtained from paleomagnetic data, and the results of the last 2000 years show good consistency with the geOMagnetic pole calculated from archaeological data by Merrill and McElhinny [1983].
Abstract: Locations of the geomagnetic pole over the past 10,000 years have been calculated by averaging the VGP positions obtained from paleomagnetic data. The distribution of the geomagnetic pole was elongated to the direction parallel to the meridian of 45° and 225° longitude, and westward movement of the pole was predominant throughout this period. The time sequence of the polar motion can be divided into three intervals, the intervals between ca. 10,000 B.P. and ca. 7000 B.P., between ca. 7000 B.P. and ca. 3700 B.P., and between ca. 3700 B.P. and the present. During the period between ca. 7000 and ca. 3700 B.P., the range of the movement of the geomagnetic pole was limited within 5 degrees around the geographical pole. Before and after this period, the movement was very active, fluctuating over 10 degrees. The results of the last 2000 years show good consistency with the geomagnetic pole calculated from archaeomagnetic data by Merrill and McElhinny [1983].

85 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023240
2022432
202142
202042
201960
201851