Showing papers on "Low protein published in 2004"
TL;DR: The PS muscle had higher tenderness, juiciness, pork flavour, flavour liking and overall liking scores than LD, and the concentration of phospholipid fatty acids was higher in PS than LD but neutral lipid fatty acid content and marbling fat were higher in LD.
403 citations
TL;DR: Ncyl-2-aminothiazoles with nonaromatic acyl side chains containing a basic amine were found to be potent, selective inhibitors of CDK2/cycE which exhibit antitumor activity in mice.
Abstract: N-Acyl-2-aminothiazoles with nonaromatic acyl side chains containing a basic amine were found to be potent, selective inhibitors of CDK2/cycE which exhibit antitumor activity in mice. In particular, compound 21 {N-[5-[[[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl]methyl]thio]-2-thiazolyl]-4-piperidinecarboxamide, BMS-387032}, has been identified as an ATP-competitive and CDK2-selective inhibitor which has been selected to enter Phase 1 human clinical trials as an antitumor agent. In a cell-free enzyme assay, 21 showed a CDK2/cycE IC50 = 48 nM and was 10- and 20-fold selective over CDK1/cycB and CDK4/cycD, respectively. It was also highly selective over a panel of 12 unrelated kinases. Antiproliferative activity was established in an A2780 cellular cytotoxicity assay in which 21 showed an IC50 = 95 nM. Metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies showed that 21 exhibited a plasma half-life of 5−7 h in three species and moderately low protein binding in both mouse (69%) and human (63%) serum. Dosed orally to mouse, rat, and...
263 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that only the most immature form of hSOD1, i.e. one without any post-translational modifications, favors the monomeric state under physiological conditions, which provides a basis for understanding the selectivity of mitochondrial SOD1 import and may be relevant to the toxic properties of mutant forms of hO2 that can cause the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
252 citations
TL;DR: The sensitivity of photo-induced grafting and polymerization and the filtration performance of six different grafted monomers on poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes were measured in this article.
204 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesised that blood coagulates outside the vascular system independent of low protein adsorption to or activation by surfaces, due to the absence of an active down-regulation of procoagulative processes by the vascular endothelium.
155 citations
TL;DR: The consequences of propeptide cleavage of an epithelial cadherin construct (domains 1 and 2) were followed at atomic level and represented the switch from a nonadhesive to the functional form of cadherins.
Abstract: Cellular adhesion by classical cadherins depends critically on the exact proteolytic removal of their N-terminal prosequences. In this combined solution NMR and X-ray crystallographic study, the consequences of propeptide cleavage of an epithelial cadherin construct (domains 1 and 2) were followed at atomic level. At low protein concentration, the N-terminal processing induces docking of the tryptophan-2 side-chain into a binding pocket on the same molecule. At high concentration, cleavage induces dimerization (KD=0.72 mM, k(off)=0.7 s(-1)) and concomitant intermolecular exchange of the betaA-strands and the tryptophan-2 side-chains. Thus, the cleavage represents the switch from a nonadhesive to the functional form of cadherin.
146 citations
TL;DR: Ten internalized DRM proteins show varied lipid and peptidic anchors indicating that, contrary to the prevailing model of apicomplexan vacuole formation, DRM association, rather than lipid anchors, provides the preferred criteria for protein recruitment to the malarial vacuoles.
146 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that dietary protein level and chain length combined with protein intraluminal proteolytic activity regulate the CCK level in fish larvae as in other vertebrates.
146 citations
TL;DR: Past epidemiologic studies on deficiency of C4A or C4B in human SLE revealed that heterozygous and homozygous deficiencies of C 4A were present in 40-60% of SLE patients from almost all ethnic groups or races investigated, which included northern and central Europeans, Anglo-Saxons, Caucasians in the US, African Americans, Asian Chinese, Koreans and Japanese.
Abstract: It was observed about 50 years ago that low serum complement activity or low protein concentrations of complement C4 concurred with disease activities of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Complete deficiencies of complement components C4A and C4B, albeit rare in human populations, are among the strongest genetic risk factors for SLE or lupus-like disease, across HLA haplotypes and racial backgrounds. However, whether heterozygous or partial deficiency of C4A (C4AQ0) or C4B (C4BQ0) is a predisposing factor for SLE has been a highly controversial topic. In this review we critically analyzed past epidemiologic studies on deficiency of C4A or C4B in human SLE. Cumulative results from more than 35 different studies revealed that heterozygous and homozygous deficiencies of C4A were present in 40-60% of SLE patients from almost all ethnic groups or races investigated, which included northern and central Europeans, Anglo-Saxons, Caucasians in the US, African Americans, Asian Chinese, Koreans and Japanese. In addition, French SLE and control populations had relatively low frequencies of C4AQ0, but the difference between the patient and control groups was statistically significant. The relative risk of C4AQ0 in SLE varied between 2.3 and 5.3 among different ethnic groups. In Caucasian and African SLE patients, the two major causes for C4AQ0 are (1) the presence of a mono-S RCCX (RP-C4-CYP21-TNX) module with a single, short C4B gene in the major histocompatibility complex; and (2) a 2-bp insertion into the sequence for codon 1213 at exon 29 of the mutant C4A gene. Both mono-S structures and 2-bp insertion in exon 29 are absent or extremely rare in the C4AQ0 of Oriental SLE patients. The highly significant association of C4AQ0 with SLE across multiple HLA haplotypes and ethnic groups, and the presence of different mechanisms leading to a C4A protein deficiency among SLE patients suggested that deficiency or low expression level of C4A protein is a primary risk factor for SLE disease susceptibility per se. On the other hand, Spanish, Mexican, Australian Aborigine SLE patients had increased frequencies of C4B deficiency instead of C4A deficiency. Such observations underscore the importance of both C4A and C4B proteins in the fine control of autoimmunity. Different racial and genetic backgrounds could change the thresholds for the requirement of C4A or C4B protein levels in immune tolerance and immune regulation. Most past epidemiological studies of C4 in human SLE did not consider the polygenic and gene size variations of C4A and C4B. In addition, many studies were overly dependent on phenotypic observations or methods that did not distinguish differential C4A and C4B protein expression caused by unequal gene number or different gene size from the absence of a functional C4A or C4B gene. For further longitudinal studies on clinical manifestations of SLE, it would be informative to stratify the patients with accurately defined C4A and C4B genotypes. Likewise, elucidation of epistatic genetic factors interacting with C4AQ0 would provide important insights into the intricate roles of C4 in SLE disease susceptibility and pathogenesis.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this article, preservation shifts on cod (Gadus morhua) muscle, roe and liver tissue over 21 months following preservation in 80% ethanol, in 4% formaldehyde, and by freezing.
Abstract: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses are routinely used to investigate aquatic food webs, and have potential application in retrospective investigations using archived materials. However, such analyses assume that storage does not alter isotopic signatures of materials preserved, or that changes in isotopic composition during storage are predictable. Here we examine preservation shifts on cod (Gadus morhua) muscle, roe and liver tissue over 21 months following preservation in 80% ethanol, in 4% formaldehyde, and by freezing. Preservation shifts were not consistent among tissues. High protein tissues exhibited greater delta(15)N shifts than low protein tissues in 4% formaldehyde, while greater delta(13)C shifts occurred in relatively higher fat tissues when preserved in alcohol. Freezing did not change isotopic signatures. Responses of delta(15)N and delta(13)C are explained by differences in the preservative's isotopic signature and the reaction properties and biochemical composition of the tissues preserved. The results clarify some of the processes that lead to isotopic change during preservation.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared three emulsifying processes: a rotor stator device (Silverson), a microfluidizer (Microfluidics) and the high pressure jet, a new patented emulsification process.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate the strong genetic control of grain composition in maize hybrids, which can be modulated by the positive effects of N on reproductive sink capacity and seed protein synthesis.
Abstract: The Illinois Long-Term Protein Selection strains of maize (Zea mays L.) have been employed in a variety of studies investigating the genetic and physiological control of maize grain composition. These prior studies, however, have not assessed the grain composition and yield potential of these strains in hybrid combinations with an elite tester, or in response to supplemental N. Our objective was to study the interactive effect of genotype and N supply on productivity and grain quality for hybrids with a wide divergence in grain protein. Hybrids derived from the Illinois Protein Strains were evaluated in a 2-yr field experiment where N rates were varied from 0 to 235 kg ha -1 (in eight 34-kg increments), along with a current commercial hybrid sharing the same female parent (FR1064). The Illinois Protein Strain hybrids produced grain protein concentrations that reflected the strain parents, with all hybrids except Illinois Low Protein showing increased grain protein in response to increasing N supply. Many other strain attributes were also manifested at the hybrid level, including the relative differences in kernel weights and the inverse relationship between grain protein to both starch concentration and grain yield. Nitrogen supply positively enhanced grain yield in all hybrids, primarily by increasing kernel number. Nitrogen supply also impacted the yield-protein relationship by stimulating protein synthesis rather than by inhibiting starch production. These results demonstrate the strong genetic control of grain composition in maize hybrids, which can be modulated by the positive effects of N on reproductive sink capacity and seed protein synthesis.
TL;DR: This work fabricated free-standing SiC nanoporous membranes in both p-type and n-type material and showed that these membranes will permit the diffusion of proteins up to 29000 Daltons, while excluding larger proteins.
Abstract: We have fabricated free-standing SiC nanoporous membranes in both p -type and n -type material. We showed that these membranes will permit the diffusion of proteins up to 29000 Daltons, while excluding larger proteins. By using radioactively labeled albumin, we also show that porous SiC has very low protein adsorption, comparable to the best commercially available polymer nanoporous membrane.
TL;DR: The findings of this study add to the evidence that poor nutritional status may increase an individual's susceptibility to chronic arsenic toxicity, or alternatively that arsenicosis may contribute topoor nutritional status.
Abstract: The role of nutritional factors in arsenic metabolism and toxicity is not clear. Provision of certain low protein diets resulted in decreased excretion of DMA and increased tissue retention of arsenic in experimental studies. This paper reports a prevalence comparison study conducted in Bangladesh to assess the nutritional status among the chronic arsenic exposed and unexposed population. 138 exposed individuals diagnosed as arsenicosis patients were selected from three known arsenic endemic villages of Bangladesh and age, sex matched 144 unexposed subjects were randomly selected from three arsenic free villages. The mean arsenic concentration in drinking water for the exposed and unexposed population was 641.15 and 13.5 microg L(-1) respectively. Body Mass Index was found to be lower than 18.5, the cut off point for malnutrition, in 57 (41.31%) out of 138 exposed arsenicosis cases and 31 (21.53%) out of 144 unexposed individuals. The crude prevalence ratio (or risk) was 1.92 (95% CI = 1.33-2.78) for poor nutritional status among the arsenicosis cases compared to the unexposed population. The findings of this study add to the evidence that poor nutritional status may increase an individual's susceptibility to chronic arsenic toxicity, or alternatively that arsenicosis may contribute to poor nutritional status.
TL;DR: The results of a digestibility assay indicated that daily total P and N excretions of the negative control containing 0.2% NPP and supplemented with limiting amino acids and phytase were reduced by 48 and 45% of the positive control group, respectively, without compromising laying performance.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that in Nostoc EPS serve as a sink for the excess fixed carbon under unbalanced C/N metabolism.
Abstract: Many species of the filamentous N2-fixing heterocyst-forming Cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc produce large amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), but hitherto no general model has been proposed of the factors that control their synthesis. Previously, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the presence of a glycocalyx (or EPS capsule) and diazotrophic growth in the genus Nostoc. When grown with nitrate, nude morphotypes lacking a glycocalyx were obtained for all the capsulated strains tested. CO2 availability was proposed as a key factor that controls the synthesis of the capsule. To test this hypothesis, Nostoc PCC 7936 was cultured diazotrophically (N2) or with nitrate with different CO 2 supplies. By tuning the pH and the supply of CO2, capsulated or nude mor-photypes were obtained irrespective of the source of nitrogen. Exocellular polysaccharides were synthesized only when the fixed carbon exceeded the amount of nitrogen available. The glycocalyx is not needed for the optimal functioning of nitrogenase because diazotrophic cultures grew equally well, irrespective of whether they were capsulated or nude. Capsulated cultures possessed protein to carbohydrate ratios that ranged between 1 and 1.5, whereas in nude cultures the ratio ranged between 2 and 2.5. Low protein to carbohydrate ratios were indicative for either nitrogen-limited or carbon-oversaturated cultures. The results demonstrate that in Nostoc EPS serve as a sink for the excess fixed carbon under unbalanced C/N metabolism.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the properties of soy protein concentrates and soy protein isolates from hexane-defatted soy white flakes and from two extruded-expelled (EE) soy protein meals with different degrees of protein denaturation.
Abstract: Soy protein concentrates (SPC) and soy protein isolates (SPI) were produced from hexane-defatted soy white flakes and from two extruded-expelled (EE) soy protein meals with different degrees of protein denaturation. Processing characteristics, such as yield and protein content, and the key protein functional properties of the products were investigated. Both acid-and alcohol-washed SPC from the two EE meals had higher yields but lower protein contents than that from white flakes. Generally, SPC from an acid wash had much better functional properties than those from an alcohol wash. The SPI yield was highly proportional to the protein dispersibility index (PDI) of the starting material, so the EE meal with lower PDI had lower SPI recovery. The protein content in SPI prepared from EE meals was about 80%, which was lower than from white flakes. Nevertheless, SPI from EE meals showed functional properties similar to or better than those from white flakes. The low protein contents in SPC and SPI made from EE meals were mainly due to the presence of residual oil in the final products. SPI made from EE meals had higher concentration of glycinin relative to β-conglycinin than that from white flakes.
TL;DR: In this article, the structural and functional properties of a soy protein isolate (I) induced by the incorporation of carrageenan (C) were studied, and two types of samples were used: samples lyophilized from mixtures of I and C dispersions (IC ratio: 20:1 to 8:1).
TL;DR: The authors investigated the relationship between the protein content and quality of wheat flours and characteristics of noodle dough and instant noodles using 14 hard and soft wheat Flours with various protein contents and three commercial flours for making noodles.
Abstract: We investigated the relationship between the protein content and quality of wheat flours and characteristics of noodle dough and instant noodles using 14 hard and soft wheat flours with various protein contents and three commercial flours for making noodles. Protein content of wheat flours exhibited negative relationships with the optimum water absorption of noodle dough and lightness (L*) of the instant noodle dough sheet. Protein quality, as determined by SDS sedimentation volume and proportion of alcohol- and salt-soluble protein of flour, also influenced optimum water absorption and yellow-blueness (b*) of the noodle dough sheet. Wheat flours with high protein content (>13.6%) produced instant noodles with lower fat absorption, higher L*, lower b*, and firmer and more elastic texture than wheat flours with low protein content ( 76.8 and 36 mL) and low proportion of salt-so...
TL;DR: The N excreted by dairy cows may be partitioned to fecal N if supplements based on high concentrations of fermentable organic matter and low concentrations of N are fed, and refinement of this nutritional strategy may allow reduced N excretion without reducing animal performance.
TL;DR: It is concluded that NAT1 exists in the cell in either a stable acetylated state or an unstable non-acetylation state and that mutations in the NAT1 gene that prevent protein acetylation produce a slow acetylator phenotype.
TL;DR: A pathway in endometrial carcinogenesis involving PTEN mutation and microsatellite instability is confirmed, and this study indicates the importance of PTEN and hMLH1 methylation in this pathway.
Abstract: Mutations in the PTEN gene are frequent in endometrial carcinoma. PTEN methylation is an alternative mechanism of gene inactivation. To elucidate different mechanisms of PTEN gene inactivation, we have studied a population-based series of endometrial carcinomas for PTEN mutations in relation to clinicopathologic characteristics, promoter methylation and protein expression. PTEN mutations were found in 54%, mainly in exons 5 and 8; with at least two different mutations in 21%. Presence of PTEN mutation was significantly correlated with young age, low FIGO-stage, endometrioid subtype, low grade, microsatellite instability and favourable prognosis. Previous studies of these tumours have observed PTEN methylation in 18% and low protein expression in 20%. Low expression of PTEN-antibody 6H2.1 was correlated with the presence of mutations in exon 8 among patients with 'two hits'; i.e. > or =2 mutations, or mutation(s) plus methylation (p=0.001). Number of PTEN hits was significantly associated with microsatellite instability, low hMLH1 expression and hMLH1 methylation. Thus, PTEN mutations are frequent in sporadic endometrial carcinoma and define a prognostically favourable subgroup, whereas the relationship with PTEN protein expression is complex. A pathway in endometrial carcinogenesis involving PTEN mutation and microsatellite instability is confirmed, and this study also indicates the importance of PTEN and hMLH1 methylation in this pathway.
TL;DR: Findings support a role of cysteine concentration as a mediator of its own metabolism, favoring catabolism when Cysteine is high and glutathione synthesis when cySteine is low.
Abstract: Two hepatic enzymes, cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), play important regulatory roles in the response of cysteine metabolism to changes in dietary sulfur amino acid or protein levels. To examine the time-course of changes in CDO and GCS activities, CDO and GCS-catalytic or heavy subunit protein and mRNA levels, and cysteine and glutathione levels, we adapted rats to either a low protein (LP) or high protein (HP) diet, switched them to the opposite diet, and followed these parameters over 6 days. Hepatic CDO activity and amount, but not mRNA level, increased in response to higher protein intake; the t1/2 of change for CDO activity or protein level was 22 h for rats switched from a LP to a HP diet and 8 h for rats switched from a HP to a LP diet, suggesting that the HP diet decreased turnover of CDO. Hepatic GCS activity, catalytic subunit amount and mRNA level decreased in response to a higher protein intake. GCS catalytic subunit level changed with a similar t1/2 for both groups, but the change in GCS activity in rats switched from a LP diet to a HP diet was faster (∼16h) than for rats switched from a HP to a LP diet (∼74h). Hepatic cysteine and glutathione levels reached new steady states within 12 h (LP to HP) or 24 h (HP to LP). CDO activity appeared to be regulated at the level of protein, probably by diminished turnover of CDO in response to higher protein intake or cysteine level, whereas GCS activity appeared to be regulated both at the level of mRNA and activity state in response to the change in cysteine or protein availability. These findings support a role of cysteine concentration as a mediator of its own metabolism, favoring catabolism when cysteine is high and glutathione synthesis when cysteine is low.
TL;DR: It is found that low concentration buffer alone could efficiently suppress aggregation and stable equilibrium intermediate states of denatured-reduced lysozyme containing eight free SH groups were obtained in the absence of redox reagents in buffer of low concentrations alone at neutral or mildly alkaline pH.
TL;DR: The transcriptional program of yeast cells undergoes dramatic changes during the shift from fermentative growth to respiratory growth, and the increased degradation of nuclear Msn2 might be necessary to adapt cells to low PKA conditions after the diauxic shift or to allow growth under chronic stress conditions.
TL;DR: The results indicate that isoenergetic substitution of fat for protein has a strong effect on growth and on energy and protein balance in broilers and the theory linking diet-induced thermogenesis to feed intake could not be corroborated or countered, and further research is warranted.
TL;DR: Chinese SSSW quality could be greatly enhanced through genetic improvement for targeted well-characterized production environments through the influence of genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Abstract: Improvement of end-use quality in bread wheat depends on a thorough understanding of current wheat quality and the influences of genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype by environment interaction (G x E) on quality traits. Thirty-nine spring-sown spring wheat (SSSW) cultivars and advanced lines from China were grown in four agro-ecological zones comprising seven locations during the 1998 and 1999 cropping seasons. Data on 12 major bread-making quality traits were used to investigate the effect of G, E, and G x E on these traits. Wide range variability for protein quantity and quality, starch quality parameters and milling quality in Chinese SSSW was observed. Genotype and environment were found to significantly influence all quality parameters as major effects. Kernel hardness, flour yield, Zeleny sedimentation value and mixograph properties were mainly influenced by the genetic variance components, while thousand kernel weight, test weight, and falling number were mostly influenced by the environmental variance components. Genotype, environment, and their interaction had important effects on test weight, mixing development time and RVA parameters. Cultivars originating from Zone VI (northeast) generally expressed high kernel hardness, good starch quality, but poor milling and medium to weak mixograph performance; those from Zone VII (north) medium to good gluten and starch quality, but low milling quality; those from Zone VIII (central northwest) medium milling and starch quality, and medium to strong mixograph performance; those from Zone IX (western/southwestern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau) medium milling quality, but poor gluten strength and starch parameters; and those from Zone X (northwest) high milling quality, strong mixograph properties, but low protein content. Samples from Harbin are characterized by good gluten and starch quality, but medium to poor milling quality; those from Hongxinglong by strong mixograph properties, medium to high milling quality, but medium to poor starch quality and medium to low protein content; those from Hohhot by good gluten but poor milling quality; those from Linhe by weak gluten quality, medium to poor milling quality; those from Lanzhou by poor bread-making and starch quality; those from Yongning by acceptable bread-making and starch quality and good milling quality; and those from Urumqi by good milling quality, medium gluten quality and good starch pasting parameters. Our findings suggest that Chinese SSSW quality could be greatly enhanced through genetic improvement for targeted well-characterized production environments.
TL;DR: The view that increases in dietary protein can increase PUA concentrations, which can ameliorate oxidative stress, is supported.
Abstract: Uric acid is an important antioxidant and methods to elevate its plasma concentration may be important in animal health In a first study, the effect of dietary protein on plasma uric acid (PUA) and glucose concentrations were determined in 3-week-old chicks Twenty-four broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four diets: a commercial control diet (C, 20% crude protein), low protein (LP) containing 10% casein, medium protein (MP) containing 20% casein or high protein (HP) containing 45% casein for a 3-week experiment PUA concentration increased (P<005) in chicks fed HP diet and declined (P<005) in chicks fed LP while plasma glucose concentrations were lower (P<005) in chicks fed the LP diet at the end of the study In a second study, PUA and leukocyte oxidative activity (LOA) were determined in broilers fed C, LP, MP or HP diets for 4 weeks As in the first study, dietary protein directly affected PUA concentrations In birds consuming HP diets, PUA was negatively correlated (P=006) with lowered LOA These data support the view that increases in dietary protein can increase PUA concentrations, which can ameliorate oxidative stress
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that low protein concentration in study 2's vaccine stimulated a TH2/IgE response that enhanced disease, and results revealed that study 2 calves produced more IgE, particularly to the nucleoprotein (N); IgE among study 1 calves correlated with high clinical scores.
TL;DR: This work shows by immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation that GDP-MP is a cytoplasmic protein, and describes a colorimetric activity assay suitable for the high throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors, providing insight into the structure of a novel target for the development of anti-Leishmania drugs.