Showing papers on "Low protein published in 2013"
TL;DR: Screening the chemical composition and thermogravimetry properties of five microalgae species with potential application in the food industry found that the carotenogenic C. vulgaris and H. pluvialis showed a higherCarotenoid content, higher fat, low protein and better resistance to thermal treatment.
Abstract: Microalgae are one of the most promising sources for new food and functional food products, and can be used to enhance the nutritional value of foods, due to their well-balanced chemical composition. Knowing their physicochemical characteristics is fundamental for the selection of the most suitable microalgae to specific food technology applications and consequently successful novel foods development. The aim of this study is to screen the chemical composition (e.g., proteins, pigments, fatty acids) and thermogravimetry properties of five microalgae species with potential application in the food industry: Chlorella vulgaris (green and carotenogenic), Haematococcus pluvialis (carotenogenic), Spirulina maxima, Diacronema vlkianum and Isochrysis galbana. C. green and S. maxima presented high protein (38% and 44%, respectively), low fat content (5% and 4%, respectively). The carotenogenic C. vulgaris and H. pluvialis showed a higher carotenoid content, higher fat, low protein and better resistance to thermal treatment. D. vlkianum and I. galbana presented high protein (38–40%) and fat (18–24%) contents with PUFA's ω3, mainly EPA and DHA. Finally, the results from microalgae chemical and thermal analysis were grouped and correlated through Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in order to determine which variables better define and differentiate them.
297 citations
TL;DR: Current indications for various dietary modification strategies in patients with CKD (eg, manufactured protein-based supplements, amino acids and their keto acid or hydroxyacid analogues) are examined, the rationale behind their potential use is discussed, and areas in need of further research are highlighted.
202 citations
TL;DR: This work has set up Thermofluor assays to identify customized protocols for the preparation and characterization of individual protein constructs and designs screens designed to evaluate purification and storage protocols, and aim to provide hints to optimize these protocols.
196 citations
TL;DR: Meals high in protein or fat increase glucose excursions in youth using IIT from 3 h to 5 h postmeal, suggesting protein and fat have an additive impact on the delayed postprandial glycemic rise.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine the separate and combined effects of high-protein (HP) and high-fat (HF) meals, with the same carbohydrate content, on postprandial glycemia in children using intensive insulin therapy (IIT).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-three subjects aged 8–17 years were given 4 test breakfasts with the same carbohydrate amount but varying protein and fat quantities: low fat (LF)/low protein (LP), LF/HP, HF/LP, and HF/HP. LF and HF meals contained 4 g and 35 g fat. LP and HP meals contained 5 g and 40 g protein. An individually standardized insulin dose was given for each meal. Postprandial glycemia was assessed by 5-h continuous glucose monitoring.
RESULTS Compared with the LF/LP meal, mean glucose excursions were greater from 180 min after the LF/HP meal (2.4 mmol/L [95% CI 1.1–3.7] vs. 0.5 mmol/L [−0.8 to 1.8]; P = 0.02) and from 210 min after the HF/LP meal (1.8 mmol/L [0.3–3.2] vs. −0.5 mmol/L [−1.9 to 0.8]; P = 0.01). The HF/HP meal resulted in higher glucose excursions from 180 min to 300 min ( P < 0.04) compared with all other meals. There was a reduction in the risk of hypoglycemia after the HP meals (odds ratio 0.16 [95% CI 0.06–0.41]; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS Meals high in protein or fat increase glucose excursions in youth using IIT from 3 h to 5 h postmeal. Protein and fat have an additive impact on the delayed postprandial glycemic rise. Protein had a protective effect on the development of hypoglycemia.
155 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that low protein C contributes to the procoagulant imbalance in plasma from patients with cirrhosis, and the findings may have clinical implications for the treatment or prophylaxis of thrombosis in these patients.
147 citations
TL;DR: According to the present meta-analysis of long-term RCTs, high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity, cardiovascular disease or glycemic control, so it seems premature to recommend high- protein diets in the management of overweight and obesity.
Abstract: Meta-analyses of short-term studies indicate favorable effects of higher protein vs. lower protein diets on health outcomes like adiposity or cardiovascular risk factors, but their long-term effects are unknown. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Trial Register) were searched up to August 2012 with no restriction to language or calendar date. A random effect meta-analysis was performed using the Software package by the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.1. Sensitivity analysis was performed for RCTs with a Jadad Score ≥3, and excluding type 2 diabetic subjects (T2D). 15 RCTs met all objectives and were included in the present meta-analysis. No significant differences were observed for weight, waist circumference, fat mass, blood lipids (i.e. total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols), C-reactive protein, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. In contrast, improvements of fasting insulin was significantly more pronounced following high protein diets as compared to the low protein counterparts (weighted mean difference: -0.71 μIU/ml, 95% CI -1.36 to -0.05, p = 0.03). Sensitivity analysis of high quality RCTs confirmed the data of the primary analyses, while exclusion of studies with diabetic subjects resulted in an additional benefit of high-protein diets with respect to a more marked increase in HDL-cholesterol. According to the present meta-analysis of long-term RCTs, high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity, cardiovascular disease or glycemic control. Thus, it seems premature to recommend high-protein diets in the management of overweight and obesity.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on Chinese noodles made from low-protein wheat flour were studied, and the results indicated that 3% KGM was relatively desirable in textural properties and scored best in sensory evaluation.
120 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated the effect of NaCl at 0, 1 and 2% (w/w, flour base) on the gluten network formation during dough development, the dough rheology, and the baking characteristics of two commercial flours containing different levels of protein (9.0 and 13.5%).
116 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that optimal lifespan requires both high carbohydrate and low protein consumption, but neither nutrient by itself entirely predicts lifespan, highlighting the need for accurate measures of nutrient intake in dietary manipulation studies.
112 citations
TL;DR: The results highlight the impact of protein energy on immunity to influenza infection and suggest that balanced protein energy replenishment may be one strategy to boost immunity against influenza viral infections.
Abstract: Background Protein energy malnutrition (PEM), a common cause of secondary immune deficiency in children, is associated with an increased risk of infections. Very few studies have addressed the relevance of PEM as a risk factor for influenza. Methods We investigated the influence of PEM on susceptibility to, and immune responses following, influenza virus infection using isocaloric diets providing either adequate protein (AP; 18%) or very low protein (VLP; 2%) in a mouse model. Results We found that mice maintained on the VLP diet, when compared to mice fed with the AP diet, exhibited more severe disease following influenza infection based on virus persistence, trafficking of inflammatory cell types to the lung tissue, and virus-induced mortality. Furthermore, groups of mice maintained on the VLP diet showed significantly lower virus-specific antibody response and a reduction in influenza nuclear protein-specific CD8(+) T cells compared with mice fed on the AP diet. Importantly, switching diets for the group maintained on the VLP diet to the AP diet improved virus clearance, as well as protective immunity to viral challenge. Conclusions Our results highlight the impact of protein energy on immunity to influenza infection and suggest that balanced protein energy replenishment may be one strategy to boost immunity against influenza viral infections.
106 citations
TL;DR: The adequate management of central nervous system (CNS) infections requires that antimicrobial agents penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and achieve concentrations in the CNS adequate for eradication of the infecting pathogen.
Abstract: The adequate management of central nervous system (CNS) infections requires that antimicrobial agents penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and achieve concentrations in the CNS adequate for eradication of the infecting pathogen. This review details the currently available literature on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibacterials in the CNS of children. Clinical trials affirm that the physicochemical properties of a drug remain one of the most important factors dictating penetration of antimicrobial agents into the CNS, irrespective of the population being treated (i.e. small, lipophilic drugs with low protein binding exhibit the best translocation across the BBB). These same physicochemical characteristics determine the primary disposition pathways of the drug, and by extension the magnitude and duration of circulating drug concentrations in the plasma, a second major driving force behind achievable CNS drug concentrations. Notably, these disposition pathways can be expected to change during the normal process of growth and development. Finally, CNS drug penetration is influenced by the nature and extent of the infection (i.e. the presence of meningeal inflammation). Aminoglycosides have poor CNS penetration when administered intravenously. Intrathecal gentamicin has been studied in children with more promising results, often exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration. There are very limited data with intrathecal tobramycin in children. However, in the few patients that have been studied, the CSF concentrations were highly variable. Penicillins generally have good CNS penetration. Aqueous penicillin G reaches greater concentrations than procaine or benzathine penicillin. Concentrations remain detectable for ≥12 h. Of the aminopenicillins, both ampicillin and parenteral amoxicillin reach adequate CNS concentrations; however, orally administered amoxicillin resulted in much lower concentrations. Nafcillin and piperacillin are the final two penicillins with pediatric data: their penetration is erratic at best. Cephalosporins vary greatly in regard to their CSF penetration. Few first- and second-generation cephalosporins are able to reach higher CSF concentrations. Cefuroxime is the only exception and is usually avoided due to its adverse effects and slower sterilization of the CSF than third-generation agents. Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefixime and cefepime have been studied in children and are all able to adequately penetrate the CSF. As with penicillins, concentrations are greatest in the presence of meningeal inflammation. Meropenem and imipenem are the only carbapenems with pediatric data. Imipenem reaches higher CSF concentrations; however, meropenem is preferred due to its lower incidence of seizures. Aztreonam has also demonstrated favorable penetration but only one study has been completed in children. Both chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole) penetrate into the CNS well; however, significant toxicities limit their use. The small size and minimal protein binding of fosfomycin contribute to its favorable CNS PK. Although rarely used, it achieves higher concentrations in the presence of inflammation and accumulation is possible. Linezolid reaches high CSF concentrations; however, more frequent dosing might be required in infants due to their increased elimination. Metronidazole also has very limited information but it demonstrated favorable results similar to adult data; CSF concentrations even exceeded plasma concentrations at certain time points. Rifampin (rifampicin) demonstrated good CNS penetration after oral administration. Vancomycin demonstrates poor CNS penetration after intravenous administration. When combined with intraventricular therapy, CNS concentrations are much greater. Of the antituberculosis agents, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and streptomycin have been studied in children. Isoniazid and pyrazinamide have favorable CSF penetration. Streptomycin appears to produce unpredictable CSF levels. No pediatric-specific data are available for clindamycin, daptomycin, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Daptomycin, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines have demonstrated favorable CNS penetration in adults; however, data are limited due to their potential pediatric-specific toxicities and newness within the marketplace. Macrolides and clindamycin have demonstrated poor CNS penetration in adults and thus have not been studied in pediatrics.
TL;DR: Evidence is found to support the protein leverage hypothesis in that individuals underate relative to energy balance from diets containing a higher protein-to-carbohydrate + fat ratio.
TL;DR: This work notes an excellent correlation between plasmon frequency shift and DCS sedimentation times which indicates that both DCS and analytical ultracentrifugation can provide precise measurement of the thickness of complete protein shells on dense nanoparticles, but also shows that these methods will fail for particles with a density of ∼1.38 g cm−3.
Abstract: The attachment of proteins, and other biomolecules, to nanoparticles is of critical interest both in the development of medical products using nanoparticles and in understanding the behaviour and fate of nanoparticles in biological systems. Measuring the amount of protein attached to the particles is a fundamental step in these regards and there are a variety of methods available for this purpose. In this work, we compare the use of three methods which measure particle diameter: Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation (DCS). The choice of gold particles also permits measurement of the amount of adsorbed protein through a shift in plasmon frequency in UV-visible spectroscopy. When the protein layer is complete, the results from all methods are consistent to within ∼20% scatter and suggest that IgG adsorption on these 20 nm to 80 nm nanoparticles is rather similar to adsorption on flat gold surfaces with a water content of ∼60% by volume. We note an excellent correlation between plasmon frequency shift and DCS sedimentation times which indicates that both DCS and analytical ultracentrifugation can provide precise measurement of the thickness of complete protein shells on dense nanoparticles, but also show that these methods will fail for particles with a density of ∼1.38 g cm−3. In the low protein coverage regime, the measured amount of protein depends upon the technique: NTA and DLS provide, as expected, similar values that also correlate well with plasmon frequency shift. DCS analysis underestimates protein shell thicknesses in this regime and this may be explained through redistribution of the protein shell which reduces the frictional force during sedimentation. Crown copyright ©2013. Reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO.
TL;DR: The development of robust, easy-to-use clinical tests based on novel biomarkers has the potential to impact upon diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring and could revolutionize the treatment and management of urological cancers.
Abstract: Urine is an ideal body fluid for the detection of protein markers produced by urological cancers as it can be sampled noninvasively and contains secreted and directly shed proteins from the prostate, bladder and kidney. Major challenges of working with urine include high inter-individual and intra-individual variability, low protein concentration, the presence of salts and the dynamic range of protein expression. Despite these challenges, significant progress is being made using modern proteomic methods to identify and characterize protein-based markers for urological cancers. The development of robust, easy-to-use clinical tests based on novel biomarkers has the potential to impact upon diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring and could revolutionize the treatment and management of these cancers.
TL;DR: Factors such as protein dose, protein source, and timing of intake are important in mediating the anabolic effects of amino acids on skeletal muscle and must be considered within the context of evaluating the reported efficacy of long-term studies investigating protein supplementation as part of a dietary strategy to promote lean mass accretion and/or prevent lean mass loss.
Abstract: Amino acids are major nutrient regulators of muscle protein turnover. After protein ingestion, hyperaminoacidemia stimulates increased rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, suppresses muscle protein breakdown, and promotes net muscle protein accretion for several hours. These acute observations form the basis for strategized protein intake to promote lean mass accretion, or prevent lean mass loss over the long term. However, factors such as protein dose, protein source, and timing of intake are important in mediating the anabolic effects of amino acids on skeletal muscle and must be considered within the context of evaluating the reported efficacy of long-term studies investigating protein supplementation as part of a dietary strategy to promote lean mass accretion and/or prevent lean mass loss. Current research suggests that dietary protein supplementation can augment resistance exercise-mediated gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength and can preserve skeletal muscle mass during periods of diet-induced energy restriction. Perhaps less appreciated, protein supplementation can augment resistance training-mediated gains in skeletal muscle mass even in individuals habitually consuming 'adequate' (i.e., >0.8 g kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) protein. Additionally, overfeeding energy with moderate to high-protein intake (15-25 % protein or 1.8-3.0 g kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) is associated with lean, but not fat mass accretion, when compared to overfeeding energy with low protein intake (5 % protein or ~0.68 g kg⁻¹ day⁻¹). Amino acids represent primary nutrient regulators of skeletal muscle anabolism, capable of enhancing lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating the loss of lean mass during periods of energy deficit, although factors such as protein dose, protein source, and timing of intake are likely important in mediating these effects.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the protection from chemotoxicity and retardation of the progression of certain tumors achieved with fasting is not obtained with short-term calorie and/or macronutrient restriction.
TL;DR: There has been a significant diversification of DSF applications beyond initial small molecule discovery into areas such as protein therapeutic development, formulation studies and various mechanistic investigations, demonstrating the wealth of information which the technique can provide.
Abstract: Introduction: Despite tremendous advances in the application of biophysical methods in drug discovery, the preponderance of instruments and techniques still require sophisticated analyses by dedicated personnel and/or large amounts of frequently hard-to-produce proteins. A technique which carries the promise of simplicity and relatively low protein consumption is the differential scanning fluorometry (DSF). This technique monitors protein through the use of environmentally sensitive fluorescent dye, in a temperature-ramp regime by observing the gradual exposure to the solvent of otherwise buried hydrophobic faces of protein domains. Areas covered: This review describes recent developments in the field of DSF. This article pays a particular emphasis on the advances published during the 2010 – 2013 period. Expert opinion: There has been a significant diversification of DSF applications beyond initial small molecule discovery into areas such as protein therapeutic development, formulation studies and various...
TL;DR: In this article, the emulsion properties of ASPI stabilized oil-in-water emulsions were investigated as a function of isolate concentration (1.25-10.00 mg/mL), pH (3-7), and ionic strength (NaCl 10-500mM; CaCl2 0-50mM).
TL;DR: The results in this study suggested that a specific genotype with high oil content and low protein content might significantly affect the selection of soybean lines for high seed protein.
Abstract: Seed protein and oil contents are important quantitative traits in soybean. Previously, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed protein and oil were mostly identified in single genetic background. The objective of this work was to identify QTL and their epistatic effects underlying seed protein and oil contents in three recombinant inbred line populations (two of them used one common female parent) across eight environments by composite interval mapping. Forty QTL underlying protein content and 35 QTL underlying oil content were identified. Among them, nine were universal QTL underlying protein content and four were universal QTL underlying oil content. Epistatic interactions between QTL underlying seed protein/oil and different genetic backgrounds were detected. Different pairs of epistatic interactions were observed in diverse genetic backgrounds across multi-environments. Common marker intervals were observed to simultaneously underlie seed protein and oil contents with different epistatic interactions. The results in this study suggested that a specific genotype with high oil content and low protein content might significantly affect the selection of soybean lines for high seed protein.
TL;DR: The aims of this study were to reveal the amino acids of enset corm, which can be cooked as a root crop, and to increase the general knowledge regarding chemical composition and energy values of different enset fractions.
Abstract: Enset ( Ensete ventricosum ) is a drought tolerant crop, traditionally grown in Ethiopia. It has many usages: food, fodder, fibres and traditional medicine. Being perennial, enset improves local climate and soil conditions. It could contribute to improved food security in several drought-prone parts of the world. The aims of this study were to reveal the amino acids of enset corm, which can be cooked as a root crop, and to increase the general knowledge regarding chemical composition and energy values of different enset fractions. Water content was high, 85 to 90%, which is beneficial when used as fodder during dry periods. Enset corm contained 17 of 20 amino acids and had similar or higher concentration than potato of 12 of these. Leaves had 13% protein, among the highest available in Ethiopia, 20% crude fibre and 10% sugar; a good fodder and suitable for ensilage. The pseudostem, the main food source, was rich in soluble carbohydrates (80%) and starch (65%), but had low protein content (4%). An enset based diet should be supplemented with protein and complementary amino acids; for example from beans, which are suitable to intercrop with enset.
TL;DR: The hypothesis of the existence of a futile cycle around glucose phosphorylation extending postprandial hyperglycaemia is supported and different metabolic pathways are affected by a high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet in rainbow trout.
Abstract: The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exhibits high dietary amino acid requirements and an apparent inefficiency to use dietary carbohydrates. Using this species, we investigated the metabolic consequences of long-term high carbohydrates/low protein feeding. Fish were fed two experimental diets containing either 20 % carbohydrates/50 % proteins (C20P50), or high levels of carbohydrates at the expense of proteins (35 % carbohydrates/35 % proteins – C35P35). The expression of genes related to hepatic and muscle glycolysis (glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase and hexokinase) illustrates the poor utilisation of carbohydrates irrespective of their dietary levels. The increased postprandial GK activity and the absence of inhibition of the gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase activity support the hypothesis of the existence of a futile cycle around glucose phosphorylation extending postprandial hyperglycaemia. After 9 weeks of feeding, the C35P35-fed trout displayed lower body weight and feed efficiency and reduced protein and fat gains than those fed C20P50. The reduced activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in the muscle in this C35P35 group suggests a reduction in protein synthesis, possibly contributing to the reduction in N gain. An increase in the dietary carbohydrate:protein ratio decreased the expression of genes involved in amino acid catabolism (serine dehydratase and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase E1α and E1β), and increased that of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, suggesting a higher reliance on lipids as energy source in fish fed high-carbohydrate and low-protein diets. This probably also contributes to the lower fat gain. Together, these results show that different metabolic pathways are affected by a high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet in rainbow trout.
TL;DR: It is shown that the influence of larval diet experienced during just one generation extends into the next generation, even when that subsequent generation had been shifted to a standard diet during development.
Abstract: When Drosophila melanogaster larvae are reared on isocaloric diets differing in their amounts of protein relative to sugar, emerging adults exhibit significantly different development times and metabolic pools of protein, glycogen and trigylcerides. In the current study, we show that the influence of larval diet experienced during just one generation extends into the next generation, even when that subsequent generation had been shifted to a standard diet during development. Offspring of flies that were reared on high protein relative to sugar underwent metamorphosis significantly faster, had higher reproductive outputs, and different metabolic pool contents compared to the offspring of adults from low protein relative to sugar diets. In addition, isofemale lines differed in the degree to which parental effects were observed, suggesting a genetic component to the observed transgenerational influences.
TL;DR: Pigs in regime LP1 had more longissimus IMF than C but similar semimembranosus IMF although both muscles had lower percentages of linoleic acid in LP2 than C, suggesting a tendency towards greater fat deposition in LP1.
TL;DR: The enhanced solvent processability, thermal stability and low protein adsorption characteristics of this copolymer makes it attractive for variety of applications including antifouling coatings on large surfaces such as ship hulls, buoys, and wave energy converters.
Abstract: We report here a synthetic approach to prepare poly(methyl methacrylate)-polydopamine diblock (PMMA-PDA) and triblock (PDA-PMMA-PDA) copolymers combining mussel-inspired catecholic oxidative chemistry and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These copolymers display very good solubility in a range of organic solvents and also a broad band photo absorbance that increases with increasing PDA content in the copolymer. Spin-cast thin films of the copolymer were stable in water and showed a sharp reduction (by up to 50%) in protein adsorption compared to those of neat PMMA. Also the peak decomposition temperature of the copolymers was up to 43°C higher than neat PMMA. The enhanced solvent processability, thermal stability and low protein adsorption characteristics of this copolymer makes it attractive for variety of applications including antifouling coatings on large surfaces such as ship hulls, buoys, and wave energy converters.
TL;DR: It is found that the protein increases relaxation time of the tube holding force in a density-dependent fashion and FBAR from syndapin 1 has a large affinity for tubular membranes with curvatures larger than its own intrinsic concave curvature.
Abstract: Syndapin 1 FBAR, a member of the Bin-amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain protein family, is known to induce membrane curvature and is an essential component in biological processes like endocytosis and formation and growth of neurites. We quantify the curvature sensing of FBAR on reconstituted porcine brain lipid vesicles and show that it senses membrane curvature at low density whereas it induces and reinforces tube stiffness at higher density. FBAR strongly up-concentrates on the high curvature tubes pulled out of Giant Unilamellar lipid Vesicles (GUVs), this sorting behavior is strongly amplified at low protein densities. Interestingly, FBAR from syndapin 1 has a large affinity for tubular membranes with curvatures larger than its own intrinsic concave curvature. Finally, we studied the effect of FBAR on membrane relaxation kinetics with high temporal resolution and found that the protein increases relaxation time of the tube holding force in a density-dependent fashion.
TL;DR: There is an intrinsic EE response to overfeeding that negatively associates with adiposity, although it represents a small percentage of consumed calories.
Abstract: Context: Individual variation in the ability to convert excess calories to heat and the effects of dietary macronutrient composition are unclear. Objective: Stability and determinants of the energy expenditure (EE) response to overconsumption were assessed. Design, Setting, and Participants: Twenty subjects (75% male) with normal glucose regulation were evaluated during 24 hours each of energy balance, fasting, and 5 different diets with 200% energy requirements in a clinical research unit. Interventions: Five 1-day overfeeding diets were given in random order: high carbohydrate (75%) and low protein (3%); high carbohydrate and normal protein (20%); high fat (46%) and low protein; high fat (60%) and normal protein; and balanced (50% carbohydrates, 20% protein). Main Outcome Measures: The 24-hour EE, sleeping EE, and thermic effect of food (TEF) during each diet were measured with a metabolic chamber. Appetitive hormones were measured before and after the diets. Results: The EE response to overfeeding exhi...
TL;DR: It is concluded that monomer solubility in water correlates with protein-resistant surfaces, presumably through its effects on surface-water interactions.
TL;DR: In this article, three different methods: water steeping, alkaline steeping and acid steeping were used to isolate corn starches, and the effects on their structural, micro structural, thermal, and chemical properties were evaluated.
Abstract: Corn starches were isolated using three different methods: water steeping, alkaline steeping, and acid steeping. The effects on their structural, micro structural, thermal, and chemical properties were evaluated, with especial emphasis in the alkaline process that is close related to the nixtamalization process. The isolation method influences the amylose content, crystallinity, and enthalpy of the starch granules. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the isolation method produced changes on the surface of the granules, and in some cases there were holes on the surface. Method 2 (the alkaline method) produces the starch granules with low protein and fat content and there was an increase in the enthalpy for this method, that can be explained in terms of thermodynamics by the increase of particles into the starch granules, which was confirmed by an increase in the ash content. A negative correlation between these variables was found (r = −0.99), while a positive correlation between enthalpy and amylose ...
TL;DR: It was concluded that electrokinetic processes generated by SMEBR led to a reduction of membrane fouling through: i) removal of soluble microbial products and polysaccharides and colloidal organic materials; ii) change of the structure and morphology of the suspended solids due their conditioning by DC field.
TL;DR: In this article, a 2×5 factorial pilot-scale study was conducted to investigate the effects of sorghum/corn flour ratio and protein addition on product expansion, microstructure, mechanical properties, and sensory attributes.
Abstract: Sorghum is an important staple crop in semi-arid regions of Africa and India because of its drought tolerance. But low protein content and quality limit its widespread use. This project focused on developing sorghum-based extruded snacks. Results from preliminary lab-scale extrusion experiments were used to design a 2×5 factorial pilot-scale study. Two blends of sorghum flour and corn flour were prepared (6:1 and 5:2 w/w ratios) as the controls. Three different sources of protein—whey protein isolate, defatted soy flour, and mixed legume flour—were added to the sorghum/corn flour blends at 30%. A 50:50 blend of defatted soy flour and whey protein isolate was also added at 30% to the sorghum/corn flour blends. The resultant ten formulations were extruded on a pilot-scale twin-screw extruder to investigate the effects of sorghum/corn flour ratio and protein addition on product expansion, microstructure, mechanical properties, and sensory attributes. Expansion ratio of extruded product increased at the highe...