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Lyotropic liquid crystal

About: Lyotropic liquid crystal is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2104 publications have been published within this topic receiving 51473 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of the environment on the adsorption of Surfactants at the L/A interface and on the phase stability of Micellar systems.
Abstract: of Volume 1.- I. General Overview Papers.- Ionic Interaction and Phase Stability.- Comparative Effects of Chemical Structure and Environment on the Adsorption of Surfactants at the L/A Interface and on Micellization.- Studies of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals that Align in Magnetic Fields.- Use of Surfactant and Micellar Systems in Analytical Chemistry.- Micellar Systems Studied by Positron Annihilation Techniques.- Solubilization in Aqueous Micellar Systems.- Nonionic Surfactant Micelles and Mixed Micelles with Phospholipids.- Commercial Surfactants: An Overview.- II. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Micellization in Aqueous Media.- Direct Measurements of the Thermodynamic Properties of Surfactants.- Electrolyte Effect on Micellization.- Kinetics of Micellization.- Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation: Model Calculations for Sodium Octanoate.- Pre-Micellar Maximum in the Light Scattering from Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Chloride.- Relaxation Amplitude of Non-Ionic Micelle Systems Perturbed by Solvent-Jump.- Mixed Micelle Solutions.- Anomalous Behaviour of Aromatic Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Cationic Surfactants.- Some Observations on the Micellar Behavior of Surfactants in Water and Aqueous Solvents.- Investigation of Aggregation Phenomena in Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Solutions at High NaCl Concentration by Quasielastic Light Scattering.- The Effect of Dissolved Oils and Alcohols on the CMC of Synthetic and Petroleum Sulfonates.- Application of Keto-Enol Tautomerism to the Study of Micellar Property of Surfactants.- III. Effect of Solvent and Micelles in Nonaqueous Media.- Solvent Effects on Amphiphilic Aggregation.- Association Behavior of Synthetic and Naturally Occurring Surfactants in Nonaqueous Solvents.- Ultrasonic Absorption Studies of Solutions of Ionic Amphiphiles in Organic Solvents.- Formation of Micelles of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Water-Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions.- Temperature Effect on Molecular Dynamics in Micellar System. Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation Study of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Water-Dimethylsulfoxide Mixtures.- About the Contributors.

1,246 citations

BookDOI
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ionic strength, polymer charge and binding density on surfactant/polymer aggregates polymer-surfactant complexation in dilute aqueous solutions.
Abstract: Surfactant fundamentals: branched versus linear hydrocarbon chains in surfactants ellipsometric evidence of anomalous refractive indices is contact angle hysteresis due to a film present behind a drop? STM molecular imaging of disordered molecular wires studies of morphology and phase behaviour of monolayers thermodynamics of adsorption of a cationic surfactant at solid-water interfaces. Micelles and microemulsions: pressure-jump studies on micellar relaxation time and its effect on various technological processes micellar catalyzed reactions in mixed solvent systems silica gels from microemulsions the state of water and surfactant in surfactant-based lyotropic liquid crystals polymerization of menthyl methacrylate and styrene in ternary emulsions and microemulsions. Polymer-surfactant interactions: polymer-surfactant interactions: effect of ionic strength, polymer charge and binding density on surfactant/polymer aggregates polymer-surfactant complexation in dilute aqueous solutions. Adsorption of surfactants: adsorption on high and low molecular weight natural surfactants at the crude oil-water interface and their influence on y-pH and y-time behaviour studies on asphaltenes and related petroleum fractions at interface influence of surfactants on the adhesion of clay particles to metal surfaces guidelines for the formulation, composition, and stirring to attained desired emulsion properties (type, droplet, size, viscosity, and stability) double emulsions stabilized by macromelecular surfactants. Biological applications of surfactants: interactions between the dispersed globules of W/O/W emulsions in the presence of proteins and saccharides the design and evaluation of a novel submicron amphotericin B emulsion in systemic murine cryptococcosis plant protein purification using cloud point extraction (CPE). Environmental aspects: environmental risk assessment of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants toxic spill remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons via microemulsion formation.

1,238 citations

BookDOI
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a NMR study of the transition of a mixture of two Isomeric Cyano-Ester homologous series, showing that the phase transition of one of the two isomeric versions of this series is a transition of the other.
Abstract: Some Novel Ferroelectric Smectic Liquid Crystals.- Liquid Crystalline Esters of Phenylhydroquinone and 3-Phenyl 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid.- The Synthesis and Characterization of Some Perylene and Anthraquinoic Dichroic Dyes for Liquid Crystal Display Applications.- Some New Thermotropic Discogens.- Syntheses and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Heterocycloalkanes.- Characterization of Two Isomeric Cyano-Ester Homologous Series -I.- Effects of Molecular Length on Nematic Mixtures - IV: Structure Effects on Viscosity of Ester Mixtures.- Orientational Disorder in Smectic Liquid Crystals: An Aspect of Structure that has to be Included.- Effect of Molecular Structure of Rigid - Flexible Polyesters on Their Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Properties.- Relationships Between Molecular Structure and the Incidence of Crystal B and Hexatic B Phases.- Characterization of the Phases of Two Isomeric Cyano-Ester Homologous Series - II.- Unusual Glass Transition of Smectic Liquid Crystal in p-n-Hexyloxybenzylidene-p'-Butylaniline.- Some High Electric Field Effects in Nematic Liquid Crystals.- Application of Generalized Van Der Waals Theory of Homologous Nematogens - Part 1: Trans-4-Ethoxy-4'-N-Alkanoyloxyazobenzenes..- Application of Regular Solution Theory to Discotic Mesophases: Calculation of Phase Diagrams Exhibiting Minima.- Extension of McMillan's Model to Liquid Crystals of Disc-Like Molecules.- Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers with Mesogenic Groups and Flexible Spacers in the Main Chain.- Effect of Mesogenic Unit and Spacer Structures on the Thermotropic Properties of Main Chain Liquid Crystal Polyesters.- The Role of Sequence Distribution on Liquid Crystalline Properties of Aromatic Copolyesters.- Diffusion of Rigid Polyamides Through Swollen Gel of Same.- The Molecular Weight Dependence of the Splay and Bend Elastic Constants of a Polymer Liquid Crystal.- DSC, Miscibility and X-ray Studies of the Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters with Aromatic Moieties and Flexible Spacers in the Main Chain.- Influence of the Leprosy Drug, Dapsone, on the Phase Transitions of the Lyotropic, Dipalmitoy1 Phosphatidylcholine (DPPC).- Nonaqueous Lyotropic Liquid Crystals of Lecithin and Oligomers of Polyethylene Glycols.- The Diamagnetic Anisotropy of Lyotropic Nematic Mesophases.- Physical Models of Lipid Membranes in Latent Cancer Cells: Ordering Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons.- Adiabatic Compression: A New Method to Measure Latent Heats in Phospholipid Bilayers.- Anisotropy of the Electric Conductivity in Amphiphilic Liquid Crystals.- Phase Transition Properties of Bilayers of Mixed Lipids and Their Covalent Analogs.- On The Orientation of Liquid Crystals by Monolayers of Amphiphilic Molecules.- Refractive Index Measurements Using a Double Arm Converging Beam Interferometer.- A Pulsed NMR Study of Transient and Persistent Molecular Order in Nematic Liquid Crystals.- The Effect of Twist on Biaxial Ordering in the Cholesteric Phase.- Deuteron Magnetic Relaxation and Molecular Dynamics in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.- An Effective Proton Hyperfine Tensor for Di-Tertbutylnitroxide.- Alkyl Chain Flexibility in Liquid Crystals.- Orientational Order in Binary Mixtures of Nematic Liquid Crystals.- The Effect of the Tricritical Region on the Smectic A - Smectic C Transition.- Spatial Correlations in Nematic Liquid Crystals.- Molecular Structure and Ordering in Liquid Crystals.- New Liquid Crystals, Polymeric and Monomeric, Derived From Binaphthyl.- Ioneneomeric Liquid Crystals.- Mesomorphic Properties of an Homologous Series of Alkyl-Terminated Enamine-Ketone Containing Liquid Crystals.- Liquid Crystalline Polymers with Amphiphilic and Non Amphiphilic Side Chains - Effect of the Main Chain on the Phase Behaviour.- The Fluid Mesophases of Polar Rods.- The Nematogeneity of Some Hydrocarbons.- Some Heterocyclic Analogues of Biphenyl Mesogens.- Alignment of Liquid Crystal Molecules on Various Surfaces: Myths, Theories, Facts.- Development of Dual-Frequency Addressable Liquid Crystals.- Dielectric Studies of Monoester and Diester Nematogens.- Intermolecular Guest-Host Interactions and the Optical Order Parameter of Pleochroic Dyes.- Liquid Crystal Alignment on Substrate Surfaces, A Collective Phenomenon.- Alignment of Liquid Crystals in the Vicinity of the SmA-N Transition.- Nematic-Substrate Interaction and the Boundary Layer Phase Transition.- Optical Properties of the Blue Phase of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals.- Lattice Parameters in Blue Phase Mixtures.- Blue Phase Structure Analysis by Optical Bragg Diffractions.- Mesomorphic Polymers as Three Component Systems.- Colloidal Crystals and Glasses.- Self Diffusion Constant and Viscosity of Charged Polystyrene Colloids.- Influence of Molecular Conformation on the Helical Twisting Power of Terpenes in Nematic Liquid Crystals.- Vibrational Spectra of Liquid Crystals XIII: Crystallization Kinetics Study of 4, Octyloxy, 4', Cyano Biphenyl by Rapid Raman Spectroscopy..- Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Due to Orientational Fluctuation in Smectic Liquid Crystals.- NMR Studies of Molecules Oriented in Mixed Thermotropic Liquid Crystals of Opposite Diamagnetic Anisotropies.- Discotic Mesophase: A Complementary Review.- Identification of the Structure of Mesomorphic Polymers by Means of their Miscibility.- Effect of Molecular Structure on Mesomorphism: Difluorinated Siamese Twin Mesogens.- Anisotropy Induced in a Semi-Flexible Polymer by a Liquid-Crystalline Solvent.- Electrooptical Behaviour of a Novel Strong-Weak Anchored Nematic Layer: First Measurements of MBBA Flexoelectric Coefficient of Splay elz.- On Thermotropic Disc-Like Mesogens.- On The Nature of the Smectic-C Phase.- Contributors.

1,036 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis of solubility and Chromatographic data shows that the overall salt effect can be described by the two antagonistic effects of salts on electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.

850 citations

Book
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model of the Nematic-Isotropic phase transition and its relation to the elastic continuuum theory of liquid crystals, which is used to describe the properties of liquid crystal structures.
Abstract: 1 Liquid Crystal Mesophases.- 1. Mesophases.- 1.1 Disordered Crystal Mesophases.- 1.2 Ordered Fluid Mesophases.- 2. Types of Liquid Crystals.- 2.1 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.- 2.2 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.- 3. Classification According to Molecular Order.- 3.1 Nematic Order.- 3.2 Cholesteric Order.- 3.3 Smectic Order.- 4. Polymorphism in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.- 5. Molecular Structure of Thermotropic Mesogens.- 6. Properties of Ordered Fluid Mesophases.- 2 Structure-Property Relationships in Thermotropic Organic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organic Mesophases.- 3. General Structural Features of Mesogens.- 4. Effects of Structure on Mesophase Thermal Stability.- 5. Homologous Series.- 6. Materials for Device Applications.- 7. Summary.- 3 Introduction to the Molecular Theory of Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Symmetry and the Order Parameter.- 3. The Molecular Potential.- 4. The Orientational Distribution function.- 5. Thermodynamics of the Nematic Phase.- 6. Fluctuations at Tc.- 4 Generalized Mean Field Theory of Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Pair Interaction Potential.- 3. The Mean Field Approximation.- 4. Statistical Thermodynamics.- 5. Nature of the Parameters UL.- 6. The Need for Higher Order Terms in V1.- 5 Hard Rod Model of the Nematic-Isotropic Phase Transition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Derivation of Onsager Equations.- 3. Solution of Onsager Equations in a Simplified Case.- 6 Nematic Order: The Long Range Orientational Distribution Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Orientational Distribution function.- 3. Macroscopic Definition of Nematic Order.- 4. Relationship Between Microscopic and Macroscopic Order Parameters.- 5. Experimental Measurements.- 5.1 Measurements of ?P2(cos ?)? Based on Macroscopic Anisotropies.- 5.2 Measurements of ?P2(cos ?)? Based on Microscopic Anisotropies.- 6. Experimental Data.- 7 Introduction to the Molecular Theory of Smectic-A Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Symmetry, Structure and Order Parameters.- 3. Phase Diagrams.- 4. The Molecular Potential.- 5. Statistical Thermodynamics.- 6. Numerical Results.- 7. Improved Theory.- 8. The Possibility of Second-Order Transitions.- 8 Introduction to the Elastic Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Fundamental Equation of the Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals.- 3. Applications of the Elastic Continuum Theory.- 3.1 Twisted Nematic Cell.- 3.2 Magnetic Coherence Length.- 3.3 Freedericksz Transition.- 3.4 Field-Induced Cholesteric-Nematic Transition.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 9 Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities in Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of the Instability and the Balance of Forces.- 3. Dielectric Response.- 4. Hydrodynamic Effects.- 5. The Boundary Value Problem in the Conduction Regime.- 6. The Torque Balance Equation.- 7. Numerical Results and Comparison with Experiment.- 8. Range of Applicability.- 10 The Landau-de Gennes Theory of Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Derivation of the Fundamental Equations of the Landau-de Gennes Theory.- 2.1 The Partition function.- 2.2 The Landau Expansion.- 2.3 Generalization of the Landau Expansion to Liquid Crystals.- 3. Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions.- 4. Fluctuation Phenomena.- 4.1 Homophase Fluctuations in the Isotropic Phase.- 4.2 Heterophase Fluctuations.- 5. Observation of Fluctuations Using Light Scattering.- 6. Magnetic Birefringence and the Paranematic Susceptibility.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- 11 Introduction to the Optical Properties of Cholesteric and Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maxwell's Equations.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Conclusion.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- 12 Liquid-Crystal Displays-Packaging and Surface Treatments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Packaging.- 3. Electrodes.- 4. Surface Orientation.- 5. Influence of Packaging on Surface Orientation.- 6. Summary.- 13 Pressure Effects in Sealed Liquid-Crystal Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of Temperature Change.- 3. Effect of Glass Thickness.- 4. The Case of a Rigid Container.- 14 Liquid-Crystal Displays-Electro-optic Effects and Addressing Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electro-optic Phenomena.- 2.1 Field-Induced Birefringence.- 2.2 Twisted Nematic Effect.- 2.3 Guest-Host Effect.- 2.4 Cholesteric-to-Nematic Transition.- 2.5 Dynamic Scattering.- 2.6 Storage Mode.- 2.7 Transient Response.- 3. Display-Related Parameters.- 3.1 Display Life.- 3.2 Temperature Dependence.- 4. Addressing Techniques.- 4.1 Matrix Addressing.- 4.2 Beam Scanning.- 5. Summary.- 15 Liquid-Crystal Optical Waveguides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Guided Optical Waves.- 3. Phase Matching and Coupling.- 4. Scattering.- 5. Liquid Crystal Waveguides.- 6. Conclusions.- 16 The Electro-optic Transfer Function in Nematic Liquids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Geometrical Considerations in Optical Measurements.- 3. Field Effects-Negative Dielectric Anisotropy.- 4. Field Effects-Positive Dielectric Anisotropy.- 5. Hydrodynamic Effects-Diffraction by Domains.- 6. Dynamic Scattering.- 7. Photoconductor Control.- 17 Electrochemistry in Nematic Liquid-Crystal Solvents.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Equilibrium Properties of Bulk Solutions.- 3. Electrochemical Reactions.- 18 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals and Biological Membranes: The Crucial Role of Water.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.- 2.1 Constituents of Lyotropics.- 2.2 Micelles.- 2.3 Structure of Lyotropics.- 3. Biological Membranes.- 3.1 Constituents of Membranes.- 3.2 Structures of Membranes.- 4. Interaction of Amphiphilic Compounds with Water.- 4.1 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water.- 4.2 Solubility of Ionized Species in Water.- 4.3 Aggregation of Amphiphilic Compounds.- 5. Conclusion.

842 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202318
202254
202155
202054
201978
201862