Showing papers on "Magnetite published in 2019"

A review on nanotechnological application of magnetic iron oxides for heavy metal removal

Abstract: With increasing trend in industrialization, heavy metals possess a great threat to the environment due to their discharge in water and wastewater above permissible limits. Heavy metals have toxic effects on human and environment. However, advancement in newly budding and fangled nanotechnology offers better treatment techniques. Development of novel and cost-effective 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D nanomaterials for environmental remediation, pollution detection and other applications has attracted considerable attention. Zero valent iron and iron oxide nanoparticles are found to be the best candidates for heavy metal adsorption and removal. Various mechanical, optical and electrical properties of nanoparticles play important role in nanoparticle formation and interaction. Forms of iron oxide such as hematite (α Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles of varied morphology and size (10 nm, 20 nm, 50 nm etc.) were synthesized by various methods like sol-gel, precipitation, hydrothermal processes and magnetic nano-composites with different iron precursors (iron acetate, iron nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate etc.). Iron oxide nanoparticles (in a variety of chemical and structural forms) have already exhibited its diversity and potential in many frontiers of environmental area. Present review is focused on the application of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles towards heavy metal removal.

Global Fe-O isotope correlation reveals magmatic origin of Kiruna-type apatite-iron-oxide ores

Abstract: Kiruna-type apatite-iron-oxide ores are key iron sources for modern industry, yet their origin remains controversial. Diverse ore-forming processes have been discussed, comprising low-temperature hydrothermal processes versus a high-temperature origin from magma or magmatic fluids. We present an extensive set of new and combined iron and oxygen isotope data from magnetite of Kiruna-type ores from Sweden, Chile and Iran, and compare them with new global reference data from layered intrusions, active volcanic provinces, and established low-temperature and hydrothermal iron ores. We show that approximately 80% of the magnetite from the investigated Kiruna-type ores exhibit δ56Fe and δ18O ratios that overlap with the volcanic and plutonic reference materials (> 800 °C), whereas ~20%, mainly vein-hosted and disseminated magnetite, match the low-temperature reference samples (≤400 °C). Thus, Kiruna-type ores are dominantly magmatic in origin, but may contain late-stage hydrothermal magnetite populations that can locally overprint primary high-temperature magmatic signatures

Trace element composition of iron oxides from IOCG and IOA deposits: relationship to hydrothermal alteration and deposit subtypes

Abstract: Trace element compositions of magnetite and hematite from 16 well-studied iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) and iron oxide apatite (IOA) deposits, combined with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were used to investigate the factors controlling the iron oxide chemistry and the links between the chemical composition of iron oxides and hydrothermal processes, as divided by alteration types and IOCG and IOA deposit subtypes Chemical compositions of iron oxides are controlled by oxygen fugacity, temperature, co-precipitating sulfides, and host rocks Iron oxides from hematite IOCG deposits show relatively high Nb, Cu, Mo, W, and Sn contents, and can be discriminated from those from magnetite + hematite and magnetite IOA deposits Magnetite IOCG deposits show a compositional diversity and overlap with the three other types, which may be due to the incremental development of high-temperature Ca–Fe and K–Fe alteration Iron oxides from the high-temperature Ca–Fe alteration can be discriminated from those from high- and low-temperature K–Fe alteration by higher Mg and V contents Iron oxides from low-temperature K–Fe alteration can be discriminated from those from high-temperature K–Fe alteration by higher Si, Ca, Zr, W, Nb, and Mo contents Iron oxides from IOA deposits can be discriminated from those from IOCG deposits by higher Mg, Ti, V, Pb, and Sc contents The composition of IOCG and IOA iron oxides can be discriminated from those from porphyry Cu, Ni–Cu, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits

Adsorption and Fenton oxidation of azo dyes by magnetite nanoparticles deposited on a glass substrate

Abstract: Fenton oxidation is an efficient and useful method for wastewater treatment. To increase overall reaction efficiencies and inhibit environmental impacts, developing advanced catalysts are crucial in this matter. The main goal of this study was to investigate the catalytic activity of the magnetite (Fe2+Fe23+O42−, FeFe2O4, or Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) coated borosilicate glass on the color removal of basic red 18 (BR18) and acid red 8 (AR88) azo dyes by adsorption and Fenton oxidation reaction. The efficiency of powder magnetite NPs was also tested to compare to magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass. The effect of solution pH (2.5–9.0), catalyst loading (0.25–3.0 g/L), and dye concentration (0.1-0.3 mM) were tested to achieve maximum color removal efficiency using powder magnetite NPs. The color removal efficiencies were measured 44% at pH 9.0 and 76% at pH 3.5 for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of BR18 dye (0.1 mM). Moreover, the color removal efficiencies were measured 81% at pH 3.5 and 100% at pH 6.0 for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of AR88 dye (0.1 mM). The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration (2.5–25 mM) was also optimized and 10 mM was found optimum H2O2 dosage for Fenton oxidation. However, magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass enhanced maximum 77% and 82% color removal efficiencies for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of BR18 dye. Maximum 86% and 100% color removal efficiencies were obtained for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of AR88 dye. Stability of the powder magnetite NPs and magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass catalyst was also investigated. The reusability of the catalyst showed that magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass could be used at least 3 times without significant loss of activity compared to powder magnetite NPs for Fenton oxidation. The characterization of the catalyst was carried out using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential analyses before and after adsorption.

Preparation of magnetic graphene oxide/chitosan composite beads for effective removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous solutions

Abstract: In this report, a composite adsorbent in form of spherical beads generated from graphene oxide, chitosan, and magnetite (MGOCS) was developed and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier ...

Textures and Chemical Compositions of Magnetite from Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) and Kiruna-Type Iron Oxide-Apatite (IOA) Deposits and Their Implications for Ore Genesis and Magnetite Classification Schemes

Abstract: Textural and compositional data of magnetite from Igarapé Bahia, Alemao, Sossego, Salobo, and Candelaria iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) and El Romeral Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits show that some magnetite grains display oscillatory zoning or have been reequilibrated by oxy-exsolution, coupled dissolution and reprecipitation (CDR) reactions, and/or recrystallization. Textures formed via CDR are most widespread in the studied samples. The original oscillatory zoning was likely derived from the crystal growth during fluctuating fluid compositions rather than from variation in temperature and oxygen fugacity. The oxy-exsolution of ilmenite in magnetite is attributed to increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing temperature with alteration and mineralization, resulting in product magnetite with lower Ti and higher V contents. Recrystallization of some magnetite grains is commonly due to high-temperature annealing that retained primary compositions. Two different types of CDR processes are defined according to textures and chemical compositions of different generations of magnetite. The first generation of magnetite (Mag-1) is an inclusion-rich and trace element-rich core, which was replaced by an inclusion-poor and trace element-poor rim (Mag-2). The third generation of magnetite (Mag-3), inclusion poor but trace element rich, occurs as veins replacing Mag-2 along fractures or grain margins. Type 1 CDR process transforming Mag-1 to Mag-2 is more extensive and is similar to processes reported in skarn deposits, whereas type 2 CDR process is local, transforming Mag-2 to Mag-3. During type 1 CDR process, minor and trace elements Si, K, Ca, Mg, Al, and Mn in magnetite are excluded, and Fe contents increase to various extents, in contrast to type 2 CDR process, which is characterized by increased contents of Si, K, Ca, Mg, Al, and Mn. Type 1 CDR process is possibly induced by the changing fluid composition and/or decreasing temperature during progressive alteration and ore formation, whereas type 2 CDR process can be interpreted as post-ore replacement due to a new pulse of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The identification of magnetite core (Mag-1) with igneous origin and rim (Mag-2) with magmatic-hydrothermal origin in the Sossego IOCG and El Romeral IOA deposits supports a fluid changing from magmatic to magmatic-hydrothermal during IOCG and IOA formation and indicates a genetic link between these two deposit types. The large data set here further demonstrates that magnetite is susceptible to textural and compositional reequilibration during high-temperature magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal processes. Reequilibrated magnetite, particularly that formed by CDR processes, has a chemical composition that can be different from that of primary magnetite. Modified magnetite, therefore, cannot be used to discriminate its primary origin or to interpret its provenance in overburden sediments. Therefore, in situ chemical analysis of magnetite combined with textural characterization is necessary to understand the origin of magnetite in IOCG and IOA deposits.

Electrochemical Analysis of Changes in Iron Oxide Reducibility during Abiotic Ferrihydrite Transformation into Goethite and Magnetite.

Abstract: Electron transfer to ferric iron in (oxyhydr-)oxides (hereafter iron oxides) is a critical step in many processes that are central to the biogeochemical cycling of elements and to pollutant dynamics. Understanding these processes requires analytical approaches that allow for characterizing the reactivity of iron oxides toward reduction under controlled thermodynamic boundary conditions. Here, we used mediated electrochemical reduction (MER) to follow changes in iron oxide reduction extents and rates during abiotic ferrous iron-induced transformation of six-line ferrihydrite. Transformation experiments (10 mM ferrihydrite-FeIII) were conducted over a range of solution conditions (pHtrans = 6.50 to 7.50 at 5 mM Fe2+ and for pHtrans = 7.00 also at 1 mM Fe2+) that resulted in the transformation of ferrihydrite into thermodynamically more stable goethite or magnetite. The changes in iron oxide mineralogy during the transformations were quantified using X-ray diffraction analysis. MER measurements on iron oxide...

Decreases in Iron Oxide Reducibility during Microbial Reductive Dissolution and Transformation of Ferrihydrite

Abstract: Ferrous iron formed during microbial ferric iron reduction induces phase transformations of poorly crystalline into more crystalline and thermodynamically more stable iron (oxyhydr)oxides. Yet, characterizing the resulting decreases in the reactivity of the remaining oxide ferric iron toward reduction (i.e., its reducibility) has been challenging. Here, we used the reduction of six-line ferrihydrite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a model system to demonstrate that mediated electrochemical reduction (MER) allows directly following decreases in oxide ferric iron reducibility during the transformation of ferrihydrite into goethite and magnetite which we characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy imaging. Ferrihydrite was fully reducible in MER at both pHMER of 5.0 and 7.5. Decreases in iron oxide reducibility associated with ferrihydrite transformation into magnetite were accessible at both pHMER because the formed magnetite was not reducible under either of these conditions. Conversely, decreases in iron oxide reducibility associated with goethite formation were apparent only at the highest tested pHMER of 7.5 and thus the thermodynamically least favorable conditions for iron oxide reductive dissolution. The unique capability to adjust the thermodynamic boundary conditions in MER to the specific reducibilities of individual iron (oxyhydr)oxides makes this electrochemical approach broadly applicable for studying changes in iron oxide reducibility in heterogeneous environmental samples such as soils and sediments.

Mechanism and kinetics of hydrothermal replacement of magnetite by hematite

Abstract: The replacement of magnetite by hematite was studied through a series of experiments under mild hydrothermal conditions (140–220 °C, vapour saturated pressures) to quantify the kinetics of the transformation and the relative effects of redox and non-redox processes on the transformation. The results indicate that oxygen is not an essential factor in the replacement reaction of magnetite by hematite, but the addition of excess oxidant does trigger the oxidation reaction, and increases the kinetics of the transformation. However, even under high O2(aq) environments, some of the replacement still occurred via Fe2+ leaching from magnetite. The kinetics of the replacement reaction depends upon temperature and solution parameters such as pH and the concentrations of ligands, all of which are factors that control the solubility of magnetite and affect the transport of Fe2+ (and the oxidant) to and from the reaction front. Reaction rates are fast at ∼200 °C, and in nature transport properties of Fe and, in the case of the redox-controlled replacement, the oxidant will be the rate-limiting control on the reaction progress. Using an Avrami treatment of the kinetic data and the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy for the transformation under non-redox conditions was calculated to be 26 ± 6 kJ mol−1. This value is in agreement with the reported activation energy for the dissolution of magnetite, which is the rate-limiting process for the transformation under non-redox conditions.

Trace element composition of igneous and hydrothermal magnetite from porphyry deposits : relationship to deposit subtypes and magmatic affinity

Abstract: The trace element composition of igneous and hydrothermal magnetite from 19 well-studied porphyry Cu ± Au ± Mo, Mo, and W-Mo deposits was measured by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and then classified by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to constrain the factors explaining the relationships between the chemical composition of magnetite and the magmatic affinity and porphyry deposit subtypes. Igneous magnetite can be discriminated by relatively high P, Ti, V, Mn, Zr, Nb, Hf, and Ta contents but low Mg, Si, Co, Ni, Ge, Sb, W, and Pb contents, in contrast to hydrothermal magnetite. Compositional differences between igneous and hydrothermal magnetite are mainly controlled by the temperature, oxygen fugacity, cocrystallized sulfides, and element solubility/mobility that significantly affect the partition coefficients between magnetite and melt/fluids. Binary diagrams based on Ti, V, and Cr contents are not enough to discriminate igneous and hydrothermal magnetite in porphyry deposits. Relatively high Si and Al contents discriminate porphyry W-Mo hydrothermal magnetite, probably reflecting the control by high-Si, highly differentiated, granitic intrusions for this deposit type. Relatively high Mg, Mn, Zr, Nb, Sn, and Hf but low Ti and V contents discriminate porphyry Au-Cu hydrothermal magnetite, most likely resulting from a combination of mafic to intermediate intrusion composition, high chlorine in fluids, relatively high oxygen fugacity, and low-temperature conditions. Igneous or hydrothermal magnetite from Cu-Mo, Cu-Au, and Cu-Mo-Au deposits cannot be discriminated from each other, probably due to similar intermediate to felsic intrusion composition, melt/fluid composition, and conditions such as temperature and oxygen fugacity for the formation of these deposits. The magmatic affinity of porphyritic intrusions exerts some control on the chemical composition of igneous and hydrothermal magnetite in porphyry systems. Igneous and hydrothermal magnetite related to alkaline magma is relatively rich in Mg, Mn, Co, Mo, Sn, and high field strength elements (HFSEs), perhaps due to high concentrations of chlorine and fluorine in magma and exsolved fluids, whereas those related to calc-alkaline magma are relatively rich in Ca but depleted in HFSEs, consistent with the high Ca but low HFSE magma composition. Igneous and hydrothermal magnetite related to high-K calc-alkaline magma is relatively rich in Al, Ti, Sc, and Ta, due to a higher temperature of formation or enrichment of these elements in melt/fluids. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis on hydrothermal magnetite compositions from porphyry Cu, iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA), and skarn deposits around the world identify important discriminant elements for these deposit types. Magnetite from porphyry Cu deposits is characterized by relatively high Ti, V, Zn, and Al contents, whereas that from IOCG deposits can be discriminated from other types of magnetite by its relatively high V, Ni, Ti, and Al contents. IOA magnetite is discriminated by higher V, Ti, and Mg but lower Al contents, whereas skarn magnetite can be separated from magnetite from other deposit types by higher Mn, Mg, Ca, and Zn contents. Decreased Ti and V contents in hydrothermal magnetite from porphyry Cu and IOA, to IOCG, and to skarn deposits may be related to decreasing temperature and increasing oxygen fugacity. The relative depletion of Al in IOA magnetite is due to its low magnetite-silicate melt partition coefficient, immobility of Al in fluids, and earlier, higher-temperature magmatic or magmatic-hydrothermal formation of IOA deposits. The relative enrichment of Ni in IOCG magnetite reflects more mafic magmatic composition and less competition with sulfide, whereas elevated Mn, Mg, Ca, and Zn in skarn magnetite results from enrichment of these elements in fluids via more intensive fluid-carbonate rock interaction.

Mechanism and kinetics of magnetite oxidation under hydrothermal conditions

Abstract: The stability of magnetite under oxidizing hydrothermal conditions was evaluated at temperatures of 120, 150, 180 and 275 °C. A well-characterized sample of commercially-available magnetite with a particle size of approximately 690 nm was oxidized by dissolved oxygen (DO) under alkaline hydrothermal conditions in titanium autoclaves. In these trials, the DO was always in equilibrium with the gas phase oxygen that was air-derived and was located above the hydrothermal solution, which contained ammonium hydroxide at a pH25 °C of approximately 9.5. Samples recovered by filtration were analysed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, while Fe(II)/Fe ratios were determined by titration in conjunction with spectrophotometry. Oxidation between 120 and 180 °C was found to generate high concentrations of maghemite and hematite in the product, with the latter compound having either a hexagonal bipyramidal or rhombohedral morphology. The oxidation kinetics was consistent with a diffusion controlled process. The reaction probably proceeded via the outward diffusion of ferrous ions from the magnetite, forming a magnetite/maghemite core/shell structure in conjunction with the dissolution of maghemite and reprecipitation of hematite. Oxidation at 275 °C presented different characteristics from those observed at the lower temperatures. Negligible amounts of maghemite were found, and the primary oxidation product was hematite with no specific morphologies. Moreover, the kinetics was slower than at 180 °C. This unexpected temperature effect is attributed to the rapid growth, at 275 °C, of a dense layer of hematite on the surface of the magnetite that impeded the oxidation of magnetite.

Shape tuning of magnetite nanoparticles obtained by hydrothermal synthesis: Effect of temperature

Abstract: In this work, we present a simple and efficient method for pure phase magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle synthesis. The phase structure, particle shape, and size of the samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy (Rm), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology tuning was controlled by the temperature of the reaction; the nanoparticles were synthesized via the hydrothermal method at 120°C, 140°C, and 160°C, respectively. The Rm and XRD spectra showed that all the nanoparticles were Fe3O4 in a pure magnetite phase. The obtained nanoparticles exhibited a high level of crystallinity with uniform morphology at each temperature, as can be observed through TEM and SEM. These magnetic nanoparticles exhibited good saturation magnetization and the resulting shapes were quasi-spheres, octahedrons, and cubes. The samples showed striking magnetic properties, which were examined by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It has been possible to obtain a good morphological control of nanostructured magnetite in a simple, economical, and scalable method by adjusting the temperature, without the modification of any other synthesis parameter.

Iron Recovery from Bauxite Residue Through Reductive Roasting and Wet Magnetic Separation

Abstract: The scope of this work is to develop and optimize a reductive roasting process followed by wet magnetic separation for iron recovery from bauxite residue (BR). The aim of the roasting process is the transformation of the nonmagnetic iron phases found in BR (namely hematite and goethite), to magnetic ones such as magnetite, wustite, and metallic iron. The magnetic iron phases in the roasting residue can be fractionated in a second stage through wet magnetic separation, forming a valuable iron concentrate and leaving a nonmagnetic residue containing rare earth elements among other constituents. The BR-roasting process has been modeled using a thermochemical software (FactSage 6.4) to define process temperature, Carbon/Bauxite Residue mass ratio (C/BR), retention time, and process atmosphere. Roasting process experiments with different ratios of C/BR (0.112 and 0.225) and temperatures (800 and 1100 °C), 4-h retention time, and, in the presence of N2 atmosphere, have proven almost the total conversion of hematite to iron magnetic phases (> 99 wt%). Subsequently, the magnetic separation process has been examined by means of a wet high-intensity magnetic separator, and the analyses have shown a marginal Fe enrichment in magnetic fraction in relation to the sinter.

Magnetite synthesis using iron oxide waste and its application for phosphate adsorption with column and batch reactors

Abstract: The magnetite particles were synthesized by reverse coprecipitation of mill scale (iron oxide waste). The particle characterization was done and confirmed by SEM, EDS, BET, XRF, FTIR and XRD. Scherrer equation determined 11.64 nm single crystalline size of the magnetite and the BET surface area was found nearly 75.77 m2 g−1. The expected stoichiometry (3:4) of Fe:O was confirmed by elemental analysis. The magnetite particles were proven as effective adsorbent for phosphate ions from the contaminated water. The phosphate removal efficiency was inspected with several experimental setups including column reactor fed from top to bottom, from bottom to top and sequencing batch reactor. The maximum P-adsorption capacity of magnetite was determined 11.78 mg g−1. The P-carrying adsorbent is regenerated with different concentrations of NaOH and NH4OH solutions for 1, 2 and 5 days. Though both solutions were appeared effective for regeneration of used particles, NaOH was appeared more efficacious than that of NH4OH. The regeneration competence of magnetite particles is also evaluated with repetitive regeneration of used particles with 0.1 N NaOH. As compared with initial value, almost 20% of the adsorption capacity was reduced after 12 successive rounds of phosphate adsorption and desorption onto the surface of magnetite. The obtained results have established fine potentiality for the magnetite particles synthesized by reverse coprecipitation to be applied as phosphate adsorbent in wastewater treatment.

Magnetite-Coated Boron Nitride Nanosheets for the Removal of Arsenic(V) from Water.

Abstract: It is widely known that the existence of arsenic (As) in water negatively affects humans and the environment. We report the synthesis, characterization, and application of boron nitride nanosheets ...

Quantitative determination of magnetite and maghemite in iron oxide nanoparticles using Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract: Iron oxide nanoparticles are available in two common phases, namely magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (Fe2O3). Upon exposure to oxygen atoms, the magnetite phase readily oxidizes into the maghemite phase with the partial conversion of ferrous ions into ferric ions. We report on the approach to determine the ratio of magnetite and maghemite in iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the wet chemical route. X-ray diffraction studies and transmission electron microscopy observations confirmed the formation of highly crystalline nanoparticles of size $$\left( {7 \pm 2} \right)$$ nm. The average particle size is in the magnetic single-domain range suitable for the superparamagnetic behavior. The Mossbauer spectrum of the sample is composed of two six-line patterns in perfect agreement with the theoretically predicted model. The extracted Mossbauer parameters show contribution of two phases accounting for 47% magnetite and 53% maghemite. The hysteresis loops of the iron nanoparticles demonstrated the “S-shaped” pattern with negligible coercivity and remanence magnetization. This result reveals a promising method to synthesize and characterize magnetic nanoparticles of uniform size with a potential for biomedical applications.

Accumulation of magnetite by flotation on bubbles during decompression of silicate magma.

Abstract: Magnetite (Fe3O4) is an iron ore mineral that is globally mined especially for steel production. It is denser (5.15 g/cm3) than Earth’s crust (~2.7 g/cm3) and is expected to accumulate at the bottom of melt-rich magma reservoirs. However, recent studies revealed heterogeneous fluid bubble nucleation on oxide minerals such as magnetite during fluid degassing in volcanic systems. To test if the attachment on fluid bubbles is strong enough to efficiently float magnetite in silicate magma, decompression experiments were conducted at geologically relevant magmatic conditions with subsequent annealing to simulate re-equilibration after decompression. The results demonstrate that magnetite-bubble pairs do ascend in silicate melt, accumulating in an upper layer that grows during re-equilibration. This outcome contradicts the paradigm that magnetite must settle gravitationally in silicate melt.

Super paramagnetic ZIF-67 metal organic framework nanocomposite

Abstract: Nanoparticle encapsulated metal-organic framework composites have attracted attention in many fields owing to the achievement of combined properties. We report a simple method for the encapsulation of magnetite nanoparticles into zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67). ZIF-67 framework is prepared by using Cobalt nitrate as metal salt by hydrothermal method. The material shows functional properties of both magnetite and ZIF-67. The bonding interactions are analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The microstructure and morphology are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Magnetic measurements are inquired by vibrating sample magnetometry and surface area studies done by Bruner-Emmett and Teller surface area analysis technique.