Showing papers on "Malaria published in 1968"

Potential Medical Problems in Personnel Returning from Vietnam

Abstract: This review summarizes the communicable diseases that should be considered in military personnel returning from Vietnam. It is anticipated that malaria will be encountered most frequently ...

Use of dexamethasone in cerebral malaria.

Abstract: In a man who had been in a coma for 24 hours with cerebral malaria dexamethasone had a dramatic, and probably life-saving, effect. We believe dexamethasone should be given routinely, together with antimalarial therapy, to patients with cerebral malaria.

Studies on the relationship between fluorescent antibody response and ecology of malaria in Malaysia.

Abstract: The fluorescent antibody (FA) technique was used to detect the presence of malarial antibody in populations living in 3 different ecological areas of Malaysia. Serum samples were tested using Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. fieldi antigens. An area of hyperendemic malaria had a good correlation between the antibody responses and active parasitaemias. The percentage and intensity of responses increased with the age of the individuals. In an area of hypoendemic malaria, each of 17 sites had ecological conditions which would favour or discourage the transmission of malaria. The reasons for high FA responses in some villages and low responses in others were readily apparent. The effect of even limited control programmes on the malarial ecology could be measured by an examination of the antibody responses. An aboriginal population receiving suppressive drugs had FA responses indicating both past experience and the effect of the drug programme.

Serological malaria surveys in Nigeria.

Abstract: A parasitological and serological malaria survey of 2 large and 2 small areas of Nigeria was carried out in connexion with the activities of the WHO Treponematoses Epidemiological Team. The results, based on data obtained from 1082 subjects, showed that all the areas were holoendemic with the usual pattern of malariometric indices, and that the differences between the parasite rates of the two large areas were due to the different timing of the survey in relation to the seasonal wave of transmission. The fluorescent antibody test was positive (≥1:20) in 92% of the 914 sera collected from these 2 areas. The serological profile of the population in the 2 areas was similar, but the immunofluorescence titres were higher in all age-groups in the area south of the Benue river, indicating the antibody response to the previous endemic wave rather than the actual amount of transmission taking place at the time of the survey. This study confirms the value of the immunofluorescent technique for large-scale malaria surveys, but indicates the need for caution in interpreting the results and stresses the importance of good knowledge of the local epidemiology of malaria before embarking on application of serological methods.

The Psychiatric Manifestations of Cerebral Malaria

Abstract: During a ten-month period 1,200 U. S. soldiers were admitted to an Army hospital in South Viet Nam with falciparum malaria. Nineteen developed "cerebral malaria," and three of these showed dramatic personality changes manifested as apparent "functional" psychoses. Further evaluation including psychological testing, however, led to the impression that the symptoms had a definite organic basis secondary to cerebral involvement. The authors stress the prognostic implications of differential diagnosis.

Transfusion-Introduced Falciparum Malaria

Abstract: MALARIA in the United States has been steadily increasing, from 119 cases in 1962 to 1355 in the first seven months of 1967.1 Most of these cases occur in personnel returning from Vietnam. Approxim...

Malaria prophylaxis and immunosuppressant therapy in management of nephrotic syndrome associated with quartan malaria.

Abstract: The evidence that is available for a possible immunological basis for the nephrotic syndrome associated with quartan malaria (Kibukamusoke, 1966; Kibukamusoke, Hutt, and Wilks, 1967; Soothill and Hendrickse, 1967) prompted a study of the possible value of removing the sensitizing agent (the malaria parasite). The use of antimalarials, however, has failed to produce any immediate therapeutic benefit so far (Gilles and Hendrickse, 1963; Kibukamusoke et al., 1967). However, the possibility still remains that prolonged malaria prophylaxis might be useful, and similarly immunosuppression in the treatment of this syndrome. The use of prednisone has been shown to be disappointing (Kibukamusoke, 1966; R. G. Hendrickse and J. F. Soothill, 1966, personal communication; Kibukamusoke et al., 1967). It was thought, therefore, that better results might be obtained if more effective immunosuppressants were used. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of studies into these two possibilities.

Psychological testing of cerebral malaria patients.

Abstract: The performance of nine patients with cerebral malaria on a battery of psychological tests, administered while they were ill and again when they recovered, was contrasted with the performance (while ill and recovered) of a matched group of nine patients with malaria alone. Results indicated that the

Early experiences in the treatment of falciparum malaria from Southeast Asia.

Abstract: Four hundred and twenty-six patients had 859 episodes of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum in late 1965. An analysis of the results of therapy reveals the following data: chloroquine was successful as treatment in 11% of the cases, quinine in 50%, chloroquine and quinine in 35%, pyrimethamine in 91%, quinine and pyrimethamine in 95%, and all three drugs combined in 80% Quinine alone was more effective, when used for 13 days or longer, than when used for 12 days or less. Chloroquine had a dose-related inhibitory effect on the success rate when combined with quinine. The best combination used was quinine and pyrimethamine.

In vitro Development of Plasmodium berghei Ookinetes

Abstract: AFTER a mosquito has fed on an animal infected with malaria, the microgametocyte exflagellates in the mosquito gut and fertilizes the macrogamete thereby forming an ookinete. Only a few workers have studied the in vitro cultivation of the mosquito stages of malaria. Ball and Chao1–3 working with the avian malaria Plasmodium relictum were unable to induce ookinete formation in vitro although they were able to induce exflagellation of the gametocyte. They were forced to remove the oocyst from the mosquito gut by microsurgical techniques to obtain development of later oocyst stages. The bacteria and fungi from the mosquito preparations caused some difficulty in these cultures. They speculated that because they could not induce ookinete formation in their cultures, some substance from the mosquito stomach was required for development of the ookinete.

The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, I: Host-parasite relationships, part I: The virulence of infection in relation to drug resistance and time elapsed since isolation of the ‘wild’ strain

Abstract: (1968). The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, I. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 238-245.

Liver involvement in acute mammalian malaria with special reference to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter concerns mainly with pathogenesis reactions in simian and to some extent in human and rodent malarias. The pathological and physiological disturbances in malaria vary considerably in severity and duration according to the infecting Plasmodium and the host. The processes involved have so far been most carefully studied in P . knowlesi infections in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Discussion of the pathogenesis of the liver lesions in malaria must take into account all mechanisms that are responsible for functional and structural disturbances in the organ arising from non-specific reactions, and those that can be attributable more directly to the infection itself. The effects of the latter are frequently also non-specific because a given tissue can react in only a limited number of ways. An example of the first type of reaction in the liver in malaria is the response to the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system initiated by the infection The second type of reaction is exemplified by the histotoxic activity of certain factors, to be discussed later, circulating in the blood of the infected host which cause fatty degeneration of parenchymal cells and inhibit mitochondria1 oxidative phosphorylation.

Recent experimental research on avian malaria.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter supplements the more extensive earlier experimental research on avian malaria Two symposia have been published on malaria since the earlier review Although these reports included work on many phases of malaria, a considerable portion of them dealt with avian malaria In this period of time the most comprehensive book yet published on the non-medical aspects of malaria appeared A review by Huff (1965) attempted to collect all published experimental results on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to avian malaria up to 1964 Tentative conclusions indicated—namely, (1) that the genera Aedes and Armigeres reflect their systematic propinquity by their susceptibility to P gallinaceum, (2) that a close relationship of the species P fallax, P gallinaceum and P lophurae is indicated by their capability of infecting species of Aedes, and (3) that a similar close relationship between P relictum and P cathemerium is reflected in their infectivity to Culex Previous workers have shown that, regardless of the species of parasite or its host, splenectomy resulted in a decrease in immunity, which resulted in relapse and recrudescence of the infection One area in which studies on avian malaria in immunological studies hold an advantage over the mammalian malarial paragites is thy ease witb which their exoerythrocytic stages can be cultivated