Showing papers on "Mass screening published in 1974"
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
325 citations
Journal Article•
120 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of undetected hypertension in the general population has important implications for the resources of the National Health Service if current trials show benefit to the health of the community from treating “mild” as well as “moderate” hypertension.
Abstract: As part of a general health screening survey in the Burgh of Renfrew blood pressure was measured in 3,001 subjects (78·8% of those eligible) aged 45 to 64. In 468 (15·6%) diastolic blood pressure was 100 mm Hg or more. A year later the mean blood pressure for those of the population re-examined showed no change, there being an equal number of subjects with increased and decreased pressures. The prognostic significance of those showing the larger fluctuations remains to be determined through medical-record linkage. Examination of the general practitioners9 medical records of 422 of the 468 subjects with diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or more showed that 255 had no previous documented hypertension. Of the remainder 73 were receiving antihypertensive therapy. Examination of the records of subjects whose blood pressure was under 100 mm Hg showed that 55 were receiving antihypertensive treatment and that another 113 had previously been recorded as having a diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or more by their general practitioner. Altogether at least 636 (21·2%) of those who were examined had been considered at some time to have evidence of hypertension. The prevalence of undetected hypertension in the general population has important implications for the resources of the National Health Service if current trials show benefit to the health of the community from treating “mild” as well as “moderate” hypertension.
116 citations
TL;DR: Evidence provided by family studies supports the concept that the phenylalaninaemias are genetically distinct and a classification scheme derived primarily from these studies is suggested which includes two forms of phenylketonuria (PKU) and four forms of Phenylalanineemia (variants) unrelated to abnormalities in tyrosine metabolism.
Abstract: A method is described for differentiating the phenylalaninaemias based upon blood phenylalanine (phe) responses to ingestion of natural protein diets with standard phe content. A classification scheme derived primarily from these studies is suggested which includes two forms of phenylketonuria (PKU) and four forms of phenylalaninaemia (variants) unrelated to abnormalities in tyrosine metabolism. Dietary therapy is mandatory for types I and II and possibly for type III, but does not appear to be necessary for types IV or V. Evidence provided by family studies supports the concept that the phenylalaninaemias are genetically distinct. The increased incidence of PKU consequent to newborn blood screening programmes may well be related to misdiagnosis as well as to increased recognition of PKU.
95 citations
TL;DR: It is strongly urged that the use of sequential guaiac testing with dietary preparation both as a mass screening effort and as a routine office procedure be used.
Abstract: An innovative screening program for the detection of colorectal cancer was conducted in a county of 300,000. In fifteen centers a free rectal examination was offered and each participant received a kit with dietary instructions and three stool guaiac test slides to be returned by mail. The project was based on a study suggesting that bleeding from early tumors can be effected by a high roughage, irritating diet. False-positive results are reduced by eliminating meat, fish, and chicken from the diet. In a single day 3,450 people registered for the test. Of these, 2,625 returned the test slides and 159 had a positive reaction for blood. Five persons were discovered to have cancer and treated; all had been asymptomatic at the time of the screening test. Three of these patients are now probably cured. As an effort in mass education, the project appeared highly successful and was well received. As an accurate method for screening, it cannot be determined whether significant disease was over-looked; however, despite its obvious defects the program detected twice the number of cancerous lesions expected. We strongly urge the use of sequential guaiac testing with dietary preparation both as a mass screening effort and as a routine office procedure. It should be easy to give each patient a packet of test slides with dietary instructions either at the time of the annual office visit or in advance of it. This will add another parameter to determining how extensively to pursue investigation of the gastrointestinal tract and may lead to the discovery of many unsuspected and hopefully curable cancerous lesions.
88 citations
TL;DR: Abnormally slow hemolysis was found not only in disorders of erythrocyte lipids, but also in other conditions, particularly hemoglobinopathies, and in some cases of hereditary spherocytosis.
84 citations
TL;DR: A specific deficiency of methionine adenosyltransferase has been demonstrated in the liver of an infant with hypermethioninemia, and there is probably a genetic mutation.
Abstract: A specific deficiency of methionine adenosyltransferase has been demonstrated in the liver of an infant with hypermethioninemia. Since the enzymatic activity was below that in fetal liver and the metabolic abnormality has persisted (the infant now being 1 year of age), there is probably a genetic mutation. Mass screening for hypermethioninemia may uncover more such cases.
78 citations
TL;DR: A three-tier approach to mutagenicity screening is proposed, based on 3 general principles, where the first tier consists of in vitro tests which would be the only tests to which compounds not intended for direct ingestion would be subjected.
Abstract: Summary A three-tier approach to mutagenicity screening is proposed, based on 3 general principles. The first tier consists of in vitro tests which would be the only tests to which compounds not intended for direct ingestion would be subjected, for example industrial chemicals. Substances intended for ingestion ( e.g. food additives and medicines) together with other widespread substances that might be expected to accumulate within the body would, if they give negative results in the first tier tests, would be subjected to a second tier of in vivo tests using whole mammals. Substances giving positive results in either of these tests would pass to a third tier of evaluation. Here the object would be to carry out experiments designed to give a quantitative indication of the potential risk to man followed by a risk-benefit assessment. It is suggested that one way of comparing the effect of one agent with that of another might be to express it as a radiation-equivalent dose (in radeguiv units).
77 citations
TL;DR: Conduction defects were commoner in women, as were left ventricular hypertrophy patterns, and atrialfibrillation was present in 2 per cent under the age of 75, and Sper cent over that age.
Abstract: were commoner in women, as were left ventricular hypertrophy patterns (9%). The mostfrequent conduction defects were left bundle-branch block, right bundle-branch block, left anterior hemiblock, and incomplete right bundl-branch block, each ofwhich was present in I14-2'0 per cent. Atrialfibrillation was present in 2per cent under the age of 75, and Sper cent over that age. Thefindings are discussed in the light of other studies ofrandon samples of oldpeople.
77 citations
TL;DR: A direct haemagglutination test using turkey erythrocytes coated with affinity-column-purified antibody to hepatitis-B antigen (HBAg) has been developed to detect HBAg in human serum and it is considerably more sensitive than electroimmuno-osmophoresis, the method currently most widely used for mass screening.
76 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of long-term epidemiological studies of arterial blood pressure in the general population in South Wales suggests that once a screening programme has been carried out rescreening can be made more efficient by allowing the intervals before re-examination to be determined by the initial findings rather than by age.
Abstract: Data obtained in long-term epidemiological studies of arterial blood pressure in the general population in South Wales were analysed to provide background information for the rational planning of screening programmes for hypertension. The incidence rates for cardiovascular complications emphasize the much greater prognostic value of blood pressure measurements in men than in women. Proportionately fewer men are treated for hypertension at all ages and blood pressure levels; in the survey areas treatment for hypertension is less than satisfactory in both sexes but particularly inadequate among men. The data suggest that once a screening programme has been carried out rescreening can be made more efficient by allowing the intervals before re-examination to be determined by the initial findings rather than by age.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results confirmed that the systematic application of effective treatment throughout the study population was followed by a rapid decline in the prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis, particularly in its chronic form, during the 12-year study period.
Abstract: An epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in a district with a population of 100 000 has been in operation in Czechoslovakia since 1960 Its objective is to ascertain the epidemiological situation and long-term trend in respect of tuberculosis in a country with well-established tuberculosis control facilities This second report presents the results achieved in the period 1965-72 and the epidemiological trend of tuberculosis observed during the 12-year study period The fundamental control measures adopted during the study included systematic BCG vaccination of the newborn and revaccination of persons aged 14 and 19 years; mass surveys of the population over 14 years of age by photofluorography; case-finding among persons with symptoms and in risk groups; systematic treatment of all persons with active tuberculosis-ie, supervised inpatient treatment followed by outpatient self-administered regimens; and radiological and bacteriological follow-up of casesThe results confirmed that the systematic application of effective treatment throughout the study population was followed by a rapid decline in the prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis, particularly in its chronic form The incidence of bacillary tuberculosis declined more slowly, because the risk of contracting the disease continued to be high for middle-aged and elderly persons Indiscriminate photofluorographic surveys of the study population at 3-yearly intervals produced a decreasing yieldAn increasing proportion of noninfected persons among the population is the basic condition for a further decline of tuberculosis The cost of tuberculosis control can be reduced by strict adherence to rational and economical working methods Most of the economic indicators analysed fell to less than one-fifth between 1961 and 1972
TL;DR: Empirical, clinical and laboratory data are reported on the outbreak of human visceral leishmaniasis in Emilia-Romagna in 1971–1972 which affected 60 individuals with 13 deaths with some hypotheses suggested on the possible causes of this outbreak.
Abstract: Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data are reported on the outbreak of human visceral leishmaniasis in Emilia-Romagna in 1971–1972 which affected 60 individuals (42 adults and 18 children) with 13 deaths. A serological mass screening of 2,485 people in the area revealed the occurrence of 91 serum positive cases. Liver biopsy was carried out in 6 of these cases and revealed a peculiar form of granulomatous hepatitis which in 1 was accompanied by the presence of Leishmaniae. Some hypotheses are suggested on the possible causes of this outbreak.
TL;DR: Six patients suffering from recurrent chest infections were found to lack antibodies to a pooled antigen obtained from six different serotypes of commensal Escherichia coli bacteria, suggesting that the absence of such E. coli antibodies usually indicates a clinically significant defect in antibody production.
Abstract: Six patients suffering from recurrent chest infections were found to lack antibodies to a pooled antigen obtained from six different serotypes of commensal Escherichia coli bacteria. All had normal serum IgG concentrations, but five subsequently benefited from regular gammaglobulin injections. We suggest that the absence of such E. coli antibodies usually indicates a clinically significant defect in antibody production. This simple screening test is of use in the diagnosis of primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders.
TL;DR: One-hundred and ninety children, ranging from three to 59 months of age, were tested by behavior observation audiometry (BOA) in an attempt to formulate a guide for clinical interpretation of BOA.
Abstract: One-hundred and ninety children, ranging from three to 59 months of age, were tested by behavior observation audiometry (BOA) in an attempt to formulate a guide for clinical interpretation of BOA t...
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: A prototype Tay-Sachs disease prevention program is presented and results and analyses of epidemiologic data, testing results, and in-prog ram evaluations of the testing method are given, along with overall program results.
Abstract: A prototype Tay-Sachs disease prevention program is presented and di scussed. The program strategy design and methodology are reviewed and results and analyses of epidemiologic data testing results and in-prog ram evaluations of the testing method are given along with overall program results. Psychosocial genetic and socioeconomic consideration s in the counseling of screenees and relatives of carriers are discussed. In the 1st year of the program 11 couples none of whom had previously had a Tay-Sachs child were identified to be at risk for Tay-Sachs disease in their offspring.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that measurement of umbilical cord blood cholesterol levels in consecutively studied healthy babies can be used as a population screening test for the diagnosis of one genetic lipid disorder, familial hypercholesterolemia, but these data have been challenged by Darmady et al.
Abstract: Elevated levels of blood cholesterol and triglyceride are recognized risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis [1-4]. It is not yet known whether lowering the level of elevated blood lipids will prevent or retard the onset of coronary heart disease, but if such treatment is to be effective, it should probably be started as early as possible-that is, during childhood. It therefore becomes important to establish the diagnosis of hyperlipidemia at the earliest age. Glueck and co-workers [5] have suggested that measurement of umbilical cord blood cholesterol levels in consecutively studied healthy babies can be used as a population screening test for the diagnosis of one genetic lipid disorder, familial hypercholesterolemia. These data have been challenged by Darmady et al. [6], who claim that cord blood cholesterol levels do not accurately reflect the blood cholesterol levels of the same infants at 1 year of age and hence cannot be used as a reliable index of familial hypercholesterolemia. However, Kwiterovich and co-
TL;DR: The design and preliminary standardization of a speech and language screening test for use with three- to five-year-old children and the test design follows the transformation-genetics process.
Abstract: This paper describes the design and preliminary standardization of a speech and language screening test for use with three- to five-year-old children. The test design follows the transformation-gen...
TL;DR: In a longitudinal study of 5362 children born in 1946 the prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes at ages 0-26 years was found to be 3·5 per 1000, although this seems a relatively large figure it accords well with rates found in other investigations where intensive medical observation of well-defined at-risk populations has been possible.
TL;DR: The value of detecting albumin in meconium as a screening procedure for cystic fibrosis has been assessed on 34,228 samples in South Wales and North Staffordshire over a 4-year period.
Abstract: The value of detecting albumin in meconium as a screening procedure for cystic fibrosis (CF) has been assessed on 34,228 samples in South Wales and North Staffordshire over a 4-year period; simultaneously, four methods of detecting albumin were evaluated. 12 cases of CF were detected, detection rate being 60%. The incidence of the disease in the population screened was 1 in 1850, confirmed by clinical and other test procedures. Cases of CF without impairment of pancreatic function are likely to be missed by screening methods which depend on the presence of albumin in meconium.
TL;DR: This chapter describes the techniques that are intended to streamline the brute-force approach to the isolation of bacterial mutants, in which the mutants are identified through individual enzyme assays on large numbers of clones with no biological selection or enrichment.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the techniques that are intended to streamline the brute-force approach to the isolation of bacterial mutants, in which the mutants are identified through individual enzyme assays on large numbers of clones with no biological selection or enrichment. The methods commonly used by geneticists for the isolation of bacterial mutants, namely direct selection, selective enrichment, and replica plating, presuppose a knowledge of the biological properties of the desired mutants. The brute-force approach has been brought into the realm of feasibility by the existence of potent mutagenic agents. This approach is sufficiently laborious and so it is not widely used, despite its virtual certainty of success. The chapter aims to simplify the methodology of mass screening for mutant enzymes to the point where it will become as easy as many other techniques now used by geneticists.
TL;DR: Simplified cellulose acetate electrophoresis with performance of the turbidity test on those specimens having the electrophoretic pattern of sickle-cell trait is advocated for population screening.
Abstract: A hemoglobin electrophoretic pattern showing the majority of the hemoglobin migrating as sickle cell hemoglobin cannot be accepted as proof that the person has sickle cell anemia. Other genotypes, such as sickle cell β thalassemia, sickle cell hemoglobin Dβ, and sickle cell-hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, must be excluded. An understanding of the genetics of these entities plus the complex interactions of more obvious hemoglobin abnormalities makes the differential diagnosis possible. Simplified cellulose acetate electrophoresis with performance of the turbidity test on those specimens having the electrophoretic pattern of sickle-cell trait is advocated for population screening. There are many practical decisions surrounding screening and counseling programs. Whatever the effects of screening and counseling on reproductive performance, the frequency of sickle-cell trait in the population will change very slowly if at all.
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TL;DR: The scalp hair selected for investigation included specimens of different colors for various donor ages and from different geographic exposure areas and potential interferences were investigated.
Abstract: Extensive ambient extraction of several metals from human hair compromises some assumptions concerning the binding of metals to hair and the biochemical process of metal incorporation into hair. Hair metal concentrations can reveal metal intoxications and metal deficiencies.
The scalp hair selected for investigation included specimens of different colors from both sexes for various donor ages and from different geographic exposure areas. The hair samples were washed by agitation for 30 min with a 1% solution of sodium lauryl sulfate in a pH 7.2 buffer, rinsed repeatedly with deionized water, and oven-dried at 110°C before 2-g portions were taken for extraction and digestion. Extraction involved agitation of the washed hair samples for 21 hr with 40 ml of 1% nitric acid at room temperature (23°C). The extracted hair was digested in order to quantitate the amount of metal that was not extracted. Metal measurements were made by conventional flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Potential interferences were investigated.
Extraction varied between 82 and 100% for Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Removal of Fe, Ni, and Cu was 33–54%. Anatomical location, binding chemistry, biochemical incorporation, and mass screening are discussed.
TL;DR: Cutoff scores which maximized the discrimination between normal and emotionally disturbed children were established and are interpreted as demonstrating the potential usefulness of these measures for screening.
Abstract: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAICj and the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) were administered to 60 emotionally disturbed children and 60 normal children matched on mental age. Emotionally disturbed children obtained significantly higher scores on the A-State and A-Trait portions of the STAIC and the anxiety portion of the CMAS, while normal children obtained significantly higher scores on the Lie scale of the CMAS. Cutoff scores which maximized the discrimination between normal and emotionally disturbed children were established. Results are interpreted as demonstrating the potential usefulness of these measures for screening.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was found that 15% of women taking oral contraceptives were false-positive carriers, and these false- positive carriers could be distinguished from true carriers by assaying leukocyte hexosaminidases.
Abstract: Heterozygotes for Tay-Sachs disease can be distinguished by measuring the serum hexosaminidase activity and calculating the percentage of the heat-labile (A) form. We tested 7565 Ashkenazi Jews in Metropolitan Toronto and found a carrier frequency of 0.071. This figure was similar to the predicted frequency on the basis of caseload over a five-year period. We also found that 15% of women taking oral contraceptives were false-positive carriers. As with pregnant women, these false-positive carriers could be distinguished from true carriers by assaying leukocyte hexosaminidases.
TL;DR: A statistically significant linear relationship was found between blood lead concentration and log e PROTO concentration and the hematocrit may be used to compensate for concurrent anemia when screening for increased lead absorption.
TL;DR: Off-hand decisions on this matter, and their usual records "pupils dilated" or " pupils constricted," are at best worthless, and often deceiving.