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Mass screening
About: Mass screening is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 34508 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1365148 citations.
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TL;DR: The incidence of type 2 in the young is rising in parallel with the incidence of overweight and obesity, suggesting a possible causal relationship, particularly when the obesity is central and in relation to decreased physical activity.
Abstract: 1. The aims of the consensus meeting were to review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, management, and implications of the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in young people and to suggest means by which the continuing rise in incidence and prevalence might be prevented.
2. The overall global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising steadily. Previously, type 2 diabetes was predominantly a disease of middle-aged and older people. In recent decades, the age of onset has decreased and type 2 diabetes has been reported in adolescents and children worldwide, particularly in high-prevalence populations. Japan has seen an approximate fourfold rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in 6- to 15-year-olds, and between 8 and 45% of newly presenting children and adolescents in the U.S. have type 2 diabetes. The problem is particularly noticeable in indigenous peoples. Population-based data, however, are sparse and indeed absent in most countries.
3. Additional cardiovascular risk factors are often associated with type 2 diabetes in the young, and microangiopathy is as common or commoner in those developing type 2 diabetes at a young age as in those with type 1 diabetes. This has profound societal implications.
4. Diagnostic separation of type 2 from other types of diabetes in young people can be difficult, and sophisticated testing may be necessary.
5. Data on the pathophysiology in the young are sparse, but there is no evidence to suggest differences from adults. The incidence of type 2 in the young is rising in parallel with the incidence of overweight and obesity, suggesting a possible causal relationship, particularly when the obesity is central and in relation to decreased physical activity. Other factors include family history, gestational diabetes in the mother, and low birth weight. All of these are associated with insulin resistance, although decreased insulin secretion is also required.
6. Mass screening for type …
412 citations
TL;DR: Screening with low-dose helical CT has potential to improve screening efficacy in terms of reducing lung cancer mortality and an evaluation of efficacy using appropriate methods is urgently required.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Because efficacy of lung cancer screening using chest x-ray is controversial and insufficient, other screening modalities need to be developed. To provide data on screening performance of ...
411 citations
TL;DR: An instrument to measure the Health Belief Model concepts of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence, using the context of breast cancer and breast self-examination is refined.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to refine an instrument to measure the Health Belief Model concepts of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence, using the context of breast cancer and breast self-examination. A Likert format was used for attitudinal scales. A random sample (N = 581) of women 35 years and over was included. Items were subjected to content analysis by national experts. Construct validity was established using exploratory factor analysis. Predictive validity was established by relating breast self-examination behavior to breast self-examination attitudes, using simultaneous multiple regression and bivariate correlations. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the revised scales ranged from .80 to .93. Test-retest correlations ranged from .45 to .70.
411 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Female sex, middle age, less education, lower household income, being divorced, and being disabled are associated with increased odds of having FM, especially among women and persons of lower socioeconomic status.
Abstract: Objective. To estimate the point prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) among noninstitutionalized Canadian adults; and to assess the effect of demographic variables on the odds of having FM. Methods. A screening questionnaire was administered via telephone to a random community sample of 3395 noninstitutionalized adults residing in London, Ontario. Individuals screening positive were invited to be examined by a rheumatologist to confirm or exclude FM using the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Results. One hundred confirmed cases of FM were identified, of whom 86 were women. Mean age among FM cases was 49.2 years among women, 39.3 years among men (p < 0.02). FM affects an estimated 4.9% (95% CI 4.7%, 5.1%) of adult women and 1.6% (1.3%, 1.9%) of adult men in London, for a female to male ratio of roughly 3 to one. In women, prevalence rises steadily with age from < 1% in women aged 18-30 to almost 8% in women 55-64. Thereafter, it declines. The peak prevalence in men also appears to be in middle age (2.5%; 1.1%, 5.7%). FM affects 3.3% (3.2%, 3.4%) of noninstitutionalized adults in London. Female sex, middle age, less education, Idwer household income, being divorced, and being disabled are associated with increased odds of having FM. Conclusion. FM is a common musculoskeletal disorder among Canadian adults, especially among women and persons of lower socioeconomic status.
410 citations
TL;DR: This work believes that this is the first direct evidence of an alteration in fetal brain histogenesis and cytoarchitecture that could only be related to early maternal hypothyroxinemia, and ought to be prevented both by mass screening of free thyroxine in early pregnancy and by early iodine supplementation to avoid iodine deficiency, however mild.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies from both iodine-sufficient and -deficient human populations strongly suggest that early maternal hypothyroxinemia (i.e., low circulating free thyroxine before onset of fetal thyroid function at midgestation) increases the risk of neurodevelopmental deficits of the fetus, whether or not the mother is clinically hypothyroid. Rat dams on a low iodine intake are hypothyroxinemic without being clinically hypothyroid because, as occurs in pregnant women, their circulating 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine level is usually normal. We studied cell migration and cytoarchitecture in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus of the 40-day-old progeny of the iodine-deficient dams and found a significant proportion of cells at locations that were aberrant or inappropriate with respect to their birth date. Most of these cells were neurons, as assessed by single- and double-label immunostaining. The cytoarchitecture of the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus was also affected, layering was blurred, and, in the cortex, normal barrels were not formed. We believe that this is the first direct evidence of an alteration in fetal brain histogenesis and cytoarchitecture that could only be related to early maternal hypothyroxinemia. This condition may be 150-200 times more common than congenital hypothyroidism and ought to be prevented both by mass screening of free thyroxine in early pregnancy and by early iodine supplementation to avoid iodine deficiency, however mild.
410 citations