Showing papers on "Matching (statistics) published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present examples of multivariate matching methods that will yield the same percent reduction in bias for each matching variable for a variety of underlying distributions, and for each one, matching methods are defined which are equal percent bias reducing.
Abstract: Multivariate matching methods are commonly used in the behavioral and medical sciences in an attempt to control bias when randomization is not feasible. Some examples of multivariate matching methods are discussed in Althauser and Rubin (1970) and Cochran and Rubin (1973), but otherwise seem to have received little attention in the literature. Here, we present examples of multivariate matching methods that will yield the same percent reduction in bias for each matching variable for a variety of underlying distributions. Eleven distributional cases are considered, and for each one, matching methods are defined which are equal percent bias reducing. Methods discussed in Section 8, which are based on the values of the estimated best linear discriminant or which define distance by a sample based inner-product, will probably be the most generally applicable in practice.
144 citations
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider one class of multivariate matching methods which yield the same percent reduction in expected bias for each of the matching variables, and derive the expression for the maximum attainable percent reduction of bias given fixed distributions and fixed sample sizes.
Abstract: Matched sampling is a method of data collection designed to reduce bias and variability due to specific matching variables. Although often used to control for bias in studies in which randomization is practically impossible, there is virtually no statistical literature devoted to investigating the ability of matched sampling to control bias in the common case of many matching variables. An obvious problem in studying the multivariate matching situation is the variety of sampling plans, underlying distributions, and intuitively reasonable matching methods. This article considers one class of multivariate matching methods which yield the same percent reduction in expected bias for each of the matching variables. The primary result is the derivation of the expression for the maximum attainable percent reduction in bias given fixed distributions and fixed sample sizes. An examination of trends in this maximum leads to a procedure for estimating minimum ratios of sample sizes needed to obtain well-matched samples.
136 citations
49 citations
47 citations
TL;DR: A theoretical formula, accounting for parameter mismatch errors, and experimental measurements establish the necessity for using an additional transistor in the widely used Wilson current source if a direct-current transfer ratio centred on unity is to be achieved.
Abstract: A theoretical formula, accounting for parameter mismatch errors, and experimental measurements establish the necessity for using an additional transistor in the widely used Wilson current source if a direct-current transfer ratio centred on unity is to be achieved.
44 citations
01 Dec 1976
TL;DR: A hierarchical method which is logarithmetically efficient is presented, which shows that scene matching can be accomplished even in cases which are difficult for humans or standard correlation techniques and may be accomplished with greatly reduced computations.
Abstract: The problem of matching two images of the same scene produced by different sensors under different viewing conditions is important in many applications. A hierarchical method which is logarithmetically efficient is presented in this paper. Experimental results are presented for matching an image region corrupted by noise and for matching images from optical and radar sensors. The significance of this approach is that scene matching can be accomplished even in cases which are difficult for humans or standard correlation techniques and may be accomplished with greatly reduced computations.
32 citations
Patent•
09 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this article, an antenna matching network for matching a citizens band radio transceiver to a standard automotive whip or windshield antenna utilizes a matching section for matching the nominal 50 ohm output of the transceivers to the generally lower impedance of the automotive antenna.
Abstract: An antenna matching network for matching a citizens band radio transceiver to a standard automotive whip or windshield antenna utilizes a matching section for matching the nominal 50 ohm output of the citizens band transceiver to the generally lower impedance of the automotive antenna. A trap tuned to the citizens band prevents the output of the citizens band transmitter from damaging the automotive broadcast receiver when transmitting. The matching section is tunable over a sufficient range to match the citizens band transceiver to most automotive antennas, and a dual sensitivity indicator is utilized to aid the operator in tuning the matching network to provide optimum matching without the use of specialized equipment.
27 citations
TL;DR: The authors used a median voter decision model and certain assumptions about the functional form of demand functions to obtain an estimate of the efficient level of expenditure for each of 104 school districts in New York State.
Abstract: The most prevalent arguments for increased state and federal aid to education are concerned with equity criteria. Relatively little has been written or discussed concerning the efficiency aspects of aid to education. This paper uses a median voter decision model and certain assumptions about the functional form of demand functions to obtain an estimate of the efficient level of expenditure for each of 104 school districts in New York State. The analysis highlights the price effects of state matching grants and of nonresidential property in a district.
TL;DR: Pigeons were given practice choosing between pairs of alternatives yielding different frequencies of reinforcement, and the distribution of responses in each choice approximated matching.
Abstract: Pigeons were given practice choosing between pairs of alternatives yielding different frequencies of reinforcement. Four individual alternatives were set into four pairwise choices. Averaged over subjects, the distribution of responses in each choice approximated matching. The four individual alternatives were then presented, two by two, in two pairwise choices for which there had been no initial practice. No further reinforcement was given during the tests with the new pairs. Transfer to the two test pairs deviated systematically from matching in most cases by exaggerating the preference for the alternative that had had the higher frequency of reinforcement.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Using methods outlined in this report, an approximate lower bound on the value of the probability of a correct match can be calculated and preprocessing to extract special features using techniques of pattern recognition appear promising for the generation of more efficient algorithms.
Abstract: : This report investigates image correlation for map matching in target acquisition and tracking both theoretically and by using computer simulations. The emphasis is on the acquisition phase, particularly (1) the probability of achieving a correct match, (2) selection of an appropriate comparison metric to maximize this probability. Study conclusions: Using methods outlined in this report, an approximate lower bound on the value of the probability of a correct match can be calculated. Several quantitative relationships between this probability and various system parameters have been derived and largely confirmed by simulation testing. The second conclusion is that there ought to be better algorithms than those used in the past. It is reasonable and consistent with theory to search for more efficient ways to carry out the initial map- matching or target-acquisition function. Preprocessing to extract special features using techniques of pattern recognition appear promising for the generation of more efficient algorithms. Future research in this area is outlined.
TL;DR: In this paper, Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test and a group intelligence test were administered to Japanese 2nd graders and detailed analyses of responses were made, while matching response time was high in internal consistency, errors were much less consistent.
Abstract: Administered were Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test and a group intelligence test to 151 male and 130 female Japanese 2nd graders, and detailed analyses of responses were made. While matching response time was high in internal consistency, errors were much less consistent. Variant positions were differentially selected by 4 groups, and the position where correct variants were placed partially accounted for “the error variance” of errors. But it seemed that errors of the matching test could not be made reliable enough simply by refining and lengthening the present version of Kagan's test. While slow-accurate, fast-accurate, and slow-inaccurate children adjusted their response time to item difficulty, fast-inaccurate children failed to do so. Almost all of these results were replicated in third and fifth graders. By the ordinary scoring method of intelligence test, the 4 matching groups differed from each other only in girls. But by adjusting the scores for errors, intelligence test performance came to...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors calculate the fiscal profitability of urban renewal to the city in which a project is located, and show that urban renewal is profitable to cities, on the average, under the matching grants used from 1949 to 1974, but not profitable under the special revenue-sharing program established in 1974.
01 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison and trade-off between correlation and alternative matching techniques that do not suffer from the same weaknesses as those of correlation is presented, and a specific example of a matching scheme is also discussed that uses a scene model based on local structural features from the scene.
Abstract: A common approach to matching two scenes is the use of an area cross-correlation measure. This measure is proportional to the root-mean-square difference between the corresponding pixel intensities for the two scenes. In practice, it is often found that the magnitude of this measure at the correct match position may be rather low, and that the maximum value appears at an incorrect match position. This problem of false-fixing results from differences between the reference and sensed scene in their respective range, viewing angle, illumination, contrast level, and imaging sensor type. In this paper we present a comparison and trade-offs between correlation and alternative matching techniques that do not suffer from the same weaknesses as those of correlation. A specific example of a matching scheme is also discussed that uses a scene model based on local structural features from the scene. The results of such a matching scheme on a set of two representative images are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of matching a linear time-delay system to a given time delay model is considered and solved in state-space form, where the system under control is assumed in its phase-variable form.
Abstract: The problem of matching a linear time-delay system to a given time-delay model is considered and solved in state-space form The system under control is assumed in its phase-variable form A two-dimensional example is worked out to illustrate the solution method
Patent•
15 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude utmost point of the input voice was used as a reference point to secure a matching through a simple constitution by setting the amplitude highest point of an input voice as the reference point.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To secure a matching through a simple constitution by setting the amplitude utmost point of the input voice as a reference point. COPYRIGHT: (C)1978,JPO&Japio
TL;DR: This paper showed that the sensory-modality opinion scales for an attribute and its opposite are related in an inverse manner just as the inverse scales obtained by magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching in psychophysics.
Abstract: Two experiments demonstrated that for group data the sensory-modality opinion scales for an attribute and its opposite are related in an inverse manner just as the inverse scales obtained by magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching in psychophysics. In one study, 24 subjects matched handgrip force to trigrams to indicate both ease and difficulty of pronunciation. In the other, 38 subjects matched apparent duration to occupations to indicate their desirability and undesirability. Both studies employed counterbalanced procedures. The inverse-scale relations for individuals were also examined; they varied widely across persons with only a few individuals giving inversely proportional scales. The results were related to other psychophysical and opinion scale studies.
TL;DR: A comparison of two common matching functions, namely the single matching function and the cosine function, is made with respect to the measure for the quantification of the changes in classification under small changes in data.
Abstract: A measure for the quantification of the changes in classification under small changes in data is proposed. A comparison of two common matching functions, namely the single matching function and the cosine function, is made with respect to the measure. The sensitivities of clusters defined as connected components and as maximal complete subgraphs are also compared.
TL;DR: The concepts of hypothesis testing and maching are discussed in terms of their relationship to the findings of no age differences and sample bias, respectively and suggestions are offered concerned statistical substitutes for more rigid experimental controls.
Abstract: The concepts of hypothesis testing and mach-ing are discussed in terms of their relationship to the findings of no age differences and sample bias, respectively. Suggestions are also offered concerning statistical substitutes for more rigid experimental controls.
TL;DR: Investigation of a computer-assisted admission matching system for admission of the 1975 entering classes was demonstrated to be feasible, and a decision to implement such a system was made.
Abstract: The feasibility of a computer-assisted admission matching system was investigated in 1973-74 at the Medical and Dental Application Center at the request of the four University of Texas medical schools. Preference data were gathered from applicants and from schools, and matching simulation was conducted concurrently with actual admission action for 1974 entering classes. Implementation of a matching system for admission of the 1975 entering classes was demonstrated to be feasible, and a decision to implement such a system was made. Data indicating the need for a matching system are briefly reviewed, and the matching concept is discussed. Results of the 1974 feasibility study are presented, and the first year of implementation for the 1975 entering classes is described. Admission matching improved the efficiency of the admission process by reducing the number of unproductive offers of admission and by providing more applicants earlier decisions from participating schools regarding their applications.
TL;DR: Forrester as discussed by the authors describes how the application of this system in a department store on Merseyside achieved staff costs as a percentage of sales 263% below the group figure, whilst the sales increase was the second best in the group.
Abstract: Simply reducing numbers is not the most effective way of cutting staff costs; the secret is to match staff levels with anticipated customer flow It not only saves money, but it gives better service to customers Bob Forrester describes how the application of this system in a department store on Merseyside achieved staff costs as a percentage of sales 263% below the group figure, whilst the sales increase was the second best in the group
TL;DR: In this article, 32 male and 29 female undergraduate students matched 6 of 12 paintings by Paul Klee with 6 musical selections that presumably inspired them and found that gender differences were not significant.
Abstract: 32 male and 29 female undergraduate students matched 6 of 12 paintings by Paul Klee with 6 musical selections that presumably inspired them. Sex differences were not significant. Masculinity, but not femininity, correlated significantly with ability to match paintings and music.
TL;DR: In this paper, attentional and information-seeking models were discussed in terms of probability learning situations, and it was shown that rats were less likely to select the more frequently reinforced visual cue when irrelevant spatial cues were reduced.
Abstract: In a visual probability learning situation, rats were less likely to select the more frequently reinforced visual cue when irrelevant spatial cues were reduced. The results were discussed in terms of attentional and information-seeking models of probability learning situations.
TL;DR: Specific examples, based on early matching experiments with data from the dual record system of the Mindanao Center for Population Studies, are presented, and successive application of different sets of characteristics to the remaining unmatched events produced an acceptable rule for matching.
Abstract: There are generally three stages to the development of rules for matching vital events data from two sources covering the same population: (a) establishing a set of “true” matches and nonmatches; (b) determining the best tolerance limits for each single characteristic which might be used in matching; and (c) experimenting to determine the set or sets of characteristics and the weights to be used in classifying a pair of records as matched or nonmatched. Specific examples, based on early matching experiments with data from the dual record system of the Mindanao Center for Population Studies (MCPS), are presented. Successive application of different sets of characteristics (differential valence rule) to the remaining unmatched events produced an acceptable rule for matching in this study.