Showing papers on "Matching (statistics) published in 1981"
502 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose that song matching functions as a graded signal in territorial disputes and show that there is a good correlation between the probability of matching and response strength as indicated by latency, approach to the speaker and total number of songs.
291 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of order relations in the perceptual matching task relates order manipulations to research on retrieval processes and the representation of order information in memory, and the comparison process assesses the amount of overlap between the test string and the memory representation.
Abstract: A theory of order relations in the perceptual matching task relates order manipulations to research on retrieval processes and the representation of order information in memory. In experimental tests of the theory, presentation of a study string of letters to the subject was followed by a test string to which the subject responded same or different. The data of main interest concern the case where the test string is a permutation of the study string. When adjacent letters are switched, reaction time is long and accuracy low, suggesting that, in the comparison process, a test letter is not simply compared to the letter in the same position in the study string; rather, the comparison is distributed across positions. The memory model assumes that the representation of a letter is distributed (spread) over position and that the comparison process assesses the amount of overlap between the test string and the memory representation. The amount of overlap is transformed by a power function into the drift rate in a diffusion (random walk) comparison process. The diffusion retrieval model and overlap memory model are fitted to the data and goodness-of-fit is assessed. Shortcomings of alternative models are considered and applications of the model to related matching tasks are described.
254 citations
TL;DR: Examples are shown on handprint and animation, suggesting the use of dynamic matching for shape recognition and for motion correspondence, and extending the model to line drawings.
Abstract: Recently a dynamic elastic model [1] was proposed for automatic image matching. Examples were shown applying the model to dot patterns and gray scale pictures. This paper extends the model to line drawings. Examples are shown on handprint and animation, suggesting the use of dynamic matching for shape recognition and for motion correspondence.
233 citations
214 citations
TL;DR: Validity and efficiency issues are considered with regard to the use of matching and random sampling as alternative methods of subject selection in follow-up and case-control studies and the simple situation involving dichotomous disease and exposure variables and a single dichotomyous matching factor is discussed.
Abstract: SUMMARY Validity and efficiency issues are considered with regard to the use of matching and random sampling as alternative methods of subject selection in follow-up and case-control studies. We discuss the simple situation involving dichotomous disease and exposure variables and a single dichotomous matching factor, and we consider the influence on efiiciency of a possible loss of subjects due to matching constraints. The decision to match or not should be motivated by efficiency considerations. An efficiency criterion based on a comparison of confidence intervals under matching and random sampling for the effect measure of interest (the risk ratio and risk difference in follow-up studies, and the odds ratio in case-control studies) leads to the following conclusions when the sampling method does not influence the size of the comparison group. In follow-up studies, matching on a confounder is expected to lead to a gain in efficiency over random sampling, while matching on a nonconfounder is not expected to result in a loss of efficiency. In case-control studies, the same conclusions hold, except that matching is not as advantageous as in follow-up studies and can lead to a loss of efliciency in some situations (usually of little practical importance). When matching reduces the size of the comparison group, there is likely to be a meaningful gain in efficiency due to random sampling only when the matched comparison group is at most 40-50% the size of the randomlysampled comparison group in a follow-up study, and at most 50-65% the size in a case-control study.
107 citations
TL;DR: A computer program is given for use in analysis of 1-1 and 1- R matched case-control data as well as the more general stratified analysis, where m cases are matched with n controls in each of K strata.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of matching behavior based on the discriminability of the stimuli and decision processes governing choice responding was proposed, whereby comparison stimuli are accepted as matches to the sample if they meet these criteria.
Abstract: Separate groups of pigeons matched wavelength stimuli in three-key delayed and simultaneous matching-to-sample tasks in which samples and comparisons could be viewed only when the birds positioned themselves directly in front of the keys. The birds' positioning movements indicated that they frequently chose a comparison without ever seeing its alternative. These observational data were used to generate a theory of matching behavior based on the discriminability of the stimuli and decision processes (Markov) governing choice responding. \"Match\" criteria are proposed whereby comparison stimuli are accepted as matches to the sample if they meet these criteria. Comparisons not meeting these criteria are rejected as matches and produce observational switches to the alternative comparison where the decision process is repeated. Match criteria were shown to be manipulable and were made stricter by requiring the pigeons to make more difficult discriminations and thereby notice more subtle hue differences. Tests with two nonmatching comparison stimuli demonstrated that in unusual situations in which the mismatch is great, the pigeons relaxed their criteria during the trial.
74 citations
TL;DR: Matching-to-sample procedures were used to assess picture representation skills of severely retarded, nonverbal adolescents and suggest that photo-object matching may be facilitated by using cut-out figures rather than the complete rectangular photo.
Abstract: Matching-to-sample procedures were used to assess picture representation skills of severely retarded, nonverbal adolescents. Identity matching within the classes of objects and life-size, full-color photos of the objects was first used to assess visual discrimination, a necessary condition for picture representation. Picture representation was then assessed through photo-object matching tasks. Five students demonstrated visual discrimination (identity matching) within the two classes of photos and the objects. Only one student demonstrated photo-object matching. The results of the four students who failed to demonstrate photo-object matching suggested that physical properties of photos (flat, rectangular) and depth dimensions of objects may exert more control over matching than the similarities of the objects and images within the photos. An analysis of figure-ground variables was conducted to provide an empirical basis for program development in the use of pictures. In one series of tests, rectangular shape and background were removed by cutting out the figures in the photos. The edge shape of the photo and the edge shape of the image were then identical. The results suggest that photo-object matching may be facilitated by using cut-out figures rather than the complete rectangular photo.
41 citations
TL;DR: It is found that proper understanding requires that the prospective and the retrospective study designs be separately considered, and that in certain circumstances the effect of matching on design efficiency is entirely different for the two designs.
Abstract: SUMMARY For an observational study to compare two groups with respect to a dichotomous outcome variable, the design strategy of matching observational units with respect to a potential confounding variable X is compared with the strategy of selecting independent samples with possible poststratification on X for bias control. The comparison is based on asymptotic relative efficiencies of appropriate Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared tests. It is found that proper understanding requires that the prospective and the retrospective study designs be separately considered, and that in certain circumstances the effect of matching on design efficiency is entirely different for the two designs. Conditions are established under which matching is more efficient than poststratification for the control of confounding.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used VO2 max to match male and female subjects using a VO2max test set for exercise and sport, and found that the results showed that the male subjects performed better than the female subjects.
Abstract: (1981). Matching of Male and Female Subjects Using VO2 max. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 264-268.
TL;DR: This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries and attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching
TL;DR: Several techniques are available for matching the mission and strengths of an institution to changes in its environment as mentioned in this paper, and they can be used to adapt the institution's mission and its strengths to the changing environment.
Abstract: Several techniques are available for matching the mission and strengths of an institution to changes in its environment.
01 Aug 1981
TL;DR: These techniques have been applied to two-dimensional shapes represented by polygons and the power of the techniques is demonstrated by the examples taken from synthetic, aerial, industrial and microscope images, where the matching is done after using the actual segmentation methods.
Abstract: : New results are presented in the areas of shape matching of nonoccluded and occluded objects in two dimensions, surface approximation by polygons, shape matching of objects in three dimensions, and segmentation of images having unimodal distributions. The same stochastic labeling technique is used in both shape matching and segmentation with various extensions. Shape matching is viewed as a segment matching problem. Unlike the previous work in shape matching of 2-D objects, the technique is based on a stochastic labeling procedure which explicitly maximizes a criterion function based on the ambiguity and inconsistency of classification. To reduce the computation time, the technique is hierarchical and uses results obtained at low levels to speed up and improve the accuracy of results at higher levels. This basic technique has been extended to the situation where various objects partially occlude each other to form an apparent object and our interest is to find all the objects participating in the occlusion. In such a case several hierarchical processes are executed in parallel for every participating object in the occlusion and are coordinated in such a way that the same segment of the apparent object is not matched to the segments of different actual objects. These techniques have been applied to two-dimensional shapes represented by polygons and the power of the techniques is demonstrated by the examples taken from synthetic, aerial, industrial and microscope images, where the matching is done after using the actual segmentation methods.
TL;DR: It is concluded that determination of matching criteria and stratum sizes should always involve practical as well as theoretical considerations, and that global recommendations regarding matching cannot be justified on the basis of statistical considerations alone.
Abstract: Despite considerable research into the statistical properties of matching in case-control studies, much disagreement remains regarding practical guidelines for the employment of the procedure. We critically examine some recent statistical recommendations, and review a number of theoretical and practical considerations that should be employed in designing matched studies. We conclude that determination of matching criteria and stratum sizes should always involve practical as well as theoretical considerations, and that global recommendations regarding matching cannot be justified on the basis of statistical considerations alone.
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TL;DR: The number of internship positions was almost twice the number of graduates from United States medical schools in the mid-1940s and institutions and programs that had more applicants than positions an...
Abstract: BY the mid-1940s the number of internship positions was almost twice the number of graduates from United States medical schools. Institutions and programs that had more applicants than positions an...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a technology typology useful in designing organization units, including seven design dimensions, including structure, skill requirements of the personnel, and required interpersonal behavior.
Abstract: A proper matching of technology and the design of organization units can enhance the performance of an organization. After the choice of unit tasks, the choice of technology is a primary consideration in the design of effective units. This article provides a technology typology useful in designing organization units. Using seven design dimensions, including structure, skill requirements of the personnel, and required interpersonal behavior, the technology typology prescribes desired unit designs to match each of twelve technology types. The unit design problem is not a simple task, but may be made a little easier and more rational for those who follow the prescriptions described in the article.
TL;DR: In this article, a two-stage technique which guarantees consistent estimates is described and used to estimate the price elasticity of expenditure for Pennsylvania school districts with closed-end matching aid.
TL;DR: Tables for single sample attributes sampling plans indexed by AQL and AOQL are presented in this paper for both infinite and finite lot sizes with matching OC curves, assuming that inspection is for a stream of lots.
Abstract: Tables for single sample attributes sampling plans indexed by AQL and AOQL are presented. The tables are developed for both infinite and finite lot sizes with matching OC curves. It is assumed that inspection is for a stream of lots. Supplementary infor..
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the discrimination model with the Camilleri-Berger model in some detail with regard to the way they handle utility and marginal utility, how they explain (or fail to explain) matching, their cognitive assumptions, their heuristic capabilities for application to social situations, and their predictive accuracy.
Abstract: The best-known model of r ational, repetitive choice in sociology is the Camilleri-Berger Model. The Discrimination Model is a recent competitor to the Camilleri-Berger Model and a thorough comparison is called for. In this paper, the two models are presented and compared in some detail with regard to the way they handle utility and marginal utility; the way they explain (or fail to explain) matching; their cognitive assumptions; their heuristic capabilities for application to social situations; and their predictive accuracy. The Discrimination Model comes out favorably on all counts. In addition, it is a "deepet" theory because it can specify the conditions under which the Camilleri-Berger Model will furnish accurate predictions.
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: The following is an attempt to remedy this in the light of the extensive work done during the last 25 years on human contrast sensitivity.
TL;DR: Two testing methods are discussed and applied to three cases, one international, one national and one local, that give indications of locational matching.
Abstract: Locational matching, i.e. the ambition to neutral- ize the locational advantage of a competitor by selecting the same location, is studied in an oligopolistic and particularly in a duopolistic context. Two testing methods are discussed and applied to three cases, one international, one national and one local. Both methods give indications of locational matching. Problem
01 Jan 1981
Abstract: Thesis: Some character relations for real reductive algebraic groups. Characters and inner forms of a quasi-split group over R, Orbital integrals and a family of groups attached to a real reductive group, Annales Sciént. appendix to " Poles of intertwining operators via endoscopy " by F. Shahidi. On the structure of endoscopic transfer factors. Examples in endoscopy for real groups. Notes for talks, Banff 2008 summer school and workshop Stable trace formula, Galois representations and Shimura varieties, 59 pp. Some results on endoscopic transfer. Notes for Banff 2011 workshop L-packets, 18 pp. Another abstract here Transfer in endoscopy (and beyond) for real groups. Slides for talk at inaugural Fields Medal Symposium, Oct 2012 Spectral questions in endoscopic transfer for real groups. A note on real endoscopic transfer and pseudo-coefficients.