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Showing papers on "Methacrylic acid published in 1970"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified apparatus permitting differential condensation of volatile degradation products was used for the analysis of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutene and polystyrene.

174 citations


Patent
14 Dec 1970
TL;DR: In this article, a quaternary ammonium halide group with a substituent was proposed for polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid, which are stable at acid pH values, although capable of reacting with other reactants for the hydroxyl and/or halide groups.
Abstract: This invention is concerned with monoethylenically unsaturated acid ester monomers, such as those of acrylic or methacrylic acid, containing a quaternary ammonium halide group having a substituent on the quaternary nitrogen atom of the formula -CH2CH(OH)CH2X wherein X is chlorine, bromine or iodine. It is also concerned with addition polymers of such monomers, and methods of producing the monomers and polymers. The monomers and polymers are stable at acid pH values, although capable of reacting with other reactants for the hydroxyl and/or halide group. At alkaline pH values, they become self-reactive and the polymers crosslink themselves by slow reaction at room temperature. However, the reaction becomes quite rapid on heating.

72 citations


Patent
25 Sep 1970
TL;DR: In this article, a self cross-linking pressure-sensitive acrylate adhesive and tape based on an adhesive copolymer of monomers comprising a major amount of a medium chain length alkyl acryl monomer and a minor amount of cohesion inducing short chain monomer, plus a very small amount of an alkoxy silyl polymerizable crosslinking monomer was presented.
Abstract: A self cross-linking pressure-sensitive acrylate adhesive and tape based on an adhesive copolymer of monomers comprising a major amount of a medium chain length alkyl acrylate monomer and preferably a minor amount of a cohesion inducing short chain monomer, plus a very small amount of an alkoxy silyl polymerizable cross-linking monomer and a relatively small amount, i.e., about 2-6 parts by weight of the total monomer solids, of a catalytic acid monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and itaconic acid. The catalytic acid monomer acts as a built-in or internal catalyst which causes the adhesive copolymer to be self crosslinking. A stabilization system for this self cross-linking system also is disclosed.

50 citations


Patent
20 Apr 1970
TL;DR: A POLYMERIC SURFACTANT THICKENER as discussed by the authors was used in the thickening of a cylindrical polyoxyethylene llatex (CPL) mixture.
Abstract: A POLYMERIC SURFACTANT THICKENER COMPRISING A COPOLYMER OF AN ESTER OF AN ALKYLARYLPOLYETHER ALCOHOL, SUCH AS AN ALKYLPHENOXYPOLYETHYLENEOXYETHANOL, WITH AN UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACID COMPOUND, SUCH AS ACRYLIC OR METHACRYLIC ACID, AND AN UNSATURATED ACID COMPOUND, WHICH COPOLYMER COMPRISES FROM ABOUT 70 TO 95% OF THE ESTER AND FROM ABOUT 5 TO 30% OF THE UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACID, AND WHICH COPOLYMER CONTAINS FROM ABOUT 20 TO 100 OXYETHYLENE GROUPS. THE POLYMERIC SURFACTANT THICKENER IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN THICKENING POLYMERIC LAXTEX COMPOSITIONS, SUCH AS CARBOXYLATED STYRENE-BUTADIENE LATEX CONTAINING FILLER MATERIAL.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the viscosity-versus-pH relationship for a large number of methacrylic acid-containing emulsion polymers and derived the postulated mechanism involved in the transition from an unneutralized latex particle to the neutralized species in terms of varying degrees of particle swelling.
Abstract: Viscosity-versus-pH relationships for a large number of methacrylic acid-containing emulsion polymers have been measured. The monomers chosen for this study were so selected because they represent synthesized latexes of high and low Tg and comparative hydrophilicity. These were styrene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. The postulated mechanism involved in the transition from an unneutralized latex particle to the neutralized species is accounted for in terms of varying degrees of particle swelling. In the limiting case, particle swelling is followed by complete solution of the polymer. The most important variables are the per cent methacrylic acid and the polymer Tg and hydrophilicity as determined by the comonomers present. The degree of particle swelling ranges from none for high styrene-containing latexes to high degrees of swelling followed by polymer solubilization for high ethyl acrylate-containing latexes.

41 citations


Patent
28 Dec 1970
TL;DR: Bisphenol-A-bis (2,3-dimethacrylatopropyl ether) and the adduct of methacrylic acid and triglycidyl ether of trihydroxy biphenyl are utilized as binders for dental restorative compositions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Bisphenol-A-bis(2,3-dimethacrylatopropyl ether) and the adduct of methacrylic acid and triglycidyl ether of trihydroxy biphenyl are utilized as binders for dental restorative compositions.

38 citations


Patent
21 Jul 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a mix-ture composed of an AMINO ALKYLEN PHOSPHONIC ACID and an ACRYLIC OR METHACRYL ICID POLYMER or a COPOLYMER of ACryLIC ACI and METH ACI.
Abstract: FORMATION OF SCALE AND INCRUSTATION IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS IS PREVENTED BY THE ADDITION OF A MIXTURE COMPOSED OF (A) AN AMINO ALKYLEN PHOSPHONIC ACID AND OF (B) AN ACRYLIC OR METHACRYLIC ACID POLYMER OR A COPOLYMER OF ACRYLIC ACID AND METHACRYLIC ACID, OR A COPOLYMER OF ACRYLIC ACID AND/OR METHACRYLIC ACID WITH A POLYMERIZABLE, ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED COMPOUND, OR A GRAFT POLYMER OF A POLYSACCHARIDE AND ESPECIALLY OF STARCH, DEXTRIN, AND MODIFIED STARCH WITH SAID ACRYLIC AND/OR METHACRYLIC ACID POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS, PREFERABLY IN SUBSTOICHIOMETRIC AMOUNTS CALCULATED FOR THE SCALE AND HARDNESS CAUSING COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE AQUEOUS SYSTEM.

35 citations


Patent
14 Dec 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the use of MONOETHYLENIC, UNSATURATED ACID ESTER MONOMERS, SUCH AS THOSE of ACRYLIC OR METHACrylIC ACID, CONTAINing a BIS-QUATERNary AMMONIUM HALIDE Group, and the methods of producing and disseminating the MONMERS and POLYMERS.
Abstract: THIS INVENTION IS CONCERNED WITH MONOETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED ACID ESTER MONOMERS, SUCH AS THOSE OF ACRYLIC OR METHACRYLIC ACID, CONTAINING A BIS-QUATERNARY AMMONIUM HALIDE GROUP, SUCH AS ONE OF THE FORMULA CH2=C(-R)-COO-A-N(+)(-R0)(-R1)-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-N(+)(-R2) (-R3)-R4 X(-) Y(-) R BEING H OR METHYL, A BEING (C2-C6)ALKYLENE, R* BEING LOWER ALKYL, R'' BEING LOWER ALKYL, R2 BEING LOWER ALKYL, R3 BEING LOWER ALKYL, R4 BEING LOWER ALKYL, X BEING AN ANION, AND Y BEING AN ANION. IT IS ALSO CONCERNED WITH ADDITION POLYMERS OF SUCH MONOMRS, AND METHODS OF PRODUCING THE MONOMERS AND POLYMERS. THE MONOMERS AND POLYMERS ARE REASONABLY STABLE AT BOTH ALKALINE AND ACID PH VALUES UNDER NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS ALTHOUGH CAPABLE OF REACTING WITH OTHER REACTANTS AT THE POINT OF UNSATURATION IN THE ALKENYL LINKAGE BETWEEN THE TWO QUATERNARY NITROGEN GROUPS. THE INVENTION ALSO CONCERNS THE USE OF THESE MONOMERS AND POLYMERS AS ANTISTATIC AGENTS FOR TEXTILES AND OTHER ARTICLES FORMED OF HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS, AS WET-STRENGTH AGENTS IN MAKING PAPER AND AS ELECTROCONDUCTIVE AIDS IN MAKING OF VARIOUS ELECTROCONDUCTIVE PAPERS FOR ELECTROSTATIC IMAGE REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS.

31 citations


Patent
01 Jun 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of N,N-DIALKYLAMINOALKYL-2-METHYL-B-ALANINE is used to make a mixture for making FLOCCULANTS, PAPER PULP ADDITIVES, etc.
Abstract: N-DIALKYLAMINOALKYL)METHACRYLAMIDES ARE PREPARED BY THERMALLY DECOMPOSING THE CORRESPONDING N-(DIALKYLAMINOALKYL)-2-METHYL-B-ALANINE. THE LATTER COMPOUND CAN BE MADE BY REACTING METHACRYLIC ACID WITH AN N,N-DIALKYLALKYLENEDIAMINE. THE SUBSTITUTED METHACRYLAMIDE PRODUCT IS A USEFUL CATIONIC MONOMER FOR MAKING FLOCCULANTS, PAPER PULP ADDITIVES, AND THE LIKE.

29 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The coupling of alkaline phosphatase to several water-insoluble polymers has been studied and the enzyme was fully active toward the synthetic substrate, p -nitrophenyl phosphate, and the four common nucleoside monophosphates.

Patent
Jong Jai Whang1
02 Jun 1970
TL;DR: Improved molding compositions based on polyvinyl halides modified with acrylic polymers are provided in this article, where polymeric modifiers have molecular weights of from 1,500 to less than 10,000 and contain residues of (A) from 75 to 100 percent by weight alkyl methacrylate and (B) from 0 to 25 percent of at least one additional ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid, styrene or substituted styrene.
Abstract: Improved molding compositions based on polyvinyl halides modified with acrylic polymers are provided. The polymeric modifiers have molecular weights of from 1,500 to less than 10,000 and contain residues of (A) from 75 to 100 percent by weight alkyl methacrylate and (B) from 0 to 25 percent of at least one additional ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid, styrene or substituted styrene. The molding compositions provide improved flow characteristics and processing characteristics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the gelation of poly(methacrylic acid) in water was studied as a function of degree of neutralization with NaOH, and it was found that charging the molecular displaces the onset of gelation to higher concentrations but makes the transition occur over an even narrower concentration range.
Abstract: The gelation of poly(methacrylic acid) in water was studied as a function of degree of neutralization with NaOH. It was found that charging the molecular displaces the onset of gelation to higher concentrations but makes the transition occur over an even narrower concentration range. This extreme sensitivity of rheological properties to charge may play a role in biocolloidal systems. The phenomenon of reversible gelation is discussed in general and related to the properties of the particular system. The method of measurement, which involves the determination of the dynamic response in the 1 Hz region and the measurement of phase angle, is described in detail. A method of deriving the relaxation time spectrum from measurements of phase angle is given.

Patent
19 Oct 1970
TL;DR: Vibration damped sandwich systems having an improved damping effect within a broad range of temperature and consisting of hard plates and a vibration damping interlayer, said interlayer comprising a copolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and acrylic and/or methacrylic acid.
Abstract: Vibration damped sandwich systems having an improved damping effect within a broad range of temperature and consisting of hard plates and a vibration damping interlayer, said interlayer comprising a copolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and acrylic and/or methacrylic acid.

Patent
30 Dec 1970
TL;DR: An adhesive composition capable of curing in a matter of minutes in the presence of free radical vinyl polymerization catalysis consisting essentially of: A, from about 10 to about 52 percent, by weight, of a syrupy copolymer of polychloroprene, methylmethacrylate and styrene; B, from 7 to below about 15 percent of methacrylic acid; and C, from 40 to about 83 percent of a solution of an acrylate polymer in methylmethyl acryrylate.
Abstract: An adhesive composition capable of curing in a matter of minutes in the presence of free radical vinyl polymerization catalysis consisting essentially of: A, from about 10 to about 52 percent, by weight, of a syrupy copolymer of polychloroprene, methylmethacrylate and styrene; B, from about 7 to below about 15 percent of methacrylic acid, and C, from about 40 to about 83 percent of a solution of an acrylate polymer in methylmethacrylate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The in vitro release behavior of chloramphenicol from four different bead polymers containing methylmethacrylate and α‐methACrylic acid in various buffer solutions has been studied and smaller beads released the drug more quickly than the larger ones.

Patent
30 Jun 1970
TL;DR: In this article, copolymers of a vinyl ester of an alpha-branched, saturated, aliphatic monocarboxylic acid of five-20 carbon atoms are described.
Abstract: Copolymers of (a) a vinyl ester of an alpha-branched, saturated, aliphatic monocarboxylic acid of five-20 carbon atoms, (b) an alpha,beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid of three to five carbon atoms, (c) a monovinylaromatic compound of eight to nine carbon atoms, (d) a 2-hydroxyalkylester or an amide of an alpha,beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and, optionally, (e) a C1-C4 alkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid and their preparation are described. These special copolymers are especially suitable in water-thinnable compositions, particularly in electrodepositable compositions to produce pore-free coatings or films.

Patent
14 Sep 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a colloquial co-collaboration of solid partitions of an Interpolymer in which at least 95% of the soliders have diameters of less than 0.1 micron.
Abstract: AQUEOUS COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES OF AN INTERPOLYMER IN WHICH AT LEAST 95 PERCENT BY NUMBER OF SAID PARTICLES HAVE DIAMETERS OF 0.1 TO 0.01 MICRON, AND SAID INTERPOLYMER HAS A WEIGHT AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 10,000 AND CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF 20-99 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF METHYL METHACRYLATE, 0-75, PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF ESTER SELECTED ROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKYL ACRYLATES HAVING 4 TO 16 CARBON ATOMS AND ALKYL METHACRYLATES HAVING FROM 6 TO 16 CARBON ATOMS, 0-40 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED COPOLYMERIZABLE MONOMER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF STYRENE, VINYL ACETATE, VINYL FLUORIDE, VINYL CHLORIDE, VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE AND VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, AND ACID SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF 1-8 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF ACRYLIC ACID, 108 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF METHACRYLIC ACID, 4-8 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF MALEIC ACID, AND 4-8 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF ITACONIC ACID. THESE DISPERSIONS ARE PREPARED BY ADDING TO A MIXTURE OF WATER AND SOLID PARTICLES OF SAID INTERPOLYMER (A) 30-150 PERCENT OF THE STOICHIOMETRIC AMOUNT OF AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE REQUIRED TO NEUTRALIZE THE ACID PRESENT IN SAID INTERPOLYMER AND (B) WHEN THE SECOND ORDER TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERPOLYMER IS ABOVE 35*C., AN AMOUNT OF UP TO 1 PART PER PART BY WEIGHT OF SAID INTERPOLYMER, EFFECTIVE TO RENDER SAID INTERPOLYMER COLLOIDALLY DISPERSIBLE, OF A LIQUID ORGANIC COMMINUTION AGENT WHICH IS CAPABLE OF AT LEAST SWELLING THE INTERPOLYMER PARTICLES AND IS INERT TOWARD THE AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, AND VIGOROUSLY AGITATING THE RESULTING MIXTURE AT A TEMPERATURE OF 40-100*C. UNTIL A REDUCTION IN THE SIZE OF THE INTERPOLYMER PARTICLES TAKES PLACE SUCH THAT AT LEAST 95 PERCENT BY NUMBER OF SAID PARTICLES HAVE DIAMETERS OF LESS THAN 0.1 MICRON.

Patent
17 Dec 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the copolymer of methacrylic acid and vinyl sulfonate is added to the saline water in the evaporator to achieve a temperature of 280* F. At 10 PPM addition, the water can be allowed to concentrate ten-fold without the precipitation of calcium sulfate occuring on the evaporation surface.
Abstract: The temperature at which saline and sea-water evaporators can be operated is raised materially by adding from 1 - 10 parts of the copolymer of methacrylic acid and vinyl sulfonate, preferably in the form of a basic salt, to the saline water in the evaporator. At 10 PPM addition, the evaporators can be run at 280* F., and the water be allowed to concentrate ten-fold without the precipitation of calcium sulfate occuring on the evaporator surface. Monomer ratios of methacrylic acid to vinyl sulfonate may be varied from 50-50 to 25-75.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on three dielectric loss regions labeled β, β and α in order of increasing temperature and attributed them to microbrownian motion taking place in an amorphous hydrocarbon phase.
Abstract: Dielectric relaxation data have been obtained for two ethylene–methacrylic acid copolymers (containing about 4 mole-% methacrylic acid units and about 8 mole-% methacrylic acid units, respectively) and the lithium, sodium, and calcium salts prepared by partial neutralization of the polyacids. The frequency range employed was from 50 Hz to 10 kHz and the temperature range was from −130°C to 100°C. Attention is focused on three dielectric loss regions labeled β, β and α in order of increasing temperature. The β′ process (−10°C at 100 Hz in the salts only) correlates with a mechanical loss process previously reported and is attributed to microbrownian motion taking place in an amorphous hydrocarbon phase. The β′ process (20°C at 100 Hz) has also been observed mechanically and is attributed to the same mechanism as the β process. The higher temperature of this relaxation compared to the β relaxation is attributed to the presence of acid groups which form crosslinks composed of interchain hydrogen bonds. The α process (>50°C at 100 Hz in the salts only) correlates with dielectric and NMR data previously reported for a sodium salt and is assigned to motions within ionic domains formed by the clustering of salt groups.

Patent
13 Oct 1970
TL;DR: A floor polish composition having excellent resistance to plasticizer migration contains water, a mixture of a styrene copolymer (styrene and acrylic or methacrylic acid) and an ester of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile) and suitable waxes, alkali soluble resins and surfactants as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A floor polish composition having excellent resistance to plasticizer migration contains water, a mixture of a styrene copolymer (styrene and acrylic or methacrylic acid) and a styrene multi-polymer (styrene, acrylic acid, an ester of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile) and suitable waxes, alkali soluble resins and surfactants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the reduced specific viscosity of poly(methacrylic acid) has been studied in ethanol-0.002N HCI solvent mixtures as a function of polymer concentration, alcohol concentration, and temperature.
Abstract: The reduced specific viscosity of poly(methacrylic acid) has been studied in ethanol–0.002N HCI solvent mixtures as a function of polymer concentration, alcohol concentration, and temperature. In addition, experiments were performed at different HCI concentrations and with KCI instead of HCI. Both intrinsic viscosity and Huggins coefficient were shown to undergo unusually strong variations. Two minima and two maxima could be demonstrated in intrinsic viscosity. The Huggins coefficient seems to show corresponding variations. The first minimum in intrinsic viscosity indicates that the coil volume has collapsed almost to an Einstein sphere. In this region the Huggins coefficient is extremely large (of order 102) and is controlled by coil association. It was shown that several forms of intramolecular interaction must be assumed to be competing to account for this behavior. The presence of HCI, particularly in the preponderantly aqueous phase, is required to suppress the polyelectrolyte effect. It is found, however, that the behavior of the solutions at relatively high ethanol concentrations is more sensitive to HCI content than is that of highly aqueous solutions. KCI can be used to replace HCI over most of the range. Increase in temperature shifts the turning points of the curves to lower alcohol concentrations. Some evidence has been found that the association constant giving rise to dimers increase with rate of shear. The importance of poly(methacrylic acid) as a chemically simple model substance for various biopolymer effects is stressed.

Patent
15 Jan 1970
TL;DR: The BETA-HYDROXY ESTER/FURAN COMPOSITION as discussed by the authors is a mixture of a FURAN and a BETA HYDROVE ESTER.
Abstract: A COMPOSITION STABILIZED TO PREVENT GEL FORMATION BUT WHICH REMAINS SUSCEPTIBLE TO POLYMERIZATION BY IONIZING RADIATION COMPRISED OF A MIXTURE OF A FURAN COMPOUND AND AN ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED BETA-HYDROXY ESTER PREPARED FROM A POLYEPOXIDE AND AN ALPHA-BETA-ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID AS ACRYLIC OR METHACRYLIC ACID. THE BETA-HYDROXY ESTER/FURAN COMPOSITION WHEN APPLIED TO A SUBSTRATE AS A FILM AND EXPOSED TO A SOURCE OF IONIZING RADIATION FOR A TIME SUFFICIENT TO EFFECT POLYMERIZATION OF THE FILM, CURES TO A HARD, INFUSIBLE COATING.

Patent
31 Mar 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of isobutyric acid, water and methacrylic acid is separated by salting out by means of a water soluble electrolyte e.g. sodium sulfate, which causes separation of aqueous and organic phases.
Abstract: To separate aqueous and organic components of a mixture of isobutyric acid, water and methacrylic acid, the mixture is initially separated by salting out by means of a water soluble electrolyte e.g. sodium sulfate, which causes separation of aqueous and organic phases. Residuals in each phase are distilled off as a low-boiling mixed distillate resembling an azeotropic mixture which is returned for repeated separation by salting-out. Organics are further separated by fractional distillation.

Patent
05 Jun 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, a mix-ture of a PREPOLYMER and a C2-C3 DI-OR TRIISOCYANATE where the ISOCANATE GROUPS are directly attached to an AROMATIC RING and DEBLOCKED at TEMPERATURES in the range of 120* to 160*C.
Abstract: NOVEL THERMOSETTING RESIN POWDERS WHICH CAN BE MOLDED TO FORM PRODUCTS CHARACTERIZED IN TENSILE MEASUREMENT, BY HIGH ELONGATION-TO-BREAK, HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH AND MODULUS AND A HIGH GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE ARE PREPARED FROM A MIXTURE OF (A) A PREPOLYMER FORMED BY REACTING (1) A HYDROXY ESTER OF ACRYLIC OR METHACRYLIC ACID AND A C2-C3 DIOL WITH (2) METHACRYLONITRILE OR ACRYLONITRILE OR A MIXTURE OF THE SAME, AND (B) BLOCKED DI- OR TRIISOCYANATE WHEREIN THE ISOCYANATE GROUPS ARE DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO AN AROMATIC RING AND DEBLOCK AT TEMPERATURES IN THE RANGE OF 120* TO 160*C.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of adiabatic compressibility measurements of poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylamide along with their corresponding monomers and two poly(sodium acrylates) obtained by neutralizing the polyacid 25% and 100% with sodium hydroxide have been described.
Abstract: The results of adiabatic compressibility measurements of poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylamide along with their corresponding monomers and two poly(sodium acrylates) obtained by neutralizing the polyacid 25% and 100% with sodium hydroxide have been described. The total adiabatic compressibility of poly(acrylic acid) solution is higher than that of the corresponding salt solutions or of polyacrylamide solutions. The unneutralized acid does not dissociate much, even in dilute solution, and the magnitude of electrostriction in polyamide is greater than in acid. The ΦV2 and ΦK2 values for monomers and polymers are seen to be almost concentration independent, and so are the sodium salts of the polyacid. Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylamide) are structurally closely related polymers, and water must be bound to them through polar groups either by hydrogen bonding or by dipole attraction. The hydrophobic part of the solute, because of compact orientation of water and solute in the boundary region, causes a decrease in solvent volume and therefore in the values of ΦV2 and ΦK2. On the other hand, intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the polar groups increases the volume and counterbalances the hydrophobic effect. Because of these two counteracting effects, the observed ΦV2 and ΦK2 values are seen to be concentration independent. Contrary to the observation with poly(methacrylic acid)1 and its sodium salts, the solvated counter-ions in case of poly(sodium acrylates) make no special contribution in the dilute region. In 100% neutralized polyacid, the dissociation of counterions is complete, and the magnitude of electrostriction is highest in this case. Accordingly, lowest ΦV2 and ΦK2 values (37.0 cc/mole and −50.50 × 10−3 cc bar−1 mole−1) are observed. However, the dissociation and therefore the magnitude of electrostriction are somewhat reduced in the presence of 1.0M NaCl solution; and, accordingly, the values increase to 42.80 cc/mole and −33.0 × 10−4 cc bar−1, mole−1, respectively. The limiting values for the apparent molal volume and the apparent molal compressibility for the polymers show a considerable decrease over those of the monomers. The values of ΦV20 and ΦK20 per methyl group are less in the polymers than in the monomers, and this has been attributed to water clusters that become stronger and better formed as the molecules grow larger and larger. The molar volumes of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are decreased, while those of acrylamide and methacrylamide are increased when dissolved in water to form an infinitely dilute solution.

Patent
19 Oct 1970
TL;DR: Vibration damped sandwich systems having an improved damping effect within a broad range of temperature and consisting of hard plates and a vibration damping interlayer, said interlayer comprising a copolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate, ethyl-acrylate and acrylic and/or methacrylic acid as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Vibration damped sandwich systems having an improved damping effect within a broad range of temperature and consisting of hard plates and a vibration damping interlayer, said interlayer comprising a copolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate, ethyl-acrylate and acrylic and/or methacrylic acid.

Patent
Fryd Michael1, Lee Ying K1
28 Jan 1970
TL;DR: GRAFT COPOLYMERS HAVING A BACKBONE as mentioned in this paper is a group of homemakers having a backbone consisting of several homemanners, including: (1) UNITS of the ESTERS of ACYLIC ACID (AA) and METHACRYLIC ACIID (MMA) (2) ALLYL METH ACIATE (AMA) UNIT, and OPTIONally (3) DIETHYLAMINOETHyl METHacrylate (DEAM UNIT), and (4)
Abstract: GRAFT COPOLYMERS HAVING A BACKBONE WHICH IS A COPOLYMER COMPOSED OF MONOMER (1) UNITS OF THE ESTERS OF ACYLIC ACID (AA) AND METHACRYLIC ACID (MMA) (2) ALLYL METHACRYLATE (AMA) UNITS, AND OPTIONALLY (3) DIETHYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE (DEAM) UNITS AND POLYMER GRAFT SEGMENTS COMPOSED OF MONOMER UNITS OF 2-ETHYL HEXYL ACRYLATE (2-EHA) AND/OR BUTYL ACRYLATE (BA).

Patent
02 Mar 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the formation of a homogeneous system with at least 55 percent CARBOXY-LATEX with other COPOLYMERIZable MONOMERIC ACID types.
Abstract: DISCLOSES MAKING MECHANICALLY STABLE SYNTHETIC PLYMERIC LATICES COMPRISING AT LEAST 55 PERCENT ALPHA-UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC MONOMERS SUCH AS METHACRYLIC ACID POLYMERIZED IN AN EMULSION SYSTEM CONTAINING AN EMULSIFIER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF DISODIUM OR DIAMMONIUM NONYLPHENOXY POLYETHOXY SULFOSUCCINATE AND A SODIUM OR AMMONIUM LAURYL POLYETHOXY SULFATE. THESE EMULSIFIERS PERMIT THE FORMATION OF A POLYMERIC LATEX MECHANICALLY STABLE AGAINST COAGULATION WHILE AT THE SAME TIME CONTAINING MROE THAN 55 PERCENT CARBOXYLIC MONOMERS EVEN WHEN THE MONOMERIC ACID IS COPOLYMERIZED WITH OTHER COPOLYMERIZABLE MONOMERS SUCH AS ACRYLATES, STYRENE AND BUTADIENE.

Patent
03 Aug 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comparison of the performance of different types of PIGMENT DISPERSANTS with respect to a variety of different modalities, including long OIL ALKYDS, medium OIL Alkyd, and short OIL alkyd.
Abstract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