Showing papers on "Methacrylic acid published in 1985"

Alkali soluble latex thickeners

Abstract: Alkali soluble thickeners are disclosed which are aqueous emulsion copolymers of: (A) about 20-70 weight percent of an alpha, beta-monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, typically methacrylic acid; (B) about 20-80 weight percent of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer lacking surfactant capacity, typically ethyl acrylate; (C) about 05-60 weight percent of a nonionic urethane monomer which is the urethane reaction product of a monohydric nonionic surfactant with a monoethylenically unsaturated monoisocyanate, preferably one lacking ester groups like alpha, alpha-dimethyl-m-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate; and (D) from 0 up to about 2 weight percent of a polyethylenically unsaturated monomer These emulsion copolymers are solubilized in water with the aid of an alkali, like ammonium hydroxide When the copolymers are added to latex paints and neutralized, the viscosity of the paint is increased, brush drag is increased, and the paint rheology is otherwise improved

Fibroblast cell proliferation on charged hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymers

Abstract: Two fibroblastic cell lines, 3T3 and 3T12, were grown on hydrophilic hydrogel substrates containing various amounts of positive or negative charge. The materials were copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), N,N -dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (DMAEMA-HCl), or trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride (TMAEMA-Cl). The samples were prepared as spun cast films on ultraclean glass microscope slides. The cells were grown in 10% fetal bovine serum supplemented Dulbecco's modified medium (DMM). Both cell lines survived and proliferated on the positively charged DMAEMA-HCl or TMAEMA-Cl copolymers with HEMA. Cells did not survive on the negative MAA-HEMA copolymers nor on the neutral HEMA homopolymers. Proliferation did not correlate with water content of the gel materials. Attachment as well as proliferation did correlate well with zeta potential and mole percentage positive charge as determined by bulk titration data.

Binary alloys of nylon 6 and ethylene‐methacrylic acid copolymers: Morphological, thermal and mechanical analysis

Abstract: The morphology and mechanical properties of binary blends of nylon 6 (N6), as the major component, and ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers (E/MAA), as the minor component, have been analyzed. It was found that the methacrylic acid content of the copolymer used as the second component has a profound effect upon the properties of the resulting blends. In particular, with increasing methacrylic acid content, the size of the domains of the E/MAA dispersed phase in the N6 matrix decreased in a regular fashion while the ultimate tensile properties increased regularly. This behavior has been attributed to a series of chemical and physico-chemical interactions taking place between the two components. The interactions are due to the presence of the acid functionality on the copolymer and do not occur when this functionality is absent. Chemical analysis of the blends was performed to confirm that chemical modification took place during the blending process.

Process for the production of methacrolein and methacrylic acid

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the production of methacrolein and methacrylic acid by the gas phase catalytic oxidation of isobutylene or t-­butanol at high temperature using molecular oxygen in the presence of catalyst consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, bismuth, iron, nickel, antimony, and an alkali metal, to which zinc or lead is added, and further phosphorus or boron, and magnesium, cobalt, manganese, or tin are added.

Acrylic acid/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl phosphonic acid polymers as scale and corrosion inhibitors

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting corrosion and the precipitation of scale-forming salts in an aqueous system, comprising adding to the system at least 0.1 mg/l of a polymer having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.05 to 4.5 dl/g, in 1.0 M NaCl, prepared from: (A) 35 to 65%, by weight, of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid; (B) 15 to 45%, by weight, of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid or 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid; and (C) 15 to 25%, by weight, of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl phosphonic acid or 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropylphosphonic acid.

Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers. I. Effect of synthesis conditions

Abstract: The gamma radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers was investigated by simultaneous—irradiation technique. The effect of various synthesis conditions on the graft content was studied. At a constant dose, the percent grafting was found to be higher at low dose rate. For all the dose rates, a linear increase in the grafting was observed up to 0.25 Mrad, beyond which the grafting levelled off. Percent grafting also increased continuously with increasing monomer concentration up to 4.0 mol/L, but a linear increase in grafting was observed only up to 2.0 mol/L. The initial rate of grafting increased with the increase in dose rate and monomer concentration. The dependence of rate of grafting on dose rate and monomer concentration was found to be 0.70 and 1.71, respectively. The effect of liquor ratio upon grafting was also studied.

Chemical modification of (meth)acrylic acid homopolymers and alkyl (meth)acrylate polymers in aqueous systems with amino sulfonic acids

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of preparing copolymers of acrylamido sulfonic acids which comprises converting to acrylamido sulfonic groups at least 5 mole % of the acrylic acid or methacrylic acid groups in a polymer which contains at least 5 mole % of these monomers in its structures by reacting an aqueous solution of the acrylic acid or methacrylic acid polymer with an amino sulfonic acid under pressure at a temperature of at least 70° C for a period of time sufficient to convert at least 5 mole % of the acrylic acid or methacrylic acid groups in the polymer to amido sulfonic acid groups corresponding to the starting amino sulfonic acid

Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers. II. Effect of solvents

Abstract: Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers by simultaneous-gamma ray irradiation technique was carried out. The effect of various solvents on grafting was studied. The results have been presented in terms of swelling behavior of polypropylene fiber and the extent of homopolymerization. An accelerative effect upon the rate of grafting was observed when benzene was partly replaced by methanol. At the dose rate of 24 rad/s and monomer concentration of 3 mol/L, a maximum in the rate of grafting was observed with 40% methanol fraction in the benzene–methanol mixture. However, a further increase in the methanol fraction in the solvent mixture resulted in a sharp decrease in the rate of grafting. No grafting was observed in pure methanol. This behavior has been explained in terms of the inhibitory action of methanol for polymerization of methacrylic acid and the extent of swelling of polypropylene fiber in various compositions of benzene–methanol mixture.

Method for preparing esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid by transesterification

Abstract: A method of preparing an ester of (meth)acrylic acid by transesterification with an alcohol, comprising, reacting a (meth)acrylic acid ester formed from an alcohol of 1 to 4 carbon atoms with a transesterifying alcohol, which is not a polybasic alcohol and which is different from the alcohol portion of said (meth)acrylic acid ester, in the presence of a catalyst system comprised of compounds A+B, wherein compound A is Li n Y, wherein Y is a halide, chlorate, carbonate, carboxylate of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxide of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxide or oxide, and n is 1 or 2, depending on the valence of Y; and compound B is CaX q , wherein X is oxide or chloride and q is 1 or 2, depending on the valence of X, with the provision that at least one of the two anionic components Y and X is oxygen-containing.

Preirradiation grafting of acrylic and methacrylic acid onto polyethylene films: Preparation and properties

Abstract: The method of preirradiation grafting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid onto polyethylene films was studied. The trapped radicals and hydroperoxides or diperoxides appeared to be able to induce graft polymerization. Mohr's salt was added to depress homopolymerization. The influences of crystallinity, dosage, and storage period on the grafting behavior were investigated from the viewpoint of practical application. At elevated temperature, the degree of grafting increased rapidly with reaction time initially, and then leveled off to the value of final percent grafting. Dosage and storage periods had greater extent of influence on the final percent grafting of LDPE than on that of HDPE. Electrical properties, transport properties, and mechanical properties were measured to compare the differences between acrylic-acid-and methacrylic-acid-grafted copolymer films. It was found that the properties of methacrylic-acid-grafted copolymer film was superior to those of acrylic-acid-grafted copolymer film, especially in electrical conductivity. The KOH diffusion test confirmed that grafting occurred not only on the surface but also in the interior of the polymer matrix, and the grafting is believed to proceed from the surface to the interior of the matrix.

Thermoset acrylic resin composition for coating metallic materials and stainless steel coated with the composition

Abstract: A thermoset acrylic resin composition for coating metallic materials, particularly stainless steel, having a superior adhesion thereonto and hence a superior resistance to forming after coated, and a stainless steel piece coated with a coating material comprising the above composition, followed by baking, and having a superior colorability and endurability, are provided, which composition is obtained by radical-copolymerizing (a) an acrylic or methacrylic acid ester having 1-12 C in the ester moiety, in 40-80% by weight, (b) a hydroxyl group- or epoxy group-containing acrylic or methacrylic acid ester, in 20-5% by weight, (c) a vinyl group-containing polysiloxane in 20-001% by weight and (d) a vinyl group-containing silane compound in 20-2% by weight, these % by weight being based on the total weight of monomers (a)-(d)

Contact lens and process for preparation thereof

Abstract: An oxygen-permeable contact lens consisting essentially of a polymer having an organic polysiloxane skeleton and a three-dimensional crosslinked structure, and a process for the preparation thereof. The polymer comprises structural units comprising (A) a residue of a trifunctional isocyanate, (B) a residue of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of unsaturated carboxylic acids, monoalkyl esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, monoalkyl and dialkyl esters of unsaturated tricarboxylic acids, hydroxyalkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, acrylamide, methacrylamide, vinyl ethers, and styrene derivatives having an active hydrogen atom, (C) a polydimethylsiloxane residue modified with an active hydrogen-containing functional group, and (D) a residue of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of alkyl esters of acrylic acid, alkyl esters of methacrylic acid, fluorine-containing acrylates, fluorine-containing methacrylates, acrylates and methacrylates having an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, aryl acrylates and methacrylates, halogen-containing aryl acrylates and methacrylates, styrene, styrene derivatives, alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids.

Carboxylic/sulfonic/quaternary ammonium polymers for use as scale and corrosion inhibitors

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for inhibiting corrosion and the formation and deposition of scale in aqueous systems, comprising adding to the system at least 0.1 ppm of a water-soluble polymer having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.05 to 2.5, prepared from: (a) 50 to 90%, by weight, of an unsaturated carboxylic acid, or its salt; (b) 5 to 40%, by weight, of an unsaturated sulfonic acid, or its salt; and (c) 5 to 40%, by weight, of an unsaturated quaternary ammonium compound. The instant invention is also directed to a water soluble polymer, having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.05 to 2.5 prepared from: (a) 50 to 90%, by weight, of an unsaturated carboxylic compound selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, their salts and mixtures thereof; (b) 5 to 40%, by weight, of an unsaturated sulfonic compound selected from the group consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropyl sulfonic acid, their salts and mixtures thereof; and (c) 5 to 40%, by weight, dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, diethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and mixtures thereof.

Aqueous functional fluids based on polymers

Abstract: Aqueous functional fluids, in particular hydraulic and metal-working fluids, containing a copolymer which is prepared by emulsion or solution copolymerization, initiated by free radicals, of unsaturated, copolymerizable monomers, the copolymers being built up from: (a) 1-60% by weight of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, (b) 0.5-30% by weight of a surface-active unsaturated ester, (c) 30-85% by weight of methacrylic acid esters or acrylic acid esters of aliphatic (C 1 -C 18 )-alcohols, (d) 0-40% by weight of other ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, (e) 0-3% by weight of polyethylenically unsaturated compounds, and (f) 0-5% by weight of molecular weight regulators, and, if appropriate, the free acid groups of the copolymers subsequently having been partly or completely neutralized by addition of bases, and converted into water-soluble or colloidally water-dispersible copolymer salts.

Halogen-free self-extinguishing thermoplastic molding material

Abstract: A halogen-free self-extinguishing thermoplastic composition comprising as the flame retardant, one or more phosphorus-containing compounds or elemental phosphorous, a polyphenylene ether, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a phenol/aldehyde resin, a terpolymer of styrene, acrylonitrile and a hydroxy-containing ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid on which a polyphenylene ether is grafted, and optionally, a diene elastomer having grafted thereon styrene and acrylonitrile monomers.

Process for the production of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid

Abstract: A process for producing acrylic acid or methacrylic acid by reacting acetic acid or propionic acid with formaldehyde in a gas phase is described, characterized by carrying out the reaction in the presence of a solid catalyst containing at least one of boron oxide or phosphorus oxide and having an acid site of an acid strength, pKa ≦ -3.0. The solid catalyst is of high activity and is satisfactory in both selectivity and conversion and, furthermore, its high selectivity can be maintained for long periods of time. Thus the desired product. acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, can be produced in high yield.

Absorbent polymer material and its preparation

Abstract: An enhanced water-absorbency hydrophilic polymer material, suitable for use in for example wound dressings, is prepared by a process in which a water-containing organic hydrogel comprising a gelable polysaccharide and/or protein or polypeptide interspersed with a polymer of a hydrophilic acrylic or methacrylic acid derivative is permeated with a base, the pH of said hydrogel being raised to at least 9 during treatment with said base.

Curable resin composition

Abstract: PURPOSE:The titled composition, consisting of a specific epoxy compound, photopolymerizable compound and thermal polymerization initiator, primarily curable by active rays, e.g. ultraviolet rays, and completely curable by heating, and having improved adhesive property and chemical and water resistance, etc. CONSTITUTION:A curable resin composition obtained by incorporating (A) an epoxy compound having at least two epoxy groups in the molecule with (B) a photopolymerizable compound having one or more carboxyl groups in the molecule, e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and a compound expressed by the formula (R1 is H or methyl; R2 and R3 are general residue; A is ester bond; m and n are integers 1-3) alone or together with (C) a photopolymerizable compound other than the component (C), and further adding (D) a thermal polymerization initiator, e.g. a peroxy ester or peroxyketal, thereto. The compounding ratio of the components is preferably as follows; 20:80-80:20 weight ratio between the components (A) and the total of the components (B) and (C), and the amount of the component (D) is 0.5-10wt% based on the total of the components (A), (B) and (C).

Novel graft copolymers and process for the preparation thereof

Abstract: The polymeric compositions provided by the present invention comprise the reaction of an ethylenically unsatured monomer and a carboxylated cellulose ester having an acid number of at least about 5, an inherent viscosity of from about 0.01 to about 1.00 and wherein the anhydroglucose units thereof have ring substituents comprising by weight based on total polymer weight, of from about 0.05 to about 20 % hydroxyl groups, from about 0.5 to about 44 % acetyl groups, from 0 to about 54 % butyryl groups, from 0 to about 47 % propionyl groups, from about 0.4 to about 4.0 % total carboxyl groups wherein from about 20 % to about 100 % of these carboxyl groups are non-saponifiable backbone, and wherein the material has a lactone level of from about 4.52 x 10-5 to about 6.13 x 10-4. Preferred carboxylated cellulose esters include carboxylated cellulose acetate, carboxylated cellulose acetate propionate, carboxylated cellulose acetate butyrate, and mixtures thereof. Preferred ethylenically unsatured monomers include acrylice monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, etc., acrylamides, methacrylamides, and vinyl monomers, such as vinyl aromatic compounds (e.g., styrene, divinylbenzene, vinyltoluene, vinylnaphtalene, etc.), vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, etc. The process of the present invention comprises reacting an ethylenically unsatured monomer and a carboxylated cellulose ester at polymerization temperature (e.g., about 10 to 250oC) in the substantial absence of an additional initiator.

The Preparation and Properties of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid Grafted Cellulose Prepared by Ceric Ion Initiation. Part I. Preparation of the Grafted Cellulose

Abstract: The ceric ion method has been used to graft acrylic acid directly onto cellulose with a minimum amount of homopolymer. The method utilizes the pretreatment of the cellulose with ceric ammonium nitrate followed by washing out any excess of the catalyst. Oxygen can be present with the pretreatment step, but must be excluded during the grafting reaction itself. The process, which is entirely aqueous in nature, would appear to be quite practical on a large scale. Wet strengthened papers which are essential for the use of the grafted products as ion-exchange media can also be grafted but with adequate but lower yields than with the untreated paper. Apart from ion exchange, the products are of considerable potential value as water sorbing agents. Methacrylic acid gave lower grafting yields than acrylic acid, but these were much improved at higher temperatures.

Water insoluble proton conducting polymers

Abstract: Water-insoluble proton-conducting polymers which may be formed into membranes which are used in gas separation or gas sensing processes comprise an interpenetrating polymer network. This IPN is formed from the interaction between a host polymer and a guest polymer which is subsequently cross-linked or cured. The host polymer blend is formed from a phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid and a polymer or copolymer of a compound which possesses repeat units such as, for example, hydroxy ethylene, vinyl sulfonic acid, ethylene imine, etc, while the guest polymer is formed from a monofunctional monomer such as methacrylic acid and a difunctional cross-linking agent such as methylenebisacrylamide.

Radiation‐Induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers. IV. Thermal behavior

Abstract: Thermal behavior of polypropylene-g-poly(methacrylic acid) fibers prepared by graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers, using simultaneous-irradiation technique, was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and limiting oxygen index measurements. In general, the thermal properties of polypropylene fiber were markedly improved by the grafting of methacrylic acid. The inherent crystallinity of polypropylene, as deduced from DSC, did not show any change in the grafted fibers, suggesting that the grafting occurs in the amorphous region, without disrupting the crystalline part of the polymer. The LOI of grafted fibers showed an increase over the original fiber.

Photopolymerizable resin composition for producing aqueous-development type dry film resists

Abstract: A photopolymerizable resin composition for aqueous-developing type dry film resists which comprises (A) 40 to 85% by weight of a binder resin comprising a copolymer of methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate and methacrylic acid, (B) 15 to 60% by weight of a crosslinkable monomer having at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups in the molecule, and (C) 0.5 to 10% by weight, based on the total amount of the above components (A) and (B), of a photoinitiator.

Process for purification of methacrylic acid

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the polymerization of an alpha-, beta-ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid during its recovery by distillation is disclosed.

Immobilization of biological material within a polymer matrix

Abstract: Biological material such as microorganisms is immobilized by polymerizing in the presence of the biological material a readily soluble polyetherpolyol having some hydroxyl groups esterified with acrylic and/or methacrylic acid and remaining hydroxyl groups reacted with an isocyanate group-containing derivative of an unsaturated carboxylic acid or a polyfunctional isocyanate Preferably, the isocyanate derivative of an unsaturated carboxylic acid is isocyanatoethyl acrylate, isocyanatoethyl methacrylate of 4-isocyanato-3-methyl-2-butyl-acrylate and the polyfunctional isocyanate is a diisocyanate or polyisocyanate Beads can be produced by forming droplets in a water-immiscible medium and polymerizing Polymerization can be carried out under inert gas in the presence of radical initiators or by irradiation with actinic light

LC50 values for rats acutely exposed to vapors of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters

Abstract: Acute exposure studies were conducted using adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats to obtain LC50/24 concentrations for the common esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids. The order of acute toxicity was determined to be methyl acrylate > ethyl acry‐late > butyl acrylate > butyl methacrylate > methyl methacrylate > ethyl methacry‐late. Four‐hour daily exposures (excluding weekends) of young adult male rats to 110 ppm methyl acrylate in air over a period of 32 d failed to produce significant differences in body or tissue weights, blood chemistries, gross metabolic performance, and spontaneous small‐intestinal motor activities when compared with a sham‐exposed group.

Lens composition, article and method of manufacture

Abstract: A copolymer composition, especially suited for fabricating optical lenses comprising a copolymer of copolymerized comonomers which include about one to about 25 percent by weight of an acryloxyalkylsilanol; about 05 to about 15 percent by weight of a polyacryloxyalkylpolysiloxane; about 5 to about 60 percent by weight of a siloxy substituted ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid; and from about 35 to about 90 percent by weight of an acrylic or methacrylic ester of an alkanol having from one to twenty carbon atoms Contact lenses and contact lens buttons are formed of such copolymer of copolymerized comonomers by conventional techniques, by injection molding, and by compression molding

Radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers. III. Characterization

Abstract: Polypropylene-g-polymethacrylic acid graft copolymer, prepared by simultaneous-irradiation technique, was characterized to determine the structural changes, occurring in the copolymer. The presence of polymethacrylic acid graft in the copolymer was ascertained by infrared spectroscopy. Crystallinity of the grafted fibers, as deduced from X-ray diffraction pattern, showed a decrease with the increase in graft level in the fiber. Such a behavior has been attributed to the dilution of crystalline fraction of polypropylene by the incorporation of amorphous polymethacrylic acid chains in the fiber matrix, without disrupting the original crystallites of the backbone polymer. The density of the grafted samples showed a continuous increase with the increase in percent graft. However, the diameter did not change up to 16% graft content, beyond which an increase in the diameter was observed. This increase in diameter has been related with the sharp increase in disperse dye uptake of the grafted fiber at higher levels of grafting.