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Showing papers on "Methyl isobutyl ketone published in 2022"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a biphasic micro-reactor was used to extract methyl butyl iso-ketone (MIBK) and 2-pentanol as extracting solvents.

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a solid acid catalyst based on corncob residue (S-IRCC) was synthesized using the method of impregnation-carbonization-sulfonation.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a biphasic micro-reactor was used to extract methyl butyl iso-ketone (MIBK) and 2-pentanol as extracting solvents.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Zhengyu Tang, Qiang Li, Jun-Hua Di, Cui Ma, Yucai He 
TL;DR: In this paper , a sulfonated tin-loaded heterogeneous catalyst CLUST-Sn-LS using lobster shell as biobased carrier was prepared to convert corncob (75.0 g/L) into furfural (122.5 mM) at 170 °C for 30 min in a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-H2O biphasic system.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Jingjian Zha, Bo Fan, Jia Rung He, Yu-Cai He, Cui Ma 
TL;DR: This study demonstrated an environmentally friendly strategy for efficiently utilizing corncob into furfural by CNS-based heterogeneous chemocatalyst in a green reaction media using newly synthesized biomass-based MC-Sn-CNS catalyst.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Othmer-Tobias and Hand equations were chosen to examine the experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for water+diethylene glycol dimethyl ether + {methyl isobutyl carbinol, methyl isobuthyl ketone, methyl polycyclic aromatic hexane, methyl tert-butyl ether, n-octanol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol} was measured at 298.2 k under 101.3 kPa.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of EPPS buffer on the liquid-liquid equilibria of water-acetic acid and water-propionic acid-MIBK systems were measured at a temperature range of 298.15-318.15 K and atmospheric pressure (P = 0.1 MPa).
Abstract: The capacity of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) containing 5 wt % 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine propanesulfonic acid (EPPS) buffer has been demonstrated to boost the distribution coefficient and separation factor in the extraction process of carboxylic acids (acetic acid or propionic acid). Liquid–liquid extraction is a useful technique for recovering acetic acid and propionic acid from an aqueous fermentation broth. In this study, the effect of EPPS buffer on the liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) of water–acetic acid–MIBK and water–propionic acid–MIBK systems were measured at a temperature range of 298.15–318.15 K and atmospheric pressure (P = 0.1 MPa). The distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S) were calculated at each tie-line, and the reliability of the tie-lines was evaluated using the Othmer–Tobias and Hand plot correlations. With the addition of 5 wt % EPPS in the water–carboxylic acids–MIBK system, the separation factor increased by 7.2 times of the EPPS-free system. The NRTL model predicts the new LLE tie-lines within reasonable accuracy for this quaternary system. By adjusting constituent binary parameters, the NRTL model satisfactorily correlated the liquid–liquid equilibria of the water + acetic acid + MIBK + EPPS and the water + propionic acid + MIBK + EPPS system.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a copper-containing materials based on Ce-and Ca-Nb-mesocellular foam (MCF) silica supports were prepared, characterized and applied as catalysts for gas-phase, reductive condensation of acetone to produce methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK).
Abstract: Copper-containing materials based on Ce- and Ca-Nb-mesocellular foam (MCF) silica supports were prepared, characterized and applied as catalysts for gas-phase, reductive condensation of acetone to produce methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). The properties of the materials as well as the interaction of metal species and their role in the catalytic process were examined by nitrogen physisorption, XRD, XPS, CO 2 -TPD, H 2 -TPR and chemisorption of NO and pyridine combined with FTIR. A synergetic interaction of Cu 2+ , Cu 0 and CeO 2 species incorporated in the MCF support allowed obtaining a Cu/Ce-MCF catalyst yielding 34% of acetone conversion with over 90% MIBK selectivity at 250 ˚C, and the catalyst remained stable during operation for 24 h though with lower catalyst activity but the same selectivity. The obtained catalytic performance is superior to that of Cu/HAP and similar palladium containing-catalyst previously reported in literature.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) was used to evaluate the applicability of potential solvents for 2-phenylethanol recovery from water by calculating the partition coefficient of the solute in the solvent + water biphasic system.
Abstract: An interesting alternative to the chemically produced 2-phenylethanol is its biotechnological synthesis. However, one of the drawbacks of this process is that the synthesized solute is typically toxic (nonbiocompatible) to the producing microorganism in the aqueous phase. Thus, an in situ product removal technique is recommended for separating the product, for instance, by liquid–liquid extraction using a hydrophobic and biocompatible solvent. First, the liquid–liquid equilibrium between 2-phenylethanol + water was measured between 293.15 K and 323.15 K at 101.3 kPa, and modeled with PC-SAFT. Then, life cycle analysis using CHEM21 methodology, experimental data, and the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) were used to evaluate the applicability of potential solvents for 2-phenylethanol recovery from water by calculating the partition coefficient of the solute in the solvent + water biphasic system. The solvents selected were methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 2-octanone, and dibutyl phthalate. Thus, density and viscosity were measured for pure 2-phenylethanol, all the selected solvents, and the binary mixtures of 2-phenylethanol and each solvent. The temperature range for all the measurements was from 293.15 K to 333.15 K at 101.3 kPa. Excess volumes were calculated from the density of mixtures, obtaining negative deviations from ideality for 2-phenylethanol + 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 2-phenylethanol + methyl isobutyl ketone, and 2-phenylethanol + 2-octanone and positive deviations for 2-phenylethanol + dibutyl phthalate. The density was modeled with PC-SAFT and the viscosity with PC-SAFT + entropy scaling. The information on the molecular interactions between 2-phenylethanol and the extracting solvents, provided by the models fed from the performed experiments, allows reducing the further experimental load when designing the in situ extraction process from a fermentation broth.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a new separation process based on dividing wall column, HA-DWC-U, was developed considering the heterogeneous azeotrope with an internal boiling point.
Abstract: Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is an important chemical product used in many fields and is mostly made by the acetone one-step method. It is difficult to extract high-purity MIBK from the reactants where complex azeotropes form, thus leading to traditional MIBK separation process at high energy cost and investments. In this study, a new separation process based on dividing wall column, HA-DWC-U, was developed considering the heterogeneous azeotrope with an internal boiling point. First, thermodynamic research was performed to assure the accuracy of the physical properties. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were compared, of which some model parameters were regressed from experimental data, and two binary parameter data sets were set for the VLE and LLE calculations. Then, steady-state simulation and optimization of the traditional process and HA-DWC-U were performed, in which continuous variables were optimized in the inner loop using the sequential quadratic programing (SQP) method, while discrete variables were optimized in the outer loop using sensitivity analysis method. Remarkable, the results show that HA-DWC-U has obvious advantages over the traditional separation process, including 18.47% savings in total utility cost and 17.86% savings in total annual cost.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2022-Toxics
TL;DR: In this article , the MIBK-DCE (3:1) mixture solvent was used for anionic surfactant (SDS) extraction in a wide range of aquatic samples and it could be used for the development of a new analytical method to replace conventional chloroform.
Abstract: Anionic surfactants (AS) are detrimental aquatic pollutants due to their well-characterized toxicity to aquatic organisms. The concentration of AS in aquatic environments is increasing because of their extensive use in many industries and households. The standard reference method for AS analysis is to determine a methylene blue active substance (MBAS) complex formed between AS and the methylene blue (MB) cation by using chloroform. However, chloroform has a low AS extraction efficiency and other limiting properties, such as a high density and volatility, which make the conventional AS analytical method time-consuming and labor-intensive. In an effort to replace the use of chloroform, this study was carried out to screen novel solvents for their ability to extract AS in water samples. Criteria were based on AS extraction efficiency, physicochemical properties, and the stability of the solvent under different environmental conditions. Organic solvents, such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane, benzene, and n-hexane, were assessed. In extraction of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the mixture of MIBK-DCE (3:1) proved to be an optimum solvent as an alternative to chloroform. It not only enhanced SDS extractability but also improved properties, such as having a lower volatility, a lower density than water, and a quicker phase separation. Among solvents screened, no one single solvent in SDS extraction could meet such criteria. The performance of the MIBK-DCE (3:1) mixture in SDS extraction was stable, irrespective of pH and ionic strength of the SDS solution, washing process, and presence of cations. Anionic interference from halogen and polyatomic and organic anions in SDS extraction by MIBK-DCE (3:1) existed only at an elevated concentration, which is not occurring in the natural aquatic environment. Results demonstrated that a MIBK-DCE (3:1) mixture solvent could be used in AS analysis for a wide range of aquatic samples and it could be the basis for the development of a new analytical method to replace conventional chloroform.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst was developed to produce MIBK with high conversion and selectivity of 77.3% and 72.1%, respectively, at 350 °C and ambient pressure.
Abstract: Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is a highly valuable product in the chemical industry. It is widely used as an extracting agent for heavy metals, antibiotics, and lubricating oils. Generally, MIBK can be produced by three-step and one-step liquid-phase methods. These methods are expensive and energy-demanding due to the high pressure and low conversion of acetone. A novel nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst was developed to produce MIBK with high conversion and selectivity of 77.3% and 72.1%, respectively, at 350 °C and ambient pressure, eliminating the need for high pressure in conventional MIBK processes. This study is the first that proposes a newly developed process of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) production using the low-pressure one-step gas-phase selective hydrogenation of acetone. In this work, a novel process flow diagram has been developed for the production of MIBK using the developed nano-catalyst. The process was heat integrated, resulting in a 26% and a 19.5% reduction in the heating and cooling utilities, respectively, leading to a 12.6% reduction in the total energy demand. An economic analysis was performed to determine the economic feasibility of the developed process, which shows that the process is highly profitable, in which it reduced both the capital and operating costs of MIBK synthesis and showed a return on investment (ROI) of 29.6% with a payback period of 2.2 years. It was found that the ROI could be increased by 18% when the reactor temperature is increased to 350 °C. In addition, the economic sensitivity analysis showed that the process is highly sensitive to product prices and least sensitive to utility prices, which is due to the versatility of the process that requires only a low amount of energy.

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Mar 2022-Toxics
TL;DR: In this paper , a simplified MIBK-DCE (3:1) extractant was proposed for anionic surfactants (AS) analysis in seawater and domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and seawater.
Abstract: Anionic surfactants (AS) are becoming a major emerging contaminant of waters due to their widespread use in household and industrial products. The standard chloroform method for analysis of AS in water relies on chloroform extraction of a methylene blue active substance (MBAS), which contains ion pairs between methylene blue (MB) molecules (positively charged) and AS. Due to the poor extractability of chloroform, the procedure is complicated, time-consuming, and subject to anionic interferences. A mixture of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)–1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) at a 3:1 ratio of MIBK:DCE proved to be a robust solvent for AS extraction for a wide range of samples under various chemical conditions. The objectives of this research were to set the washing protocol to eliminate the anionic interferences in the MIBK-DCE extraction and to develop a new simplified analytical method for AS analysis using the MIBK-DCE (3:1) extractant. The suitability of the proposed MIBK-DCE method was validated based on quality control and assurance criteria, such as selectivity, accuracy, precision, method detection limit (MDL), limit of quantification (LOQ), and sensitivity. Various water samples, such as freshwater, wastewater, and seawater, were used for the method development and validation. Interferences by inorganic and organic anions were evident in the reference chloroform method but were eliminated in the MIBK-DCE procedure with a two-step process that consisted of washing with a carbonate/bicarbonate solution at pH 9.2 and a mixture of silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) and potassium alum (AlK(SO4)2). The simplified MIBK-DCE method for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) analysis consisted of (i) sample pre-treatment, (ii) MIBK-DCE extraction, (iii) washing and filtration, and (iv) absorbance measurement. The MIBK-DCE method was accurate, precise, selective, and sensitive for AS analysis and showed MDL of 0.0001 mg/L, LOQ of 0.0005 mg/L, relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.1%, and recovery of 99.0%. All these criteria were superior to those of the chloroform method. Sensitivity analysis showed highly significant correlations in AS analyses between the MIBK-DCE and chloroform methods for domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and seawater. The MIBK-DCE method is simple, rapid, robust, reproducible, and convenient, when compared to the chloroform method. Results demonstrate that the simplified MIBK-DCE method can be employed for AS analysis in a wide range of environmental waters including seawater.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a new, efficient method for separating trace amounts of Ta(V) from NbV using extraction chromatography with the use of sorbents impregnated with methyl isobutyl ketone MIBK solvent is proposed.
Abstract: Reactor-grade niobium steel is used as a construction material for nuclear reactors. In this case, the presence of tantalum, which is characterized by a 20 times higher active cross section for capturing thermal neutrons than the cross section of niobium (181Ta: 21.3 barn), cannot exceed 100 ppm. Analytical methods for quality and new separation method development control need very pure niobium matrices—niobium compounds with a low tantalum content, which are crucial for preparing matrix reference solutions or certified reference materials (CRMs). Therefore, in this paper, a new, efficient method for separating trace amounts of Ta(V) from Nb(V) using extraction chromatography with the use of sorbents impregnated with methyl isobutyl ketone MIBK solvent is proposed. Various types of MIBK-impregnated sorbents were used (AG® 1-X8 Anion Exchange Resin, AMBERLITE™ IRC120 Na Ion Exchange Resin, SERVACEL® Cellulose Anion Exchangers DEAE 52, active carbons of various grain size, carbonized blackcurrant pomace, carbonized chokeberry pomace, bentonite, and polyurethane foam in lumps). The highest tantalum removal efficiency was determined using active coal-based materials (>97%). The separation effectivity of tantalum from niobium was also determined in dynamic studies using a fixed-bed column with MIBK-impregnated active carbon. Solutions of various Nb:Ta weight ratios (1:1, 100:1, 1000:1) were used. The most impressive result was obtaining 70 mL of high purity niobium solution of tantalum content 0.027 ppm (in relation to Nb) with 88.4% yield of niobium from a solution of Nb:Ta, weight ratio 1000:1 (purge factor equaled 35,000). It proves the presented system to be applicable for preparation of pure niobium compounds with very low contents of tantalum.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jun 2022
TL;DR: The experimental solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was measured using a laser monitoring system in different molar proportions of binary mixed solvents with temperatures changing from 293.15 to 333.15 K under 0.1 MPa as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: The solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was measured using a laser monitoring system in different molar proportions of binary (dimethyl sulfoxide + cyclopentanone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone) mixed solvents with temperatures changing from 293.15 to 333.15 K under 0.1 MPa. The experimental solubility data for FOX-7 were correlated and fitted to thermodynamic models such as van’t Hoff equation, Apelblat equation, van’t Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model, and Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree model. The results show that the solubility of FOX-7 increases with increasing temperature and the dimethyl sulfoxide ratio. The ranking of FOX-7 solubility in (DMSO + selected ketones) mixed solvents is almost identical with the polarity sequence in the corresponding solvents, indicating that polarity is a critical factor influencing the solubility of FOX-7 in the above mixed solvents. Four models can be used to correlate the solubility data commendably. However, the van’t Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model fits the best experimental solubility data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the reactive extraction of mandelic acid from aqueous solutions using tri-n-octylamine extractant at 298.15 K was investigated.
Abstract: Mandelic acid is a valuable chemical that is commonly used in the synthesis of various drugs, in antibacterial products, and as a skin care agent in cosmetics. As it is an important chemical, various methods are used to synthesize and extract this compound. However, the yields of the used processes is not significant. A dilute aqueous solution is obtained when using several production methods, such as a fermentation, etc. In this study, the reactive extraction of mandelic acid from aqueous solutions using tri-n-octylamine extractant at 298.15 K was investigated. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 2-octanone, 1-octanol, n-pentane, octyl acetate, and toluene were used as diluents. The batch extraction results of the mandelic acid experiments were obtained for the development of a process design. Calculations of the loading factor (Z), distribution coefficient (D), and extraction efficiency (E%) were based on the experimental data. The highest separation yield was obtained as 98.13% for 0.458 mol.L−1 of tri-n-octylamine concentration in DMP. The overall extraction constants were analyzed for the complex of acid-amine by the Bizek approach, including K11, K12, and K23.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a microwave assisted choline chloride/1,2-propanediol/methyl isobutyl ketone biphasic system was constructed for pretreating Eucalyptus to the production of furfural and cellulose-rich residues and the extraction of lignin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a direct upgrading of a biomass-derived sorbitol platform to high-value isosorbide esters is proposed for efficient utilization of biomass polyhydroxyl structure, but challenging owing to the tandem nature of the reaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a polyoxometalate (POM) Pickering interfacial catalyst (PIC) was fabricated through loading (NH4)5H6PMo4V8O40 (PMo 4V8), which provided a new catalytic model for aerobic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), as well as its recovery and product separation in H2O/methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) biphase reaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Jul 2022
TL;DR: In this article , an extractive distillation process using acetonitrile (ACN) as main solvent and 10 wt % of ethylenediamine (EDA) or methyl ethyl ketone or ethanol as co-solvent is presented.
Abstract: To separate propylene from propane, whose boiling points are very close, leads to challenges, especially if it is intended to achieve higher energy efficiencies, reduce process expenses, and diminish environmental impacts. Polymer-grade propylene can be obtained through an extractive distillation process, using 90 wt % of acetonitrile (ACN) as main solvent and 10 wt % of ethylenediamine (EDA) or methyl ethyl ketone or ethanol as co-solvent, favoring the separation of propylene with purity greater than 99.60 mol % due to the increase of the relative volatility of propane. Compared to the use of aqueous N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as extraction solvent, ACN-EDA solvents have shown to be able to achieve savings of 8.09 % in total annual cost and 5.95 % in CO2 emissions. The results demonstrate that the extractive distillation process using ACN-EDA can reduce process costs as well as CO2 emissions compared to the same process with aqueous NMP.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the Redlich-Kister equation was used to calculate the excess molar volume (VmE), excess isentropic compressibility (κSE), and excess speed of sound (uE).
Abstract: The densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) were measured for the binary mixtures of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl propyl ketone (MPK), di-ethyl ketone (DEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) mixtures at temperatures (303.15–318.15) K and pressure (P = 0.1 MPa) over the entire composition range. The experimental data were used to derive the excess molar volume (VmE), excess isentropic compressibility (κSE) and excess speed of sound (uE). The calculated excess parameters have been correlated by Redlich-Kister equation. These results have been analysed by different theoretical models such as PFP, CFT and FLT. The effect of alkyl chain length of ketones on the excess properties has been discussed in terms of disruption of H-bonding and dipole–dipole interaction between the components of the mixtures. The thermodynamic results of the present investigation have been correlated with FTIR spectral studies and obtained a good agreement.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , 5-methyl-2-hexanone and di-isobutyl ketone were selected as the extraction agents for separating the azeotrope of ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,2-butanediol (1.2-BDO) by comparing the results of preliminary extraction experiments under 303.15 K and normal pressure.

Journal ArticleDOI
Haipeng Ye, Ji Shao, S.W. Tan, Y. Shi, Kewen Su, L. Zhang 
20 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , a method for the determination of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) in urine samples by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was presented.
Abstract: Objective: To establish a method for the determination of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) in urine samples by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods: Automatic headspace sampling technique was adopted to optimize the headspace conditions (headspace bottle heating temperature and equilibration time) and gas chromatographic conditions. A total of 5 ml samples were taken and added with 3.0 g ammonium sulfate into a 20 ml headspace bottle. After heated at 60 ℃ for 30 mins, gas from the upper part of headspace bottle was injected into gas chromatography with an injection volume of 100 μl. The target was separated by HP-5MS UI (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) capillary column and then detected by mass spectrometry detector. The retention time and external standard method were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of MIBK in samples, respectively. Results: The standard curve of MIBK showed significant linearity between 20.0-1 000.0 μg/L. The standard curve was y=62.9x-652.5, and the correlation coefficient r=0.9998. The detection limit of MIBK was 5.0 μg/L and the quantification limit of MIBK was 16.0 μg/L. The average recovery rate was 95.3%~100.2% at three spiked concentrations of low (50.0 μg/L) , medium (200.0 μg/L) and high (500.0 μg/L) . The intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.7%~3.8% (n=6) and 1.2%~4.0% (n=6) respectively. This method was stable for the determination of MIBK, and the urine could be kept 14 d at -20 ℃ without significantly loss. Conclusion: This method is proved to be simple, practical and highly sensitive. It can satisfy the request for the determination of urine samples of workers exposed to MIBK.

StandardDOI
06 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the properties specified for methyl isobutyl ketone were determined in accordance with the following test methods: apparent specific gravity; color; distillation range; nonvolatile matter; odor; water; acidity; and alcohol and purity.
Abstract: This specification covers methyl isobutyl ketone (99.0 % grade). The properties specified for methyl isobutyl ketone shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: apparent specific gravity; color; distillation range; nonvolatile matter; odor; water; acidity; and alcohol and purity.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the influence of ionic liquids (ILs) with and without metal salt on the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and FUR from different sources of biomass is discussed.
Abstract: Transformation of naturally abundant and sustainable biomass to biobased chemicals has recently received much attention and is appealing. Among various value-added chemicals, furanic compounds represent one of the most important classes of intermediates that can be derived from cellulose and hemicellulose part of biomass and further valorized to a wide variety of products. In line with this the chapter covers the recent development in the production of furanics, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural (FUR), from different sources of biomass. This chapter discusses the influence of ionic liquids (ILs) with and without metal salt on the production of HMF and FUR from various biomass resources. Imidazolium-based ILs are profoundly studied as they can enhance the solubility of lignin and other polysaccharides via hydrogen bonding; however, due to high viscosity of ILs, cosolvents like dimethylacetamide–LiCl or methyl isobutyl ketone–H2O are also employed. Apart from the use of ILs, this chapter also focuses on the effect of mono and biphasic solvent systems in the presence of different homogeneous (e.g., CrCl3) and heterogeneous (e.g., zeolites) catalysts on the yield of HMF and FUR. Biphasic or binary solvent systems (e.g., 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran–water and tetrahydrofuran–water) are usually preferred due to simultaneous production and extraction of formed furanics from the aqueous phase. Further, this chapter also delineates the industrial approach for HMF and FUR productions to a small extent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a highly efficient extractant was proposed to extract phenolic compounds, including polyhydroxyphenols, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and COSMO-RS method.