Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1968"

Policy Maps of City Councils and Policy Outcomes: A Developmental Analysis

Abstract: In spite of common challenges stemming from the common environment shared by all cities in a metropolitan region, continued and even increasing social and economic differentiation among and within cities rather than ho-mogenization and integration are the most significant features of the contemporary metropolitan scene. 1 Cities within the same metropolitan region are not only maintaining but also developing distinct and unique “public life styles.” Urban sociology and urban geography have raised a multitude of questions and given a multitude of answers in seeking to account for the fact that cities facing basically similar challenges from the environment react so differently to these challenges. Most relevant research deals with the problem of differentiation and its effects on the development of cities in terms of historical settlement patterns, economic location and growth, or geographical space distribution. 3 But differences in municipal life styles may also be the result of differences in public policies deliberately pursued by local governments in the metropolitan area. If this is so, the common pressures from the environment are evidently interpreted differently in the process of public decision-making that seeks to cope with them. It would seem, then, that metropolitan cities are in different stages of policy development. Leaving aside momentarily the meaning of “stages of policy development,” we can ask a number of questions that may shed light on the relationship between environmental pressures and public policies designed to meet these pressures.

The Economic Impact of a University on Its Local Community

Abstract: Though major universities exert considerable influence on their communities, the specific dimensions of their economic impact are rarely appreciated. This study of the University of Colorado uses an input-output frameivork to estimate the effects of University operation on the local economy. Estimates are also furnished of University economic influence on the Denver metropolitan area and the state.

Inter-Local Cooperation in a Metropolitan Area: Detroit

Abstract: cooperation provides an economical means for providing services. Yet, the pattern of cooperation in several metropolitan areas indicates that economy is not the major determinant of some cooperation patterns.&dquo; Cooperation may have not only economic, but also social, implications for the participating units of government which restricts them from taking advantage of certain economic arrangements. This paper has four basic purposes: ( 1 ) to examine the amount and pattern of inter-local cooperation for the Detroit Metropolitan

Measuring the locational efficiency of the urban hospital

Abstract: A measure of locational efficiency, the locational imbalance vector (LIVOR) is developed and applied in the analysis of nineteen hospitals which provide medical, surgical, and obstetrical services in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. With only a few exceptions, the locational efficiency of the individual hospitals presently serving the Cincinnati area is found to be quite low. Some possible policy implications of the study's measure of locational efficiency are illustrated and its relation to a larger question, that of explaining the pattern of occupancy pressure in a metropolitan area, is also briefly discussed.

Emerging patterns of urban growth and travel

Abstract: NEW TRANSPORT NEEDS ARE DEVELOPING IN OUR URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO GROWTH AND CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT AND ITS INTRA-METROPOLITAN LOCATION, AS WELL AS THE RELATIVE SHIFT OF METROPOLITAN AREA POPULATION TO THE OUTSIDE CENTRAL PORTIONS OF METROPOLITAN AREAS. CHANGES IN URBAN TRAVEL PATTERNS, TRAVEL DEMAND, AUTO OWNERSHIP, TRAVEL MODE PREFERENCE, AND RAPID TRANSIT ARE DISCUSSED. THE DEMAND FOR URBAN FREEWAYS AND THE ROLE OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT IN THE ECONOMY ARE ANALYZED. FUTURE GROWTH PATTERNS ARE DISCUSSED. A CASE STUDY IS PRESENTED OF THE BOSTON REGIONAL AREA URBAN GROWTH AND CHANGES IN URBAN TRAVEL PATTERNS.

Big city dropouts and illiterates

Abstract: IN THE: TWITED STATES, such credentials of schooling as diplomas and number of years completed have long been important for job and income prospects. Since World Kar II, the symbols of eclucatioii hare become crucial. In 1959, adult, workers with eighth-grade diplomas earned $3,600 a year on the average. Those who went on to high school but withdrew before graduating earned about $4,300. High sc~hool graduates earned about $4,800 on the average that year. The great gap between the income of college graduates and that, of all others suggests that soon not, even the high school diplom:~ will offer much work and income security. Now it is clear that, unemployment, underemployment, unstable prospects in the job market, and ineff’ectual drifting across jobs, are all strongly correlated with withdrawal from high school or junior high scl~ool. Though low educational attainment is linked with mlemployment and nnderen~ployme~lt gen-

Metropolitan Planning and the New Comprehensiveness

Abstract: The kind of comprehensive metropolitan planning that had become “traditional” in the United States by 1967 tended to be physical in scope, detached from decision-making, and technically and administratively primitive. Recent events are producing a “new” practice which, in addition to being politically involved, will have a greatly widened prescriptive scope that spans the total range of metropolitan-scale facilities, services, aids, and regulations. A number of technical imperatives are suggested to meet the operational demands of this “new” practice. They are based on the premise that determinate metropolitan development plans are analytically manageable and politically relevant.

The economic effect of rapid transit on real estate development

Abstract: THE IMPACT OF TORONTO'S RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM IS DISCUSSED. MANY OF NORTH AMERICA'S MAJOR CITIES AND THEIR SURROUNDING SUBURBS ARE BEING STRANGLED BY TRAFFIC AND POISONED BY EXHAUST FUMES, AND THEIR CITIZENS ARE FORCED TO DEVOTE MORE OF THEIR LIVING AND WORKING SPACE TO PARKING LOTS. A BALANCED METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM WITH INEXPENSIVE PUBLIC TRANSIT SERVICE THAT IS FREQUENT, FAST, AND RELIABLE, AND WHICH INDUCES CITIZENS TO LEAVE THEIR CARS AT HOME MUST BE PROVIDED. TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT MUST BE PLANNED JOINTLY. EASE OF ACCESS ENCOURAGED DEVELOPMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT GENERATES MOVEMENT. A PLAN FOR ONE MAKES SENSE ONLY IF INTEGRATED WITH AN APPROPRIATE PLAN FOR THE OTHER. THE MAXIMUM INTEGRATION OF ALL FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION (TRANSIT, TRAIN, CAR, TRUCK, ETC.) MUST BE SOUGHT TO ACHIEVE THE BEST USE OF EACH AND THE BEST OVERALL RESULTS. THE COMBINATION OF A LONG DISTANCE, HIGHSPEED MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (SUCH AS A COMMUTER TRAIN SERVICE) BETWEEN CITY CENTERS, AND AN EXPRESSWAY NETWORK FOR REGIONAL CIRCULATION WILL BE EFFICIENT, ATTRACTIVE, AND FLEXIBLE. IT COULD ACCOMMODATE CONTINUING GROWTH IN OLD AND NEW CITIES BY INCREASING COMMUTER LINE CAPACITY RATHER THAN RELYING ENTIRELY ON NEW EXPRESSWAYS. IN THE LONG RUN, THE COMMUTER TRAIN SYSTEM CAN BE AS IMPORTANT TO THE REGION AS THE SUBWAYS ARE TO THE CENTRAL CITY. /AUTHOR/

Class, ethnicity, and residence in metropolitan America

Abstract: The data indicate that the SES levels of all nativity and ethnic groups are higher in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas. The only exception appears to be that the socioeconomic levels of the 16 percent of all native whites of native parentage and of the 12 percent of all nonwhites in small towns and cities, which are not located within SMSA's but which are urban, are higher than they are in the rural part of the ring of SMSA's.

The Diverging Paths of American Urban History

Abstract: increased interest in urban themes. As succeeding census reports show growing metropolitan areas and as urban problems attract America's attention, the city looms larger and larger. Historians share in the increased awareness of the city; in the years since 1945 the number of urban histories has increased and the number of historians specializing in urban history has grown commensurately.1 The trend at the present seems irreversible; more not less effort will be devoted to the history of the American city. However, urban historians have not yet agreed upon an all embracing theory, one that would provide an organizing principle upon which the history of the city could be based. Several approaches have been suggested; each approach has had its disciples. No single theory has gained the universal approbation of urban historians. Each is based upon different assumptions and value systems; each has its drawbacks and its virtues. The purpose of this essay is to explore the paths that are now most heavily used by scholars of the city. Part of the dilemma of the urban historian is the dilemma of the recent historian, whether to remain a humanist or become a social scientist, whether to turn to aesthethics or to sociology. More specifically, the problem of the urban historian begins with the subject to be studied. Is the historian to study the city or urban civilization?2 Is urban history to attempt the formulation of a general law of urbanization, or is it to essay a comparative study of persisting institutions? Is the city itself the source

Vehicle mileage by road, traffic accidents, and accident rates in Queensland, 1961

Abstract: A new approach has been used in obtaining vehicle miles of travel of various types of road user populations and subpopulations. Using the data from this project, accident rates per vehicle mile were calculated. Results at this stage include involvement rates for both sexes, for different age groups of drivers, and for metropolitan Brisbane and non metropolitan drivers, using metropolitan roads, each classified according to the severity of accident. Other reports will show involvement rates for kinds and age groups of vehicles, for the occupancy of vehicles, for different types of area, different hours of the day, days of the week, and seasons, and also rates of the various combinations of these classifications (A).

The Suburbanization of Manufacturing in Small Metropolitan Areas: a Case Study of Roanoke, Virginia

Abstract: One of the critical factors in the “sprawl” of American cities is the chang­ ing intra-urban pattern of manufacturing establishments. Factories are not only important land users but also, of course, major employment sources. That the locations of manufacturing establishments within an urban complex have major implications for the location of other activities, such as resi­ dences, retail and service outlets, and the transportation network, is apparent although the actual causative relationships are not so obvious. The impli­ cations are generally serious because the lateral expansion of these activities tends to take place more rapidly than does the realignment of political-jurisdictional areas.