Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1970"

Urban Transportation Planning

Abstract: This course will offer an introduction to transportation planning, including both theoretical and practical approaches. This course will provide an understanding of the evolution and role of urban public transportation modes, systems and services. Additional topics will be introduced, depending upon speaker availability. Subjects in general will include characteristics of different modes (rail, bus, and air), scheduling, budgeting, Federal grants, modeling, route design considerations, transit oriented development, public involvement, and project development. While primarily focused upon transportation issues in North America, international transit systems will be used as comparative study cases.

Ekistics, the science of human settlements.

Abstract: \"Ekistics starts with the premise that human settlements are susceptible of systematic investigation\". Constantinos A. Doxiadis SYNOPSIS: In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically develop a science of human settlements. This science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration the principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and quality. The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects human dimensions. Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement.

A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Teacher Selection.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to report some results of applying costeffectiveness analytic techniques to decisions on teacher recruitment and retention. The data are derived from the U.S. Office of Education's Survey of Equal Opportunity for the school year 1965-66. Evidence relating teacher characteristics to student achievement is combined with data on the costs of obtaining teachers with different characteristics. This evaluation suggests that recruiting and retaining teachers with higher verbal scores is five to ten times as effective per dollar of teacher expenditure in raising achievement scores of students as the strategy of obtaining teachers with more experience. Separate estimates are made for black and for white sixth graders in schools of the metropolitan North.

Evaluating the Quality of the Residential Environment

Abstract: This paper attempts to measure systematically the extent of blight in a single metropolitan area. Using a sample of individual dwelling units, the paper first describes a method of quantifying some previously neglected aspects of residential quality and demonstrates that they are highly valued by urban households. Secondly, it illustrates the feasibility of generalizing these quality measurements of sample dwellings to all city blocks using widely available explanatory variables. The analysis finds strong inferential evidence of an important, but elusive, relationship among the level of public services provided to particular dwelling units (police protection and schools), measures of residential quality, and the market's valuation of these units. The models described in this paper relate to an important range of urban renewal questions. For example, they can be used to obtain lower bound estimates of the potential benefits of urban renewal programs.

Suburban Action: Advocate Planning For An Open Society

Abstract: The suburbanization of population and jobs in the metropolitan regions is an accomplished fact Rather than fighting this movement, urban development policy should work with it to assure equal access to suburban land and jobs for all citizens of the regions Suburban Action is an advocate agency engaged in policy discussions with suburban employers, public officials, and private groups and in legal actions aimed at opening the suburbs to blacks and to low and moderate cost housing

Analysis and simulation of urban activity patterns

Abstract: This paper is a report on an on-going effort to use computers for simulating the out-of-the-home activity patterns of the resident households of a metropolitan area over a 24-hour day The first section discusses the conceptual framework proposed for structuring the analysis and simulation of activity patterns and relates both person and household activity patterns to land use and transportation planning The second part discusses some empirical results from preliminary analysis of these activity patterns

Metropolitan Reform in the U. S.: An Overview

Abstract: THE METROPOLITAN PROBLEM, variously defined, has been accorded recognition since the early part of the 20th century, and numerous proposals have been advanced for a restructuring of the system of local government to solve the problem. With relatively few exceptions, reorganization proposals have been rejected by voters who apparently have been influenced more by arguments promising to keep the tax rate low and the government close to the people and free of corruption than by arguments stressing the correction of service inadequacies and the economical and efficient provision of services. Interest in the structural reform of the local government system appeared to reach its peak in the 1950's. Frank C .Moore wrote in 1958 "that more surveys have been initiated in the last five years than in the previous thirty." ' Seventy-nine of the 112 surveys initiated between 1923 and 1957 were

Determinants of Retail Sales in Large Metropolitan Areas, 1954 and 1963

Abstract: This article presents several specifications of a retail sales model to explain the differential sales of retail goods and services in large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 1954 and 1963. Stepwise regression is employed and some hitherto unused regressors such as local government expenditures and taxes are introduced to compare different forms of the model specification. Tests on the stability of the relevant elasticities obtained in the model over time and on the predictive accuracy of this model are performed. The results of these tests support the stable elasticities hypothesis and show very high predictive accuracy for the model.

Interjurisdictional Agreements in Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: The utility of interjurisdictional cooperative efforts to provide public services within metropolitan areas is reassessed through an examination of interjurisdictional agreements in one middle-size metropolitan area, the Quad-City area of Iowa and Illinois. An extensive, complicated cooperative network is found to exist among jurisdictions, involving important public services. Many of the perceived limitations to voluntary cooperation are seen to be less compelling than much of the literature would indicate.

Optimal spatial structure and regional development

Abstract: SUMMARY Given the number and the sizes of business enterprises and their location on a homogeneous plain, the optimal city size from the perspective of the individual firm will be determined by demand and supply conditions. These conditions are in a static framework reduced to agglomeration economies and the cost of infrastructure and administrative urban services. As both vary with city sizes, each firm has to compare the relevant supply and demand prices at different levels and will find its optimal city size at the tangency point of the cost function of urban services with its isoprofit curve. As a next step, one has to find out how many firms have their optimum at each particular city size group. The assumption of a given number of competing firms has then to be relaxed. When the number of the firms settling in a city size group has been determined, it must be translated into population figures, so that it can be seen how many cities would be necessary to lodge all the firms for which the particular size group is optimal. In a second section, the optimal distribution in space is discussed for the cities whose optimal size has been determined. Among the various interactions between cities, the author concentrates on two factors which strengthen the viability and the growth potential of a city: common agglomeration economies enjoyed in the vicinity of a bigger center, and the existence of an economically strong hinterland. The combined effect of these two factors will result in a ‘pessimum distance’ from one center to another. In the last section the author discusses intra-city and inter-firm relationships. He shows the necessity of further research laying particular emphasis on the problems of intra-regional labor mobility, the degree of dispersion of economic activities in a metropolitan area and the costs of changing already existing structures.

Two Newly Created Capitals: Islamabad and Brasilia

Abstract: The new national capitals of Islamabad in Pakistan and Brasilia in Brazil are the result of a similar decision by these two nations to shift governmental functions away from older and more settled regions to lesser developed regions in their interior (see figures I and 2). Since both of these countries are federal states, their commitment to the establishment of a 'created capital'1 in a region with no distinctive claim to individuality is by no means a unique political act.2 States of this type usually contain several regional cores. As a consequence, regional interests are commonly so divergent that no single core has a clear-cut claim to political superiority. Therefore, as Spate points out, 'The device of forming a neutral district, abstracted from the control of any of the states of the federation, and the building therein of a new city devoted specifically to federal administration is an obvious answer to the problem/3 'Created capitals' of the past have been relatively small in size,4 and uni-functional in nature; they invariably have been perceived by government 'decision makers' as small administrative cities rather than as large metropolitan centres capable of becoming primate cities or major regional cores. Devoted almost exclusively to the business of government and located in a part of the state not strongly identified with vested interests or commercial pressure, the 'created capital' has conveyed a feeling of locational and functional neutrality. In this way it has served to allay the fears of those members of the state who tend to equate excessive federal control with large, well-established metropolitan centres of political power. Both Brazil and Pakistan hope to achieve a higher level of national cohesion by rejecting their former capitals of Rio de Janeiro and Karachi for a new capital site. But while Brasilia, in many respects, can be compared with previous 'created capitals', with the emphasis of its planners on administrative functions and restricted urban growth, Islamabad is being developed as a multi-functional capital city which may, in time, become one of the largest cities in Pakistan. A comparative analysis of Brasilia and Islamabad brings into sharp focus the fact that the federal governments of Brazil and Pakistan have envisioned the character of their 'created capital' in quite different perspectives. Although both countries have sought an interior location for their new national capital, the form and function of each is very unlike the other. This study is the result of an attempt to comprehend some of the significant political-spatial factors which have been important in the development of two such widely divergent contemporary approaches to the concept of the 'created capital'.

A New Approach to the Measurements of Urbanization

Abstract: measurement. The defining of an urban population is not an easy task, and different concepts of urban population have been given, such as those proposed by Park, Wirth, Turner, and others.' Unfortunately, the more complex the definition and the greater the number of qualitative characteristics that have to be given a quantitative value, the more difficult it is to measure. As a result, the usual definition tends only to deal with the size of the city or metropolitan area.2 But the problem of urbanization

Snow + (X) = Use of Ski Slopes:

Abstract: What things, other than snow, attract skiers to ski areas? Various combinations of facilities, management practices, and a resort's distance from metropolitan centers are significantly related to total visitor-days per ski area at each of 26 ski resorts in northern New England and New York State. One visitor-day is one skier visiting an area during one day. During a ski season of relatively poor snow accumulation (1964-65), total visitor-days per ski area were closely related to a resort's advertising program. The following winter, when snow was abundant, the total was related to a resort's length of intermediate trails, average driving time from metropolitan centers, percent of trails rolled and packed, and number of instructors employed. A verage annual total visitor-days per ski area for both years were related to a resort's average total advertising budget, driving time from metropolitan centers, and average percent of the advertising budget used for broad coverage advertising (magazines, radio, and television). How well the models developed in this study predict future use at ski resorts still needs to be tested in independent studies. Nonetheless, as descriptive devices that explain 71 to 89 % of the variation in ski-area use, the models suggest relationships between management strategy and use patterns that may be helpful in planning and developing ski areas.

Personal transportation for the poor

Abstract: IT IS ARGUED THAT IN VIEW OF THE PRESENT PATTERN OF URBAN DECENTRALIZATION AND RELIANCE UPON THE AUTOMOBILE FOR TRANSPORTATION WITHIN THE METROPOLITAN AREA, IT WOULD BE ADVISABLE TO REGARD THE AUTOMOBILE AS A TOOL AND PROVIDE OR RENT IT TO THE POOR IN THE SAME MANNER AS TOOL KITS WERE PROVIDED IMMIGRANTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY, WITH REPAYMENT TO BE MADE LATER FROM INCOME EARNED BY USE OF THE TOOLS. TIME AVAILABLE FOR THE WORK TRIP IS TRANSLATED INTO A RADIUS COVERABLE BY AUTO AND PUBLIC TRANSIT, AND THE CIRCLES THUS DEFINED (USING METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON, D.C., AS AN EXAMPLE) ARE REDEFINED AS NUMBERS OF REACHABLE JOBS. DIFFICULTIES IN APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT ARE DISCUSSED, AS IS A TAXI--BUS SERVICE FOR PERSONS WHO CANNOT DRIVE.

Waterfront transformations and city/port interface areas in hamburg

Abstract: Hamburg has had a major transformation at the urban level within the metropolitan region including the increase of people born and immigrants, and to ensure an adequate supply in the market for the growing number of households of one and two peoples and the demand for series of ages between 15 and 30 years that means young people, one must know how to manage public and private budgets. The most important idea is the new concept of urban development in Hamburg which is harnessing the potential of a growing metropolis and so since 2004 where start this forecast, plus the Territorial Vision Hamburg is based on key growth industries city to strengthen its role as an engine of economic dynamics. In Hamburg this development is carried out with a port where there starts all the transformation of assets in the city center. The future space requirements, technical infrastructure and new container terminals and the protection of the environment are a great and costly challenge for the entire city. And specifically beginning of the expansion the "String of Pearls" started in Elbe and Altona. They spent wars and events that the city faced to reach what it is today without neglecting its urban development for the entire benefit of the population.

Validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Test for White and Negro Students in a Southern City.

Abstract: DURING the school year, 1968-1969, the achievement of approximately 450 first grade children in the Gulfport (Mississippi) Municipal Separate School District was carefully monitored in connection with a federally financed project to study the enhancement of educational conditions. Known as the Gulfport Project, this study involved 20 classrooms, 10 operating under enhanced conditions and 10 comparative. A technical report outlining the procedures and detailing the outcomes of the Gulfport Project is available to interested readers.2 One of these outcomes is an evaluation of the predictive or criterion-related validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT), which suggests differences according to race. This paper examines this evaluation in greater detail and presents data not shown in the technical report. Correlations between scores on tests of the MRT and various criteria are shown along with results of factor analyses of these and other relevant variables. Data collection. The MRT, Form A, was administered to all