Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1971"

Jurisdictional Fragmentation and Residential Choice

Abstract: completely from the question of why households decide to live within a particular jurisdiction. Although we have no satisfactory thleory of urban local government, economists have not been reluctant to propose reforms in existing institutions. Advocates of metropolitan government suggest that decisions must be made at the metropolitan level if externalities are to be internalized and economies of scale realized. Tn contrast, the proponents of decentralization argue that further political fragmentation is required in order to provide greater variety in local public services. The only consensus, if any exists at all, is that present institutions of local government are inefficient. However, nowhere in the literature do we find an explanation of why, in view of this inefficiency, change is so rare. Annexations to the cen-tral city, relatively common at the turn of the century, ceased rather abruptly in most metropolitan areas after 1918. Subdivision of the larger political jurisdictions in our metropolitan areas does not appear at all likely. Thus, it seeins reasonab)le to ask of an adequate theory of metropolitan political economy an answer to the question: why are existing jurisdictional bourndaries so impervious to change? To answer this question we must investigate the impact of local governmental structure not only on allocative efficiency but on the extent of redistribution from rich to poor as well. In a recent study of suburbs in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, Williams, et al. [5] report that, when heavy expenditures were involved, wealthy communities were unwilling to enter into cooperative agreements with less wealthy communities. Only when their wealth was about the same would cities agree to engage in a jointly financed program. Across the United States, proposals for nietro-

Some ecological differentials in the use of medical services.

Abstract: Patterns of travel to medical care facilities are investigated to determine the extent to which a sample of urban residents used the facilities nearest their homes, and to explore some social and location variables associated with their deviation from minimal travel Distance and direction of travel to various medical facilities by selected residents in the Cleveland metropolitan area are analyzed by education, income, color, sector of residence, and variables pertaining to the basis of choice of facility

A Note on John Kain's “Housing Segregation, Negro Employment and Metropolitan Decentralization”

Abstract: I. Theory, 147.—II. Empirical results, 149.—III. Summary and conclusions, 155.—Appendix: Economic rationalisation for the nonlinear reduced form, 158.

On the Correlation between Metropolitan Area In- and Out-Migration by Occupation

Abstract: United States and Canadian Census data agree in showing a marked similarity in occupational structure between in-migration and out-migration for metropolitan areas, using either migration ratios or the actual numbers of migrants. Possible reasons for this finding, as well as various defects in the Census data as a source of information on the occupational characteristics of migrants, are noted.

Demand management through responsive pricing

Abstract: SINCE water the needs turn of of metropolitan the century, areas the water needs of metropolitan ar as have been met through the construction of increasingly large and complex supply facilities. At present, there are no signs that this expansionist trend will be reversed or even dampened. In the West, more than one plan for transferring water between river basins has been proposed in recent years, and several of these have transcontinental dimensions.1 The northeastern United States has experienced a drought of major proportions in the past decade, an experience that has resulted in much concern and that could produce proposals for premature expenditures to insure future water supply.2 Both absolute and relative costs associated with these facilities and proposals have been rapidly increasing, and will continue to increase.3 A major cause of increasing costs is the fact that streamflows are negatively correlated with seasonal demands. Hence, additional over-the-season storage is needed as water demands increase.

Civilizing American Cities: Writings On City Landscapes

Abstract: * Introduction by S. B. Sutton Expanding Cities: Random versus Organized Growth * The Structure of Cities: A Historical View * The Misfortunes of New York * Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns City Parks and Improved Use of Metropolitan Spaces * San Francisco, 1866: A City in Search of Identity * Buffalo: A Lakeshore Park and Pleasing Parkways * Chicago: Taming the Waterfront * Montreal: A Mountaintop Park and Some Thoughts on Art and Nature * Boston: Parks and Parkwaysa Green Ribbon Suburban Solutions * Berkeley: A University Community * Riverside, Illinois: A Planned Community near Chicago

Household Location Patterns in American Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: (1971). Household Location Patterns in American Metropolitan Areas. Economic Geography: Vol. 47, COMPARATIVE FACTORIAL ECOLOGY, pp. 234-248.

The Social Organization of an Urban Samoan Community

Abstract: The urbanization experience of Samoans in a West Coast metropolitan area provides an unusual example of a non-Western village people who have adapted with relative ease to the demands of urban life. A major factor contributing to their adaptation is the retention of a social system characterized by the traditional units and affective ties of the little community, modified to assist its members with the instrumental functions necessary for urban survival. The chief social units discussed are the extended family and the various Samoan Christian churches. It is suggested that the overlapping bonds deriving from kinship, church, and ethnic-linked occupations are so pervasive as to constitute a functional little community within the city.

Cost of Residential Solid Waste Collection

Abstract: Governmental decision-making in metropolitan areas is becoming increasingly concerned with finding comprehensive solutions to area-wide problems. Development of an adequate urban solid waste management system for residential solid waste collection is such a problem. Although solid waste services offered by various civil subdivisions in a metropolitan area may be widely divergent, the factors influencing this service are similar. For example, within a given metropolitan area one town may offer twice-a-week, rear-of-the house collection service, while another town may offer once-a-week curb service. To analyze these two different systems on a metropolitan-wide basis, it is necessary to develop appropriate analytical tools. One possibility for analyzing these factors is to apply regression analysis to economic and operational data related to solid waste collection in a given metropolitan area. This technique is applied to such an area, and the relevant factors influencing solid waste collection are determined.

Location trends of specialist services

Abstract: Schiller R. K. (1971) Location trends of specialist services, Reg. Studies 5, 1–10. Evidence is produced to show that specialist services in the Outer Metropolitan Area, around London, are less centrally located than would be expected by current theory. High income, car ownership and population dispersal are suggested as causes. It is argued that specialist services will tend to polarize in future between non-central locations serving car-based local consumers, and metropolitan CBDs serving public transport-based commuters, tourists and distant visitors.

Snow + (X) = Use of Ski Slopes

Abstract: What things, other than snow, attract skiers to ski areas? Various combinations of facilities, management practices, and a resort's distance from metropolitan centers are significantly related to total visitor-days per ski area at each of 26 ski resorts in northern New England and New York State. One visitor-day is one skier visiting an area during one day. During a ski season of relatively poor snow accumulation (1964-65), total visitor-days per ski area were closely related to a resort's advertising program. The following winter, when snow was abundant, the total was related to a resort's length of intermediate trails, average driving time from metropolitan centers, percent of trails rolled and packed, and number of instructors employed. A verage annual total visitor-days per ski area for both years were related to a resort's average total advertising budget, driving time from metropolitan centers, and average percent of the advertising budget used for broad coverage advertising (magazines, radio, and television). How well the models developed in this study predict future use at ski resorts still needs to be tested in independent studies. Nonetheless, as descriptive devices that explain 71 to 89 % of the variation in ski-area use, the models suggest relationships between management strategy and use patterns that may be helpful in planning and developing ski areas.

Metropolitan Area Schools: Resistance to District Reorganization:

Abstract: of many of the political, social, and economic factors which influence educational policy decisions. The book deserves wide reading because of the present focus on the problems of public education and it contains important guidelines for both proponents and opponents of district reorganization. It may well become the ‘ntnnual’ for developing pro and con campaigns in communities across the nation.” --The Western Political Quarterly