Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1978"

An explicit model of intra-metropolitan mobility.

Abstract: The study of local residential mobility is important from several perspectives. First moving behavior provides insight into the dynamics of individual choice and the timing of adjustment for the single most important component of consumer expenditures. Additionally household mobility has a direct impact upon the evolving spatial structure of urban areas and results in marginal changes in land use patterns and in the spatial distribution of sociodemographic groups. In fact this latter implication of mobility has motivated a variety of studies by urban planners and transportation economists who have a practical interest in the aggregate outcomes of household mobility. Some of the outcomes of mobility are commonly observed and widely reported-the postwar decentralization of metropolitan areas and the process of neighborhood change and decline in central cities. Unfortunately our understanding of the household mobility decision itself remains quite rudimentary. (excerpt)

Perception of neighborhoods by city and suburban residents

Abstract: A number of neighborhood studies have supported the view that urban areas are a mosaic of local communities or neighborhoods with clear boundaries and a high degree of identity. However, many of these studies are based on highly identifiable innercity natural areas in large metropolitan centers; thus, the generalizability of these findings is limited. Two studies broadened the investigation of these issues by looking at neighborhood perceptions of residents living in relatively undifferentiated innercity, outercity, and suburban areas of a middle-sized metropolitan area. In both studies, residents were asked to draw and describe their neighborhood. The first study (N=72) indicated that the content of neighborhood images differed by area of the city: city residents ascribed the same number of positive characteristics, but more negative characteristics to their neighborhood than did suburban residents. Moreover, suburban residents in both studies drew neighborhoods that were substantially larger than the innercity neighborhoods. The second study, conducted with 24 immediate neighbors from the inner city and suburb, indicated that in both areas there was a high degree of agreement among neighbors on the neighborhood limits, but little consensus on a neighborhood name. These results support and extend the local community model of neighborhoods: From city to suburb the imagability of neighborhood does not differ; it is both high and consensual. But the content of the image does change; suburban neighborhoods are seen as larger and less negative.

The journey to work

Abstract: This book provides a systematic description of work travel in an Australian city. The pattern of journeys is analysed by occupation, by sex and for the different parts of the metropolitan area. Comprehensive data collected at the 1971 census and in the course of the Sydney area transportation study is used to discuss a number of important policy options. Conclusions are discussed as of two different kinds: those which summarise the distribution of employment opportunities and people's response to them, and those which have implications for public policy affecting the location of jobs and investments in transport facilities.

Socioeconomic differentials in selected causes of death.

Abstract: The areal approach utilized in mortality analysis for cities in the past is argued to be fruitful for suburban mortality analysis as well. Through factor analysis of four Census Tract indicators, weighted scores were computed and socioeconomic groups were constructed for each central city and each suburban area for three selected metropolitan areas: Birmingham, AL, Buffalo, NY, and Indianapolis, IN. Mortality rates from Heart Diseases, Malignant Neoplasms, and All Other Causes of death were found to be inversely associated with socioeconomic status in both the central cities and the suburban communities of these selected metropolitan areas. Evidence points to increasing socioeconomic differentials between 1960 and 1970 especially for males for the central cities and for suburban rings in spite of reductions in mortality during this period.

Disaggregate travel demand models for the san francisco bay area. system structure, component models, and application procedures

Abstract: Significant advances have recently been made in developing and applying disaggregate behavioral travel demand models to many aspects of urban travel decisions. What has not previously been developed is a full set of urban models integrated into a complete forecasting system for use by a metropolitan planning organization. The purpose of this paper is to describe the first such system, which was developed for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, the designated metropolitan planning organization for the San Francisco area. First, the background of the current modeling project is briefly set out, followed by a description of the structure of the model system. The model development process--estimation, prediction testing, and validation--is described, and two computerized model application procedures--a regional network analysis system compatible with available urban transportation planning packages and a generalized policy analysis system based on random sample forecasting--are presented. Conclusions concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the system of disaggregate models are presented. /Authors/

Income Distribution, City Size, and Urban Growth

Abstract: The relationship between city size, urban growth, and the metropolitan income distribution is discussed in this paper. Drawing on basic economic theory we develop the 'monopoly' hypothesis which su...

Inner metropolitan industrial change, enterprise structures and policy issues: Case studies of Manchester and Merseyside

Abstract: Dicken P. and Lloyd P. E. (1978) Inner metropolitan industrial change, enterprise structures and policy issues: case studies of Manchester and Merseyside, Reg. Studies 12, 181–197. Industrial policy in the inner city emphasises the crucial role of small and medium sized local firms. In this paper the enterprise structures of two inner areas, Manchester and Merseyside, are examined in the context of observed industrial change at the establishment level between 1966 and 1975. The enterprise structure of the two areas in both years is identified in the light of a conceptual framework which classifies changes at the plant level into key enterprise categories based upon the locus of control. The major components of industrial change for each area are examined in terms of the contributions made by single and multi-plant firms and by ownership change. The position of inner city plants in single and multi-plant corporate structures is discussed in relation to possible future policies toward inner city areas.

The new pattern of nonmetropolitan population change.

Abstract: There is recent evidence in the U.S. of a new pattern of nonmetropolitan population change. Remote areas are growing more rapidly and gaining net migrants at a higher rate than is the metropolitan territory. The new pattern of redistribution is examined by comparing population changes according to residence in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas for 3 periods between 1950 and 1974. Specific residence subgroups geographic subregions and selected factors associated with differential growth and migration are considered. The basic units in the inquiry are 3100 counties and county equivalents that include the entire U.S. population. Only those counties not in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) were treated as nonmetropolitan. The number of inhabitants in each county were recorded for 1950 1960 and 1970 from published census sources. For the period since the 1970 Census the Bureau of the Census Federal-State cooperative series of county estimates published yearly is the best source of population data. The recent reversal of long-term population trends is demonstrated by the growth of nonmetropolitan population of over 5.6% between April 1970 and July 1974 compared with about 3.4% in metropolitan counties. In the 1950s over 6 million people left the counties that were nonmetropolitan as of 1974. Increased retension is evident in the 1960s when the amount of outmigration was more than halved. In the 1970-1974 period there was a net migration of over 1.6 million to nonmetropolitan counties. Over the 24 years the numbers of migrants into metropolitan areas declined steadily. The U.S. is in a period of markedly reduced growth for its major metropolitan areas and of demographic revival for most of its rural and small town areas. The net movement into the nonmetropolitan areas is now as rapid as the movement out of them was in the 1960s. Noneconomic factors are playing a significant role in the new trend.

Traffic restraint in Singapore

Abstract: The impacts of Singapore's Area License Scheme were assessed. Travel behavior interviews were conducted, interview surveys were made of business conditions and public opinions, and observations were made of pedestrian movements and air pollution. The key concept underlying the Area License Scheme is that a special supplementary license must be obtained and displayed if a motorist wishes to enter a designated area within which congestion is to be reduced. Beneficial consequences of the program include ease of crossing streets for pedestrians, cleaner air, and people's perceptions that downtown Singapore has improved. One factor contributing to the program's success is competent management. This management fosters comprehensive policy making and planning for all aspects of transport in the metropolitan area. Detailed provision for issuance of licenses, erecting signs on the approaches, and enforcing the rules also contributed to success. Advance education of the public as to the reason for the scheme, its expected benefits, and its anticipated operation was useful in preparing the groundwork for the scheme. The possibility of implementing area pricing schemes in other cities has to be judged on a case by case basis. 4 references.

Energy-Price Effects on Metropolitan Spatial Structure and Form

Abstract: This paper is concerned with possible changes in the metropolitan structure and form under conditions of energy-conservation efforts by households and firms. Across-the-board increases in energy prices, combined with the on-going process of employment relocation from the central city to the suburban ring of metropolitan areas, could lead to major, and potentially more energy-conserving spatial reorganizations. By use of a utility analysis of the residential location decision by households, this reorganization is shown to take the form of a multinucleated urban system with a number of strong urban nuclei playing rhe role of employment centers for the suburban residential area surrounding them.

Variations in Social Quality of Life Indicators in Medium Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: . The basic objective of this paper is to develop a systematic model by which a series of social indicators can be constructed to reflect variations in the social quality of life (QOL) among the medium metropolitan areas. Statistical data which are logically representative of the indicators were collected for the 83 medium metropolitan areas with populations between 200,000 and 500,000 in 1970. More than 50 variables were evaluated under these critical social components: individual concerns, individual equality and community living conditions. The standardized “Z” score method was employed to compute, based on 1970 data, the index for each of the social QOL indicators. The 83 SMSAs were then rated by the indexes. These indexes will help decision makers to identify their regional weaknesses and strengths in comparison to others so that appropriate action can be taken toward the improvement of social QOL in those areas.

The urban distribution of headquarters and branch plants in manufacturing: mechanisms of metropolitan dominance

Abstract: The proposition that ties between home offices and branch plants constitute a form of metropolitan dominance is evaluated by examining the dependence of these two forms of manufacturing organization on selected characteristics of the 110 largest SMSAs. The predictor variables in the analysis are measures of industry composition, population size, and regional location, factors which past research has shown to be indicators of rank in an urban hierarchy of dominance. The data generally support the hypothesis in revealing that headquarters locate in large, diversified urban areas, whereas branch plant employment is highest in small, economically specialized places. Both headquarters and branch plant activity proved to be associated with the percent of the SMSA labor force employed in manufacturing, however. The suggestion drawn from earlier studies, that specialization in metropolitan financial-commercial functions should be related to the headquarters’ presence, receives only mixed and ambiguous support in this investigation.

The Organizational Structure of Newspapers in Relation to Their Metropolitan Environments.

Abstract: September 1978, volume 23 Data for 72 major metropolitan newspapers are analyzed relating structural differentiation of news organizations to their metropolitan environments. Two measures of differentiation, the distribution of staff and functional divisions within staff, correlate with indicators representing task dimensions of the environment the sources of news and fiscal support, audience market structure, and degree of competition within metropolitan communities although there are slight differences in the pattern of correlates. Data also indicate that when competition is absent, the relationship between newspapers and consumer markets becomes attenuated.

A Model for Expansion Planning of Transmission Systems A Practical Application Example

Abstract: This paper presents a model for transmission planning as well as its application to the 230 KV underground network for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.

Regional Multiplier Analysis: A Demometric Approach

Abstract: This paper reports on the design and testing of an adequate framework for conducting regional multiplier studies in areas experiencing rapid population growth. It puts forward the demometric approach, one that applies econometric methods to the analysis of demoeconomic growth. Two alternative models are proposed here. The first is an aggregate model presenting a demometric revision of the traditional economic-base model. The second model, an enlarged version of the first, is characterized by a breakdown of economic activities into nine major sectors. Both models are fitted to data for the rapidly growing metropolitan area of Tucson, Arizona, USA. They are then used to derive tentative impact and dynamic multipliers which substantiate the role of households as consumers and suppliers of labor in the development of the Tucson Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). The major finding is that, for the same level of resources, the second model yields better policy implications than the modified (and therefore also than the traditional) economic-base model.

Annexation as a factor in the growth of U.S. cities, 1950--1960 and 1960--1970.

Abstract: The incidence of annexation, the growth in the original area and in the area annexed, and the proportion of growth due to annexation between 1950 and 1970 are analyzed for U.S. cities grouped by size, metropolitan status, and region of the country. Over this period, annexation was a principal means of population growth for incorporated places outside the Northeast. Though often associated with metropolitan growth, annexation was even more important in the growth of nonmetropolitan cities. Overall growth differences by size of place, metropolitan status, and decade (1950–1960 or 1960–1970) could not be explained by the incidence and nature of annexation.

Crime Attraction and Deterrence in Small Communities: Theory and Results:

Abstract: This study analyzes the distribution of property crimes among small communities within a metropolitan area. We have tested whether a pool of criminals operating within a metropolitan area allocates...

The changing residential role of the inner city: the example of inner Melbourne

Abstract: Summary The inner sections of most large metropolitan regions increasingly are becoming areas of concern. The combination of ageing and obsolescent facilities with falling population numbers and high turnover rates is being seen to threaten the future viability of the inner region, particularly in terms of a residential function. This paper looks at recent trends in the inner city of Melbourne and finds that while significant changes are occurring in both population and dwelling units, their nature suggests an upgrading rather than a downgrading of the inner city.

Housing Prices and Housing Preferences in Israel

Abstract: Israel's housing market differs from other countries in that most of the urban population lives in owner-occupied apartments in multi-family buildings. This paper is concerned with the implications of this situation for housing preferences. The study is based on the prices of a sample of apartments offered for sale in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. Using multiple regression analysis hedonic price indexes were obtained for a large number of characteristics of the apartment, the building, adjacent properties, the neighbourhood and the location in the metropolitan area. It was found that a premium is paid for characteristics which facilitate maintenance and for features which serve as indicators for the social composition of the neighbours and their attitudes.

Exclusionary Zoning and Open Housing: A Brief Judicial History

Abstract: IN THE past thirty years metropolitan areas in the United States have undergone dramatic changes in their spatial structure as a result of the dispersal and suburbanization of both housing and jobs. Although the suburbs now contain more people than either central cities or rural areas, growth and migration have been highly selective. Middleand upper-income families, corporate offices, and the least noxious forms of manufacturing and trade have been moving out to the surburbs in increasing numbers. Lower-income and minority families, on the other hand, have remained in the central cities, where they compete in stagnating markets for jobs and housing. This has left city governments with the challenge of financing increasingly expensive public services from shrinking tax bases. The suburbs have tried to avoid these urban problems, for which they are partly responsible, by instituting measures to prevent taxdraining activities from following those that pay their way. These measures attempt to exclude all land uses that do not generate more in real property tax revenues than they consume in expenditures for public services. The National Commission on Urban Problems clearly identified the range of these exclusionary devices available to incorporated communities in 1968.' It included large-lot zoning, the exclusion of multiple-dwelling units, specifications for minimum house-size requirements, the exclusion of mobile homes, and the establishment of excessive subdivision requirements, to which should be added slow-growth and no-growth ordinances. The general effect of all of these devices has been to increase the cost of development and consequently the price of housing. Thus it has been argued that exclusionary practices, particularly zoning, constitute one of the major factors responsible for limiting the dispersal of lowand moderate-income families into suburban areas. These activities have come under increasing judicial attack in recent years, with suburban neighborhoods clearly segregated on the basis of income, social class, and color being cited as prima facie evidence of the exclusionary nature of local land use control.2 In this paper I shall provide an overview of the development of land use controls at the