Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1982"

Crime Rate and Social Integration The Impact of Metropolitan Mobility

Abstract: This article examines the effect of residential mobility on the crime rates of the 65 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the country Mobility variables and population size are found to be better predictors of some crimes than measures traditionally used to measure the opportunity structure A contextual interpretation of the mobility/crime rate relationship is posited High rates of mobility are believed to negatively affect social integration, which decreases the effectiveness of community informal control mechanisms

The Urban Quality of Life and Entrepreneurship

Abstract: This paper examines the influence of quality of life on entrepreneurial activity in 70 urban metropolitan areas. Economic and health/educational quality of life were found to have a positive impact...

A Model of Labour-Market Interdependencies in the London Region

Abstract: This paper develops an approach to the analysis of labour markets in a metropolitan region, emphasising the interdependencies between submarket areas arising from housing-related as well as employment-related migration and from induced shifts in commuting patterns. Three distinct migration streams with differing sensitivity to distance are identified and separately incorporated in a simultaneous equation model in which employment growth, unemployment, house construction, and house prices are also endogenous. Results are presented for estimation of this eleven-equation model with cross-sectional data for seventy-one areas in inner London, outer London, and the Outer Metropolitan Area. Important linkages are identified between the availability of rentable accommodation, labour migration and thus unemployment, between long-distance migration, and rates of private construction both in the areas of original destination and subsequent dispersal, and between intrametropolitan housing-related moves and the conseq...

Changing families and changing mobility: their impact on the central city

Abstract: Urban scholars and planners look to evidence of recent gains in the number of nontraditional households as a potential source of increase to the population sizes and tax bases of declining central cities. While it is now well established that substantial gains in the numbers of small, nontraditional households have occurred since the 1950s, it has not been demonstrated that: (a) these households are more likely to relocate in the city than traditional family households (husband-wife with children under 18); or (b) their cityward relocation patterns will significantly alter trends toward smaller city household populations. This paper addresses these questions by examining changes in city-suburb migration stream rates by household type over periods 1955-60, 1965-70 and 1970-75 for large metropolitan areas, and assesses their implications for potential changes in the aggregate sizes of city household populations.

Travel to work and labor force participation of men and women in an australian metropolitan area

Abstract: For a number of social and cultural reasons, labor force participation rates of Australian women are low. One reason not previously investigated is the problem of geographic accessibility to employment, especially for suburban women. Results from journey-to-work studies show that females either work locally or in the central-city area, whereas males travel to more dispersed locations. Further investigation of female travel patterns from each of fifty-five suburban local government areas shows that the socioeconomic status of an area, together with its job mix, explains much variety in female work travel and suggests that workforce participation rates depend in part on local job availability. The research contributes to an understanding of the nature of occupational and geographical disaggregation of the Melbourne metropolitan labor market.

Production System Dynamics and Metropolitan Development

Abstract: . This paper offers an analysis of the complex interrelationships between metropolitan development in the United States and the logic and dynamics of the system of economic production. The argument begins with a brief historical review of U.S. metropolitan growth and change since the end of the last century. Following this is a discussion of the recent reversal in the broad pattern of metropolitan expansion over the past several decades. The resulting dispersal of productive activity to suburban and nonmetropolitan areas has now become one of the dominant processes shaping the contemporary economic landscape. This process of dispersal is explained in terms of a theory of capital deepening, restructuring, and reorganization of productive activities. Accompanying this dispersal, a new spatial division of labor of considerable geographical significance has emerged. The paper concludes with a restatement of the developmental logic of the U.S. metropolitan system as a predicament-laden outcome of the l...

Repopulating the countryside: a 1980 census trend.

Abstract: Census data confirm that in the 19709s population grew more rapidly outside than inside metropolitan territory, reversing a historic pattern. The new data reveal that the dispersion of population growth beyond metropolitan areas was not so much a movement to small towns as a movement to the open countryside. The trends appear strong enough to suggest a new shift toward rural life-styles.

New York, the politics of urban regional development

Abstract: This volume is the fourth in the Franklin K. Lane series on the governance of major metropolitan regions. The series is sponsored by the Institute of Governmental Studies and the Institute of International Studies, University of California in Berkeley. Readers of these volumes and other relevant literature will no doubt agree with the authors of this book that similar patterns are found in New York, London, Toronto, Stockholm, and indeed in "every other major metropolitan region in the United States and in other advanced industrial societies." The presence of such common factors and trends, although they assume different configurations in various metropolitan regions, has been demonstrated by the work of many scholars, including Peter Hall, Brian Berry, Marion Clawson, Jean Gottmann, Larry Bourne and William Robson, as well as by the authors of the other Franklin K. Lane books-Donald Foley, Albert Rose and Thomas Anton. In the present volume Michael Danielson and Jameson Doig have described and analyzed the cultural, economic, political and other social forces shaping development in the New York region. They present a picture of a region singular in its attractions, problems, geographic scope, magnitude of development, and complexity of the network of organizations involved in its governance.

Federal R and D Spending in the United States of America: Some impacts on metropolitan economies

Abstract: Malecki E. J. (1982) Federal R & D Spending in the Unitd States of America: some impacts on metropolitan economies, Reg. Studies 16, 19–35. Government R and D spending in the United States of America is highly concentrated in a small number of metropolitan areas. The effects of this spending are conceptualized in the context of technological change, and in terms of local income effects, agglomeration and spin-off processes, and inter-urban subcontracting linkages. Description of the location pattern of federal R and D spending reveals a highly agglomerated pattern in a few specialized urban regions. Inter-urban linkages through subcontracting for R and D tend to link fewer urban areas than do non-R and D linkages, reinforcing the concentrated pattern. Income change in metropolitan regions appears to be negatively influenced by federal R and D, suggesting that positive local effects are more likely derived from the more complex processes of agglomeration and spin-off.

Metropolitan Function and Interdependence in the U.S. Urban System

Abstract: Central to the ecological theory of urban systems is the notion of a territorial division of labor based on differentiation and interdependence and mediated by large urban centers performing metropolitan, i.e., control and coordination, functions. The hypothesis of a positive relationship between performance of metropolitan functions and extensiveness of involvement in the web of interdependence (the latter measured by volume and variety of trade flows and the number of exchange linkages), is here tested directly for the first time. The vertical (metropolitan) dimension of functional differentiation is found to be closely associated with the extensiveness of trade interdependence, but the relationship varies by product type and city size. It is widely recognized that in heavily urbanized societies, characterized by well-developed transportation and communications networks, individual communities do not exist in isolation, but are involved in a larger system of functionally differentiated local populations (Duncan et al.; Hawley, a). The functional aspects of urban systems have often been studied in connection with the development of the metropolitan economy (Bean et al.; Duncan and Lieberson; Duncan et al.; Sutker) and in developing typologies of local functional specializations (Duncan and Reiss; Kass, a). But the structural differentiation of populations as they mediate intercommunity trade has been the subject of only limited investigation-even though evidence suggests that hierarchical position is a useful explanatory tool with respect to various social, economic, and demographic characteristics

The Government of Victorian London, 1855-1889: The Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries, and the City Corporation

Abstract: Of all the major cities of Britain, London, the world metropolis, was the last to acquire a modern municipal government. Its antiquated administrative system led to repeated crises as the population doubled within a few decades and reached more than two million in the 1840s. Essential services such as sanitation, water supply, street paving and lighting, relief of the poor, and maintenance of the peace were managed by the vestries of ninety-odd parishes or precincts plus divers ad hoc authorities or commissions. In 1855, with the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works, the groundwork began to be laid for a rational municipal government. Owen tells in absorbing detail the story of the operations of the Metropolitan Board of Works, its political and other problems, and its limited but significant accomplishments--including the laying down of 83 miles of sewers and the building of the Thames Embankments--before it was replaced in 1889 by the London County Council. His account, based on extensive archival research, is balanced, judicious, lucid, often witty and always urbane.

Metropolitan areas as redistributors of population

Abstract: It is argued that the spatial patterns of place-ties collectively held by potential metropolitan-to-nonmetropolitan migrants are broader than those held by potential nonmetropol itan-to-metropol itan migrants. Consistent with this argu ment, it is hypothesized that metropolitan migration fields are asymmetrical , i.e., out-migration fields are more cosmopolitan than in-migration fields for the period 1965-1 970 within the United States. The hypothesis is accepted generally, and the asymmetry is found to be greatest for the largest metropolitan areas, some of which were also experiencing net out-migration during the period. It is concluded that the micro-level concept of place-ties and the macro-level concept of migration fields are important inputs to the understanding of population redistribution patterns.

Fiscal Migration and the London Boroughs

Abstract: An amended version of the Aronson-Schwartz model and a more detailed econometric model are used to test the proposition that population movements within the London metropolitan area are related to the 'value-for-money' provided by local authorities. Both approaches reveal evidence of a significant relationship, which has a variety of implications for policy towards local government finance.

The U.S. Metropolitan System: Regional Change, 1950-1970

Abstract: This article confronts three persistent problems in the analysis of the U.S. urban system by (a) employing a continuous, rather than a discrete, classification scheme that (b) has been replicated successfully for three time periods to (c) describe regional variations and changes in the U.S. metropolitan system from 1950 to 1970. Two fundamental dimensions describe the system in 1950, 1960, and 1970; an industry structure (manufacturing-service) continuum and a financial-commercial hierarchy. Familiar regional variations in the structure of metropolitan areas are summarized by these dimensions. Unique to this analysis is a description of clear regional changes in the metropolitan system from 1950 to 1970. Northeastern SMSAs became more service oriented, North Central SMSAs became more manufacturing oriented and less financially dominant, and Southern SMSAs increased dramatically in their degree of financial-commercial dominance. Theoretical interpretations of these regional shifts are discussed.

Health Promotion, Health Education and Prevention at Metropolitan Insurance Companies:

Abstract: Today most Americans receive health benefits from employers in the private sector. These benefits represent a vital form of support for active employees, retirees and their dependents. But health promotion programs are fast becoming a popular related benefit as another form of support at the worksite itself. The decade of the eighties i s a time ripe for the growth of health promotion. That phrase is certainly in vogue, as government and private industry emphasize the potential for health cost containment through worksite health promotion programs. Such programs have proliferated during the last several years in myriad variations among larger corporations, and Metropolitan persists as an innovator in the field with one of the most comprehensive programs yet developed. Metropolitan Life began health promotion in 1871, with a series of health and safety messages in company periodicals circulated to employees and policy holders. That first step started a tradition of action in health at Metropolitan that can be traced from i t s origins to the present day. The company’s Welfare Division (forerunner of the current Health and Safety Education Division) was established in 1909 along with a visiting nurse service for policyholders, the first service of i t s kind in private industry. Sustained through 44 years of 100 million nursing visits to more than 20 million policyholders and employees, the program continued until community nursing services became widely available in the United States during the early 1950s. In 1913 Metropolitan erected a 250-bed sanitarium in Mt. McCregor, New York, for the treatment of employees with tuber-

The importance of nonemployment sources of income in canadian metropolitan areas

Abstract: The use of nonemployment sources of income as a supplement to labor force data in the determination of the urban economic base was investigated for major Canadian cities. It was found that investment and pension-government, the main nonemployment sources, were of increasing importance and that the cities, with one exception, were differentiated into two groups, one based more strongly on investment and the other on pension-government income.

The New Metropolis

Abstract: In current descriptions of the world, the major industrial societies are often described as “metropolitan.” At first glance this can be taken as a simple description of their internal development, in which the metropolitan cities have become dominant. But when we look at it more closely, in its real historical development, we find that what is meant is an extension to the whole world of that division of functions which in the nineteenth century was a division of functions within a single state. The “metropolitan” societies of Western Europe and North America are the “advanced,” “developed,” industrialized states; centers of economic, political, and cultural power. In sharp contrast with them, though there are many inter-mediate stages, are other societies which are seen as “underdeveloped”: still mainly agricultural or “underindustrialized.” The “metropolitan” states, through a system of trade, but also through a complex of economic and political controls, draw food and, more critically, raw materials from these areas of supply, this effective hinterland, that is also the greater part of the earth’s surface and that contains the great majority of its peoples. Thus a model of city and country, in economic and political relationships, has gone beyond the boundaries of the nation state, and is seen but also challenged as a model of the world.

An exploratory study of office location behavior in greater seattle

Abstract: lntrametropolitan office location has only received limited attention in U.S. urban studies. This paper examines the particular case of Greater Seattle with reference to the relationship between public policies for office development and empirical evidence of office location change within the metropolitan area. The City of Seattle is anxious to promote the CBD as the focus of the office economy, while adjacent King County wants to promote suburban centers in which office development will be prominent. Data on the intrametropolitan movement of offices, the reasons for location choice, and the evidence of in-migration from outside the Puget Sound region have been collected. These data suggest that office location behavior in Seattle does not mirror events in other US. cities; its office economy remains highly centralized, intraurban migration has been limited, and suburban centers must rely heavily on in-situ growth of indigenous office enterprises.

Spatial Adjustment of Retail Activity: A Spatial Analysis of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Denver, 1960-1980

Abstract: The two objectives of the present study are (1) to describe changes in the spatial pattern and identify location factors and competitive strategies of supermarkets in the metropolitan Denver area from 1960 to 1980; and (2) to examine the ecological model in describing the evolution of the spatial pattern of the supermarkets. Supermarkets were chosen because, as an institution, they have a longer history than many convenience goods activities. In addition, supermarketing is highly competitive and their operations are sensitive to changes in a wide range of economic and demographic factors.

Population and the urban future

Abstract: This volume contains edited versions of the three background papers prepared for the International Conference on Population and the Urban Future held in Rome Italy in September 1980. Topics covered include the trends and prospects for future global urban growth issues and instruments of metropolitan planning and issues and policies in facing the challenges of an urban future. The projections of urban growth are based on both published and unpublished U.N. sources and are presented up to the year 2000. (ANNOTATION)