Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1985"
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the role of public housing in the ghettoization and the loss of community in the United States, focusing on the cost of good intentions.
Abstract: 1.: Suburbs as Slums 2.: The Transportation Revolution and the Erosion of the Walking City 3.: Home Sweet Home: The House and the Yard 4.: Romantic Suburbs 5.: The Main Line: Elite Suburbs and Commuter Railroads 6.: The Time of the Trolley 7.: Affordable Homes for the Common Man 8.: Suburbs into Neighborhoods: The Rise and Fall of Municipal Annexation 9.: The New Age of Automobility 10.: Suburban Development Between the Wars 11.: Federal Subsidy and the Suburban Dream: How Washington Changed the American Housing Market 12.: The Cost of Good Intentions: The Ghettoization of Public Housing in the United States 13.: The Baby Boom and the Age of the Subdivision 14.: The Drive-in Culture of Contemporary America 15.: The Loss of Community in Metropolitan America 16.: Retrospect and Prospect
1,719 citations
TL;DR: A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using a matched set of 20 test and comparison supermarkets in the Washington, D. C. and Baltimore, Md., metropolitan areas was used to evaluate a nutrition information program called SDA, which provided brand-specific shelf markers to deliver nutrition information to shoppers rather than prominently displayed sectional posters and detailed educational pamphlets.
Abstract: A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using a matched set of 20 test and comparison supermarkets in the Washington, D. C. and Baltimore, Md., metropolitan areas was used to evaluate a nutri...
139 citations
Book•
01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a theory of inter-and intra-urban evolution as a branch of mathematical ecology and population dynamics and showed how one can attain an understanding of urban evolution by using these new methods.
Abstract: This book develops a theory of inter- and intra-urban evolution as a branch of mathematical ecology and population dynamics. In recent years profound changes have been taking place in the methodology of dynamical analysis. These new ideas are encompassed by catastrophe and bifurcation theory, and nonlinear differential equations. The authors of this book show how one can attain an understanding of urban evolution by using these new methods. The topics which are covered include: the relative population and income levels of metropolitan areas, slum formation, gentrification, and suburbanization. Senior students at first-degree level and above taking courses in urban geography, planning, economics, demography, sociology, urban affairs, and public administration.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a large national sample from the US 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study is analyzed in order to test the transport economies that may result from the dispersion of work trip-ends.
Abstract: A large national sample from the US 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study is analyzed in order to test the transport economies that may result from the dispersion of work trip-ends. Based on indirect evidence that the largest metropolitan areas have the largest proportion of noncentral-city work trip-ends, we associate a variety of work-trip results for such cities with a polycentric urban form hypothesis. We claim that these results also suggest that decentralized settlement (‘sprawl’?) is not necessarily uneconomical.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a model of firm location and city size that arrives at theoretical conclusions that differ from those of other authors, concluding that changes in national wage levels and productivity levels create no determinate (dis)advantage for large cities relative to small ones as sites for manufacturing activity.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduced a data series compiled from County Business Patterns that is used to analyze the employment trends for the first time and revealed that not only is total employment growing fastest in non-metropolitan counties, but it also appears that the turnaround in employment growth preceded the reversal in the rate of population increase.
85 citations
TL;DR: Fienberg and Wasserman as mentioned in this paper found that interlocking on the metropolitan level was not influenced by the market position of firms and that neither dependencies across industrial sectors nor the locale of labor and consumer markets had any effects on the choice of board interlocks.
Abstract: The paper seeks to identify the criteria which companies use to select board members and which firms use to select the outside boards they sit on. Hypotheses were drawn from theories which view corporate interlocks as a strategy of market cooptation and from theories which argue that board interlocks are based on the prestige of CEOs or the prestige of companies. These hypotheses were tested on a population of 116 manufacturing corporations in a major metropolitan area. The statistical models used in the paper were developed by Fienberg and Wasserman. In sum, we found that interlocking on the metropolitan level was not influenced by the market position of firms. Neither dependencies across industrial sectors nor the locale of labor and consumer markets had any effects on the choice *Paper presented at the 1982 meetings of the American Sociological Assocation-Session on Elites. Support for this research has been provided by grants from the National Science Fottndation (SES 800-8570; SES 800-8573), and by the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota. We thank Andrew Van de Ven, Theodore Anderson, and Dawn Iacobucci for useful comments, and Jeanne-Marie Rohland, Joanne Losinski, and Lisa Thornquist for typing drafts of the manuscript. Address correspondence to either Stanley Wasserman, Departments of Psychology and Statistics, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 or Joseph Galaskiewicz, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
84 citations
TL;DR: This article examined consumption differences between French-speaking, bilingual, and English-speaking Canadian families from the greater Ottawa/Hull metropolitan area and found significant differences were found between French and English speakers.
Abstract: Consumption differences were examined between French-speaking, bilingual, and English-speaking Canadian families from the greater Ottawa/Hull metropolitan area. Significant differences were found f...
83 citations
TL;DR: Using individuals' subjective evaluations, this paper investigated the specific features of local areas in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan region which are most strongly related to overall sati cation of individuals.
Abstract: Using individuals' subjective evaluations, this paper investigates the specific features of local areas in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan region which are most strongly related to overall sat...
77 citations
TL;DR: The "discovery" of the turnaround in growth patterns between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in the early 1970s generated a large body of both theoretical and descriptive literature.
Abstract: The "discovery" of the turnaround in growth patterns between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in the early 1970s generated a large body of both theoretical and descriptive literature. Early research documented that the switch from negative to positive net migration into nonmetro areas was more than just a continuation of urban sprawl and that real growth was occurring in remote rural areas. Explanations for the trend included both the economic (deconcentration of manufacturing, expanding energy extraction, growth in the government and service sectors) and the non-economic (preference for rural living, retirement migration, and the modernization of nonmetro areas, including
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report teacher survival rates in the St. Louis metropolitan area and update a similar 1978 study by the authors and discuss the implications of the results, including teacher effectiveness, salaries, and future demand for new teachers.
Abstract: The paper reports teacher survival rates in the St. Louis metropolitan area and updates a similar 1978 study by the authors. High dropout rates continue to exist in the beginning years of teaching for each entering cohort. Survival rates appear to have peaked for cohorts entering in the early 1970s, with survival rates declining substantially for subsequent cohorts. Beginning with the cohort entering in 1975, females begin to have higher survival rates than do males. This is a reversal from the pre-1975 cohorts. Implications of the results are discussed, including those for teacher effectiveness, salaries, and future demand for new teachers.
TL;DR: The Training in Community Living model has been adapted for use in the center of a major metropolitan area, for the benefit of carefully selected recipients at the highest risk of hospitalization.
Abstract: The Training in Community Living model has been adapted for use in the center of a major metropolitan area, for the benefit of carefully selected recipients at the highest risk of hospitalization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine in empirical detail the growth and development of Houston, the "capital of the Sunbelt," against the background of the changes in its economic and social base since the late 1800s.
Abstract: This paper examines in empirical detail the growth and development of Houston, the "capital of the Sunbelt," against the background of the changes in its economic and social base since the late 1800s. Houston's century-long sustained growth, unique centrality in Sunblet expansion and in the world oil market, and commitment to an accentuated free enterprise philosophy make it an important urban case study in assessing the explanatory utility of mainstream and power-conflict theories of urban development, particularly those theories aimed at explaining the rise of Sunbelt cities. The global context of urban growth is accented in this analysis.
TL;DR: The services, user decisions, problems, and successes of their information centers are investigated, which should prove useful to information center managers and MIS executives attempting to cope with the growth of end-user computing in their organizations.
Abstract: As end-user computing becomes increasingly important in all kinds of businesses, many organizations are responding by installing information centers. This study, based on a survey of 25 diverse organizations within a large metropolitan area, investigates the services, user decisions, problems, and successes of their information centers. The results should prove useful to information center managers and MIS executives attempting to cope with the growth of end-user computing in their organizations.
TL;DR: This paper examined the suburbanization of the elderly during 1960-1980 for a national sample of metropolitan regions and found that the increasing proportion of residents age 65 and over has been accompanied by a declining segregation among suburbs in most metropolitan regions.
Abstract: The suburban population in the United States has aged more rapidly than the population as a whole. This paper examines the suburbanization of the elderly during 1960-1980 for a national sample of metropolitan regions. The increasing proportion of residents age 65 and over has been accompanied by declining segregation of the elderly among suburbs in most metropolitan regions. During this period suburbs with older populations were relatively poor but had higher municipal expenditures....Increases in proportion elderly are greater in slow-growing inner suburbs but are linked to lower proportions of black residents more trade employment and a stronger tax base. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this article, a geographical framework that disaggregates the nation's metropolitan settlement system by two macro-level components-size of settlement and centrality within settlements-and one micro-level component-the neighborhood itself is presented.
Abstract: Two decades of research have advanced our understanding of the manner in which individuals perceive neighborhoods and how various aspects of neighborhoods affect the lives of residents This investigation utilizes national survey data to ascertain which elements of neighborhoods affect overall levels of satisfaction with local residential environments, how often these elements are perceived as existing, and how often they are evaluated as bothersome These questions are answered in a geographical framework that disaggregates the nation's metropolitan settlement system by two macrolevel components-size of settlement and centrality within settlements-and one microlevel component—the neighborhood itself Global assessments of neighborhood quality are shown to be a function of centrality and (secondarily) of size, and of the mix of conditions perceived as existing in the local residential environment Evidence for a geographical basis for policies concerning the quality of residential environments is found to
TL;DR: In this paper, differences between urban patterns in the United States and Canada are analyzed through a comparative investigation of the density gradients of residential population for metropolitan centers in both countries, and the focus is on differences in urban form identified by a comparative study of the two countries.
Abstract: Differences between urban patterns in the United States and Canada are analyzed. The focus is on differences in urban form identified through a comparative investigation of the density gradients of residential population for metropolitan centers in both countries. (ANNOTATION)
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of the organization of systems of agencies for the delivery of public services on the quantity and quality of services supplied. But, they did not consider the effect of different forms of organization on the quality and quantity of services provided.
Abstract: Does the organization of systems of agencies for the delivery of public services affect the quantity and quality of services supplied? If so, in what ways? Do different forms of organization lead to differences in costs for the same quantity and quality of service? Can, for example, changes in the current structure of police service delivery arrangements in metropolitan areas be expected to produce changes in police performance or the cost of policing? If so, in what directions?
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the location quotient and the coefficient of localization are applied to data on Adult Services, Children's Services and psychiatric group homes (residential care facilities) in Metropolitan Toronto.
Abstract: This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the concentration of social service facilities within North American cities. The location quotient and the coefficient of localization are applied to data on Adult Services, Children's Services and psychiatric group homes (residential care facilities) in Metropolitan Toronto. Results demonstrate a high degree of localization in all three categories, particularly the psychiatric, and could be used in the formulation of placement policies to relieve certain areas of the inner city of the social and economic pressures created by group home concentration.
TL;DR: In this article, the internal spatial structure of the urban field as an urban entity extending beyond metropolitan area boundaries is investigated. But, the research on its internal spatial structures is still scarce.
Abstract: Despite the growing awareness of the urban field as an urban entity extending beyond metropolitan area boundaries, the research on its internal spatial structure is still scarce. This study aims fo...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The New York-Los Angeles comparison was able to isolate the following health system characteristics, in order of importance, as especially significant: the backlog of patients in acute care hospitals awaiting placement in long-term care facilities, the greater number of hospital beds per capita in New York City than in Los Angeles, and the larger supply of medical specialists and residents in New Yorkers.
Abstract: Although it is well known that West Coast residents spend 40% fewer days per year in the hospital than do East Coast residents, the reasons for this difference are less well understood. In this analysis of data from the 1977 National Health Interview Survey and Area Resource File, we attempted to isolate which share of the East-West difference is due to population factors and which share is due to characteristics of the health care systems. When we compared New York City hospital use with Los Angeles, population factors were slightly more important than health system characteristics. When we compared other Northeast metropolitan areas with Western metropolitan areas, health system factors were more important. In the case of the New York-Los Angeles comparison, we were able to isolate the following health system characteristics, in order of importance, as especially significant: the backlog of patients in acute care hospitals awaiting placement in long-term care facilities, the greater number of hospital beds per capita in New York City than in Los Angeles, and the larger supply of medical specialists and residents in New York City than in Los Angeles.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of various service industries on male earnings inequality within the 125 largest metropolitan areas in the United States was explored, and the data indicated that service sector e...
Abstract: This article explores the influence of various service industries on male earnings inequality within the 125 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The data indicate that service sector e...
01 Jun 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the implementation and evaluation of several combined models of urban travel and location for the Chicago region and determine the feasibility of applying these state-of-the-art travel models at the sketch planning level of aggregation in a metropolitan transportation planning environment.
Abstract: This report describes the implementation and evaluation of several combined models of urban travel and location for the Chicago region. The overall objective of the research was to determine the feasibility of applying these state-of-the-art travel models at the sketch planning level of aggregation in a metropolitan transportation planning environment. The models described in this report are considered to be scientifically and computationally superior to the traditional sequential models used for urban travel demand forecasting. The research findings confirm that these combined models can be implemented and solved using computer methods and data currently available to transportation planners. (Author)